276 CHAPTER VIII QONGLUSIONS AUD SUGGESTIONS There has been, since the end of the 1914-1918 wer, arroving realisation smong the countries of the world about the importance of labour welfare. ‘The government, the employers, the trade union as well as, the generel public are teking more end more interest in this important field of national economy. It is being increasingly realised that @ rise in the etendard of living of the working class, in genersl, better working and living conditions, provision of more welfare amenities, are important, not only for the labour class but it is in the interest of production as well as the nation. The reali- sation of this fact has led the public authorities to pass more and more benevolent legislations, ‘The importance of the present study lies in the fact that to meet the demands of increasing men pover, better working conditions snd living conditions in indus- trial establishments, are essential so ttat the required results may be obtained in the new technologicel environmen’ Hoselits has rightly observed that the rapid grovth of277 population, vhich we witness in meny countries of Asin, Africs and Latin Americe, provokes @ large amount of reflection to the meneures which might be teken in order which threatens to worsen average living standards in these countries. In the countries of Asia md the middle east, which alresdy exhibit high population density in rural ereas, problen of finding employment opportunities for the growing labour force, is specially pressing because fragmentation of lend holdings end the exploitation of marginal holding, set linits to » further extension of employment in sgriculture. The principel solution, perhi to find productive employment for the growing labour force is, plenned The past experience of economically savanced countries hae presented the proof, that this development is not merely desirable but virtuslly inevit- 1 to cope with this develop indus trieliset: able, if living standards are to raise. The problem of labour welfare became importent in the wake of the problems crented by the Industriel Revolu~ tion in Englend. ‘the growth of large senle industries and factory system of production brought in treil, many socio~ economic evils. These evils, first of all, ease to the Tnopelits B.F., 'Sociologicrl Aspects of Sconomic Growth. Auerige ‘Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., lew Delhi, 1960,p.105.278 notice of the public in Britein end then in other suropean countries. It would be worthwhile to summarise these evils briefly. In the erly days of the industriel production, the producers were interested only in achieving higher levels of output at lower costs ond mximising their profits. How this sim was achieved, under what conditions, the workers worked ond lived, whether the wages, thet they get, were adequate, how labour was requited - all these vital mtters were no concern of his. In other words, no attention was pid to the humen or social costs of production. Unfortunately, the government policy at thet time was deeply influenced by the teachings of cl*ssical economists. The governments were under the influence of the politic 1 philosophy of 'individuslism' end economic philosophy of 'laiesezfaire', It wes thought thet the individuel understood what is best for him. State inter- ference would minimise his welfare-that was the argument. In economic matters too, the state interference was regarded en evil. The employers were free to pay my wage that they thought proper. They were aleo free to fix as much more hours of work, as they liked. The idea of labour unity and omgenisation was unknown. Any attempt on the part of labour to mite or to form any kind of associstion was regarded as antinetional under the influence of ‘French279 Revolution’. Henee, the economically and politically strong employers exploited the workers as much as they liked. Gradually all these changed. The social revolution in Prence snd U.S.A. paved the way for the rise of the democratic ways of government. With the rise of democracies, all over Europe, the poor, the wenk, the exploited began to raise their voice against the exploite- tions, Under the changing social and political philosophy, the government could no longer remain indifferent to the demends of the people for better wages, improved working and living conditions and more security, in other words, for more social and economic justice. The rise of lnbour welfare has its origin in the growing demand for sociel justice. It was no longer possible for the state to ignore these denends. Government was compelled to trke adequate action for the protection and well being of the vorking classes. This was made possible by the rise of welfare stetes in different coun- tries of Kurope. Today the welfare state is everyxhere in the news. It has captured the imagination of ell progress: Societies so much, so that it has become great political foree of our times,286 ‘This new concept of the state does not tally with the ol@ idee of the state being an evil,or that state interference in economic mtters would mininise individual welfare. It holds the view that uncontrolled freedom of one group of people means & danger to the other groups. Under such cireumstances, there can be no possibility of true equality or security. It has agreed that the state existed for preserving and promo- ting common good. Besides, it is only through the efforts of the state that the common good can be promoted. Again it ie only through the efforte of the state that the poor, the economically week can be protected from the exploitations of rich and powerful. How can the state remain passive and indifferent when such is the trend of public opinion. In & welfare state, the commmity, at lame, recognizes the collective responsibility towards its wesker members and tekes definite action to help them. ‘The industrial labour eless in every society is » class which needs the protection and assistance of the state. It ie the duty of the state to see that the working class ie asoured of « minimum standard of health, economic well being ma seourity. This trend of thought became more Prominent after the Second World War, The war and its281 after effects made most of the governments realise that wmilese more cordial relations exist between labour end menggement, unless more welfare provision are msde for the working class, the problem of post-war economic development and political stability could not be tackled successfully. The realisetion of this fundementel truth made the governments to teke more scientific, rational end orgenised steps tovards labour welfare. Better working and living conditions er harmonious relations between workers and the menagement and thus help the industry to produce more snd more. Thies situation helps not only the concerned industry but the nation as a whole, because the industriel production is the backbone of the national prosperity in every society. Industrial production raise the nationel income and helps to elevate per capitn income. Setter working conditions are must on humeniterien grounds also. On this count in every society there are specific provisions under the Factories Act for the betterment of the working condi- tions in the factories. In India, in the factories, labour, being one of the most important factor in the production needs special care”, Better working conditions 2uisra, S.R., A Comparative Study of the Working md Living Conditions of India end Theilend, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, 1978, Dp. 294.282 will encourage the labour to work more and more and thus will create the situation beneficiel for the industries. Better working also avoids the clase-tensions end indus trial conflicts. Working conditions include the physicel inclu- @ing mechenicel as well ss sociel conditions under which the worker works. It has been proved in our present study that the physicel environment i.e. tools and machines and working conditions decide the shape of the society. This clearly indicates the importance of the working conditions. This finding of ours coincides with the earlier findings of Vovlen? In this work we have tried to deseribe ond @ III and IV We have tried to evaluate the existing welfare services, to asses their adequacy end exauine the welfare activities, of cli employees in F.C.I to euggest improvements wherever it is neceseary. However, befor: ing this it ie necessary to define and anelyse the concept of labour welfare and trace its evolution. We have begua by enalysing the meaning and philosophy of lnbour welfare. Ao labour welfere itself @en be put to mony interpretati we have examined the vievs of some authors only vho came to the conclusion that it was no use to try to be very precise about meaning. A Syevlen, T., The Theory of Leioure Class, Vikes Publishing, Delhi, pe 25, 1974.283 broad approach therefore, to the meaning of lebour welfare has been adopted. It has been taken to mean eny action either by the employere or governments or private agencies which nimed at increasing the economic, sociel end physical well-being of the employee. This is broadly the conclusion of the firet chapter. Later on, we have also discussed that 4% vas e very important pert of socisl welfare. So that nour welfare may not be mis-understood, we heve also discussed that it is not a charity. It is, on the other hand a positive concept vhich weeks to raise the quality of the life of the people. If this is the purpose of lebour welfare, then neither the state, nor the employers should have grudge aginst it. In the ecoond chapter the objectives of velfare work het first pert, the various objectives like welfere work as & protection against evils of capitalisn, wage security, ae a protection against irreculer working en discussed under two broad sections. In the ® mensure for houre and e measure to promote efficiency has been @iscussed. In the second part, the special necessity of welfare work in the context of the working condition in our country has been discussed. It has been concluded thet welfere work should not be regarded ae sone thing given to beggars. It ms defined objectives to serve. It em be a284 good protection agsinst umusually low wages, long working hours and for promoting efficiency or creating a stable lnbour force. The object behind the welfare work will be thus, partly humeinterien nnd partly economic and social. The importance of lebour welfare services being thus recognized, the next step is naturally to find out those items which go to increase the welfare of working class. These days canvass of labour welfare work is very broad. Any thing ana every thing thet promotes directly or indirectly the welfare, as understood broadly, cen be Anoluded under lebour welfare. Hence, it is thought desirable to discuss this vast subject in the course of two chapters. Chapter third discusses Intre-mural aspects of welfare work 1ike working conditions including tenperature, lighting, ventilation, cleanliness ete. the importance of rest nnd the necessity of safety measures. Other items included in this chapter are noise control. Amenities like arinking water, canteen, rest rooms, have elso been teken up for discussion while concluding the chapter. We have shown that previously the value of these services war recognised. Wow, however, they ere being graduelly provided by an increasing number of industrial concerns.285 In the fourth chapter the @igoussion on ixtra~ murel sspects of Inbour welfare has been continued. Topics taken up for discussion are industriel herlth, medical fecilities, family plonning, provision of economic services, workers education, housing fecilities, library end reading room, recrestion fneilities, including sperte, culturel activities, md transport to and from the place of work. In conclusion it has been seid that these aspects sleo have a grent bearing on the sum totel of working elnss welfare. Moreover, these fecilit fes are now provided due to the governnent in every country taking more interest end passing necessary legislation in this regard. Having discussed the various aspects of labour welfare, it is necessary to trace the historical develop- ment of the idea of labour welfare that hes been done in the fifth chapter. In concludes thet the replacenent of the 'Laiessex-faire' economy by ‘planned economy’ is » great fector in the evolution of iden of Labour welfare. Previoucly the sociel revolution in Frence ani Anerion, the two World Wars, the establishment of 1.4.0. has prepared the ground for it. The Second Warld War end the need for Post-War econonic reconstruction end the urgent task of economic development of under-developed countries of the world brought into the fore-front, the importance of the286 state taking more firm action regarding labour welfare. again it has been shown that before independence there was néither eny lsbour policy nor eny government action towards labour welfare. The independence of the country, the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947, the Factories Act of 1948, the adoption of new constitution in 1950, the Nasik Resolution of 4.1.0.0. to adopt the pattern of Socialist society ae the further gol, helped the develop- ment of the idea of labour welfare in India. Moreover, the national government from the very beginning wes sympathetic to labour, end consequently in indepéndent India much hes been done to improve the welfsre of the working class. The sixth chapter, traces wriefly the history of the establishment of the Gorakhpur unit of the Fertilizer Corporation of India with the establishment of the first unit at Singra. In the seventh chapter ve have made » case study of the welfere amenities aveilable to class III end IV euployees in the Fertilizer Factory at Corskhpur mit. It msy be noted in the firet instance that cless I and II euployees constitute « very emall part of the total employee strength, cless III and IV employees together constitute about 80 percent of the totel employee strength. As has287 been observed in the foregoing paragraph here too the euployees enjoy large number of welfare benefit. In the Fertilizer Factory of Gorakhpur unit, sll the welfere Meno mentioned in the statutes are there, The hospitele are well equipped with specialist doctors, treined nurses and other technical staff; for recreation of the employees, the factory slongvith library end rending room fecility are there. The outdoor ae well »s indoor game frcilities provided by the Fertilizer Feetory of Gorakhpur unit ie also adequate. Being a very good facility of play ground Fertilizer Fretory of Gorakhpur unit allot » number of tournemettts i.e. Inter fretory/Netional level to orgmise the eome by the Fertilizer Factory of Gorakhpur mit. However, during the course of study the following draw backs were found. Below, therefore, we mention those end Suggest end menns to improve them : (1) the Lighting fecd1ity hes its direct bearing on the efficiency of the employees. Good lighting often helps the employees to do more xork with less effort. Lighting should be adequate, cons— tent, evenly distrimted and without glere. This fertilizer fectory hes the proper lighting fecilities. This clenrly indicates thet the288 manogements have realised the effects of lighting and output quality cost, morale and safety. Although the fretory, meinly the administrative building, hes been provided a large number of ventilators ond windows for neturel lighting, yet it requires » lot of modifiestions 80 that the poor aveilsbility of fresh air and naturel light may be improved. (44) To protect the employees from high temperature on some of the machines, where the actual production of the ferhilizere takes place, » lot of protection is needed. For this it is sucgested thet some more eefety messures should be provide’ for the empléyees. (444) The importact condition to promote the efficient working, is clemnlinese end sanitation not only inside the factory-building, but elso within the entire factory premises. The condition of the some of the floors inside the fctory is not satisfectory. ‘The draine inside the faetory are genernlly systematic but they are not well meinteined particulerly where the actual production takes + From chapter VII where the sanitary and clesnliness conditions have been discussed, it is clear from the table ples that number of lavatories, constructed for the employees is short of the statutory requirements. According to the289 feetory rules, one letrine is to be provided for over 50 employees or fraction thereéf when the number of workers ewployed exceed 250. Since this fretory hes employed male and femsle workers both, adequate lavatories must ve provided for female workers also. Actusl number of lavatories constructed for the employees are 30 whereas necording to the Factory Act, it should be 46, i.e. 16 short of the statutory provisions. So far the sweepers for the cleanliness of the fectory premises snd factory building are concerned, it seems to be adequate. In senitation end unhygenic conditions prevail in fectory building for leck of effective supervision. Therefore, it is suggested that some effecient arrangement ehould be made to supervise the working of the sweepers and other sonttéry staff, It hes also been observed during out observation that sweepers employed for cleaning purposes are elso utilised for other works. ‘They should not be drafted for other non-essentiel md personel worke. It has been observed in other studies thet humens are not automations which can be disled to attend to enyone*. (iv) During the investigations we have found that there 4s provision of taps, hand-pumps m4 coolers for the ar: 4schneider, S.V., ‘Industrial Sociology’, 1967, p. 31.230 water in the frctory. The collers are generslly meent for the supervisory staff snd other managerial staff. Workers generslly get water through the tape snd hend~ pumps. For the washing and bathing purposes, 3 bath rooms are there for the purpose and 20 tape in open at verious places for the same. Regarding the emenities like 1p, 90de or towels, ete., the provision is nil. The provision of the taps for the purpose of bathing cannot be said to be satisfactory, washing and bathing Pleces with certein amenities such as soap, soda end towels are indispensable for the employees and to our surprise and dismay none of euch facilities exist in the fertilizer fectory et Gorakhpur. Some of the euployees told us during our course of enquiry that they go the nearby river for teking bath and washing their clothes. ‘This not only kills the time of the employees but also pute them in denger. Sometimes they do not know the swimming and may be drowned. ‘his type of practice should not be encouraged in an orgenised industry like the fertilizer factory of the public underteking. (v) Under the Factories Act, 1948, in nn Indien industry a vorker has to vork = hours a dey ma 48 hours in » week, Af he is an adult. This period of 9 hours can be extended to 10} hours in 9 dey inclusive of rest intervals, From291 our enquiry it has been revealed that the production tion of the factory runs in three shifts. Apart from these 5 shifts, there is a general shift also. Kejority of the workers have got the houses in the factory premises and even then some of the employees have to come to attend their duties from the neighbouring localities. ‘Thore who heve to work in the night shifts, i.e., from 2 p.m. to 10 pem., they have to stay in the factory premises during the night. To keep with the demond of the situation, the better provision of rest shelters is « must, but to our surprise, this fertiliser factory has no separate provision of rest shelters where workers can take rest end refresh themselves for their future works. Reet shelters increase the welfare of the employees and also provide some quarter facilities to a large number of workere who cannot be accommodated in the quarters built for the employees. An improper provision of rest~ shelters increase absenteciem end indirectly retard the growth of the factory and also the moral of the employees. The Factories Act, 1948 has made clear provisions that the factories employing 150 workers or more, must heve the rest shelters. But as we have indicated earlier this factory of public undertaking for the reasons better known to them, hes no separate building for the rest-shelters.292 The argument they put, is that most of the workers have been provided quarters and rest belong to either neigh- bouring villages or city. For city, they have made available transportation facilities, but thie provision of transportation has not been extended to the neigh- bouring villages. In the fectory building at a place some cheire end benches have been put where workers are supposed to teke the rest. This is not the fair provision in the name of the rest shelters. (vi) ‘The eanteen provides edibles at cheap rate but it is not opened for 11 round the clock. It is, therefore, Suggested that the provision of canteen should be extended to all, round the clock. Agein it is suggested for a mobile canteen. On the whole, our study geverls that most of the facilities required in the vorking conditions have been fullfilled statutorily but » lot of improvement is etill to be made 80 that the working conditions my not retand the production of the factory. (vii) Although the F.C.1. Hospitel is quite sufficient to fullfill the demands of the employees but unfortunately unsatisfactory functioning is complained of like delay in getting medicine from the counter and in doctor's attendance:293 A serious compleint is that the costly end patent medicines are monopolised by the higher officers end other influential persons, Ordinsry sick employee do not get the same medicine from the counter. Here too, the employee needs provision of reimbureement of the medicines. (vidi) With regard to good house keeping, it ie suggested that the need to keep plente end township in tip-top condition, eannot be over emphasised. Good House keeping conditions in the plents enhances the effieiency of the employees working there, similarly township and their good house keeping conditions, add considerably to the health end well-being of the inhabitants. (4x) With regard t pollution control, it has been stressed that minor sources of pollution like leakage, bad drainage, etc., should immediately be located and set right. Affluent disposel ie an intricate problem. It needs to be hendled by specislists in the line. It isis suggested that Pollution Control Cell to denl with the problems of affluent disposel end other problems of pollution, be set up in thie unit inline with the decision of 1.0.0,294 (x) With regard to sports it is stressed that sports activities should be so organis participation of the employees. In this context, it is suggested that special emphasis should be eid on orgm ising sports setivities for children in the age groups (4) between 6 to 10 years, (44) 11 to 14 years and (444) 15 years end above. Our study revenls that sports and culturel activities have received tremendous boast during the last 4 years in this unit. to heave maximum (x4) With regard to consumer cooperative society, it has been observed thet « consumer cooperative store has rlready been opened in the marketing centre, In addition to cons mers goo urea is also supplied by the stores to such of the employees as heave cultivable lend in the district of Gorskhpur end in emell bags to the employees-residing in the township for use in their kitchen gardens. In eddi- tion, civil supplies Department of the Stete Government has opened two licensed fair pri: ops for the distri- bution of essentiel commodities like wh Tice end suger to employees residing in the township. There is sleo shop of Indene-ges services for the fertilizer employees. It is suggested thet there is need to increase the acti- vita of the consumer stores as also to start employees credit society. In this context, the workers informed295 thet a cooperative credit society has also been recently opened. (xi1) All the units, whether in the private, public or cooperative sector, operate » number of employees benefit schemes. According to our information, each unit offer provident fund facility with slight difference in the node of their operation. Similar 4s the cnse with regard to gratuity schemes and leave rules. Some of the units 40 not provide washing sllowance, som do not provide lunch ellovence, while s few offer subsidised Lunch fecility. The employees of the units having an attached hospital get free medicel trentuent, wherens sone units provide medical sllowance, vhich varies with each unit and vith different pay sesles. Similarly, some unite provide residenticl fecilities md free transport faci- lities within the township whereas some unite provide house rent allowance. ‘There are number of other sllowen ’ e.g, shift ellowance, free uniform facility, ete., all of which are conducive to employees satisfaction. F.C.I. heave atleast eimiler set of rules governing these benefits. (xi44) Om the whole the survey revealed that the employees are satisfied with the organisation, administration and distribution of ell the welfare servies and emenities which296 are provided by the Gorskhpur Unit of the Fertilizer Corporation of Indin. It ie n matter of our concern are found totally ignorant about their welfere activities. It is suggested that Proper training should be given to the employees from time to time by the management. that some of the employe: However, during the course of survey it is also found thet due to some personal conflicts song the euployeees union, the actual rules snd regulations of the Fertilizer Factory at Gorskhpur managenent, are not properly implemented. Before we conclude, we would like to indicate the new areas for further research which our research reveels. The following conclusions need further vali- dation through scientific investigations, like ours, by the furture researchers:— (a) ‘the provisions regarding the welfare activities have been fulfilled statutorily only. Host of them are more virtual then real. (b) ven in the public undertakings like Fertilizers, the provisions regarding the welfare activities very from one factory to another.(ec) (@) (e) 297 Gorekhpur unit of Fertilizer Corporation of India is not raising the required found for the staff benefits. That is why, some other privileges It has been found that a large number of employees are reluctent to bring their difficulties to the notice of their superiors or welfare Inspectors. If they bring their difficulty to the notice of higher authorities, their grievances can be removed, and their ignorancy of their rights and privileges which they ean enjoy, under the act, o: be overcome easily. It is suggested that the Welfere Officer and the F.C.1. management should meke them aquainted with their rights and obligations. One more suggestion will be useful in this respect in order to promote the efficiecy md deep interest in work it is suggested that the provision be made for the employment of one member of the family efter the retirement of the worker in the fectery. No doubt it will depend upon the merit ond qualification of the person concerned and therefore he will not necessarily be employed in the same job or in the seme cadre. This will surve298 as a stimulus to the worker. Zo conclude, the purpose of welfare work is to improve the conditions of employees md improve the relstions between employees and employers, worknen should be regarded as the producer of the weelth of » nation. All measures, therefore, should be teken to raise their morle, mentel end physicel standards.Ageavel, A.N. Agrawal, Acti. Agrawal, K.C. Aiyar, 3.2. Allen, V.L. Agaihotra, V.D. Anendhen, 7.7. arthur Spindler Abwed Mukhtar Brawn, .G.3. BLIOGRAP RY economic Aspect of Welfare State in India. Indien Lebour Problems 1948. Zlement of Labour Relation. Proepective on Welfare State. Trede Unions end Government, London, 1960. Poverty Among Factory Workers in Kenpur, Labour Bulletin, 15(3) October, 1954. BeSic Principles of Gandhien Labour Kovement. Public Welfare, Humen Sciences Press, New York, 1979. Factory Lebour in Indie, Lengmen's Street, Medras, ‘The Kenagement of Welfere, Williom Collonis Sons end Co. Glasgow, 1957. 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