corporate tock they ae over epesented in Seat of formal power fom ‘he sorporation tothe fel government, and they win much more ‘fen tan he oe on serra rom the x sacar abo ae ‘0 foreign poy. Moreover a: ire (2004 1) aces ofthe United Kingdom: seven hundred aiacavelndowners continu town a sem ofthe soul land area of England. Whi ie scenge cay spreas small larger han he combined ests Engl o the Facey Comision, ‘the Minstyof Dalene the National Trust and the Crown Ere, In sum, citi contines to presenta compaling cique of the Libera democratic model n theory ut has proved inied i providing the meth ‘dologcal sol necessary vo dernorstets that al siti mut been pracoee Further reading Dorot 1987) Who Rater Aer [Engrs lly Nf Pete a. EER I Gr tte an pedo as pn Dot (98 eration Aine ic, Calne ‘Ml 191 [1862 Poi Pati New Ya re Pr). ‘Mis 1956) th Po Ee (New Yoke Onc meriy Pre ‘Mos, G 18961999) Te akg Cas (New Yor: Meroe Fh ‘Pace V (193) Tee Mind md Sony Landes Cre ‘cml 1900 Wh ee rae (Cambrge: Pby Po | | | 1 chapter 3 ee —————$—$_—— [What's Marxist about) Marxist State Theory? COUN HAY Like Heney Higgins who, through his work changed he objet of hit Teudes nto someting oer than what i was, the purpose of the Stns theory ofthe sate noe ort fo understand te eapialise sae {orto ai ins desraction(Wole 1974: 131) Marie ike Feminism, is sen a8 engaged theo” (Bron 1982: 1), not ene merely to erpss the world but motivated by an overiing “Inv so change hen ie something ofan understatement ay that ‘Br Monon thew of th ae canno begged complete secs. Inde, ‘Phesade and bal ae the disreegetio of scully onsen soc ‘ach eempng dni he Mani ory of see 5 ope hrc ier Yr the guest of hia shaper hat, ary ye of i smemp tmeeplincapiatams loci surprising ingen, Marist theories of the ‘Rac firs sens of poweral sad probing nigh nt he compen and Sjoumicslaionhip Serween sete, economy and soc in capita ‘Limos am which nb there the ate cae ean mich, Conseauenly, ti capers ro provide am assessment of the contr ‘sion of Marsa co our understanding ofthe stare whl caring, bei Inn arlaad way the cevelopment of Mates and eo-Marnist2pproaches {0 the sty sad aoa ofthe sate fom Mave ana Eng, va enin ad eames Miliaad and Pslantsas 10» range of contemporary 20thor, fovably Block and Joeop. The argumene unfolds in thee sections In the Ft we consider why ie char Manet eequte a theory ofthe stare ané ow Meruias have concepalized thi foc of tee senso. The second ‘tun tract the development ofthe Maris theary ofthe sate hrovgh ‘fe woot ofthe founding fer, it celormulation by Lenn and Grams, SAMs ero eb pron ae cman od60 (Whats Mort shou) Maret Sete Tavoryt and the ceva of interes in Marsist state dheor in the poss pod ‘The nal eon considers the contemporary developmen of Marnie) neo-Martit state teary taking whether such teaces have become mee more sopisested by becoming eer les Maraise and asking whether we eed 2 Mars toc of he sat oy Marxism and the state ‘The modern sei... am amorphous complex of agencies wilted oundaes performing 3 varety of not very dase functions (Sehmicer 1985.33) "mig seem somewhat sang, if aot dowarghe desi, co Begin chapter on the Marxist theory ofthe Sat with is comment. Yarn ont Sensei pores + pareulry apogee staring pore Pot? have lemarked diewbere, "there i 90 moreasduous task inthe toeorY ofthe state than defining this motoioulysusve and rapid movie target (Fay 1996: 2). We bein then with perhaps the cond mow neleced| {uzrtion inthe study ofthe state = what wk? = efor moving onto te fis ~ why do we need theory of anyway? fn facts at we shal oe skhough the defniions offered by Marais ae often imps rather han rpc and thous thr ssxtons fora concen with he se acon somewhat ryt 1 ist thet ste tha secre within tis son ave noc been short of nnwes What isthe state? [A omens fory nto the now substan annals of Maras state theo? wil eveat that whist Mexia may wel rely imply upon cele Eoneepons and understandings ofthe sat, they ae ntecouly bad a foniging these othe page. Tht maker it somewhat diel o idem ‘ny analylly pecse Maceit dcfnion of the sate av an bet of inquiry, le alone one ta is emsmoni agree upon Fly cexembances in the tsumptons sich Inforon Matar consepions ofthe nate cat onetcles be Metified ~ inded, these canbe crane int four sae |ieenc conceptions of he ate ‘The state ashe represive arm ofthe bourgeosle According ro Martin Cstnoy ‘i ithe notion ofthe (capitalist) sate 98, ‘he repressive apparaus ofthe bourgeoisie tha isthe ditineiy Market r Colin Hey 61 harscteistic of the sate’ (Carnoy 19841 $0). This somewhat one “Snenslonal conception of sae power (the sate as she expression of the fepressive mighe ofthe ruling cls) Ss mont clay atocined with fois The State and Revolution (1917 [1968), but alo appealed to Invhe Work of Engel (ee for somance, 1844/1973) 205-7, 1884 {i975} 340: ef van den Berg 1985. 30-1). Its fonctions ~ the Seempt © explain something by appeal co ix consequences iy well avated bp Wal Draper “The sae. comes into existence insltsatthe insiutons neded to Gry oat the common fanenions of scicty rite, fo het cosinied Inaimenance the sepurstion of he ower offre coerson from te eral body of soy. [Draper 1977, 30) The state as an instrument of she ruling class ‘The itarentalit’pscon ati as become known ee Blow) provides perp the mow prevalent conception of th state wthin ares ‘hear Jee mom often seconded she sate of tht Marsa theory ofthe se, eit the fet hae mtromentalam isl spat wide dey of postions txpessing eather dveuen theores of erate It most adely ated foe mpl thar the sete i “aninarvment inthe hands ofthe ling clas for enforcing and pusranteing the sabity ofthe clay rate set (Swensy 1942: 243). Within this dcntive schol ihe tnstionag of the sate understood ints ofthe isunienal exer of pow by people in satepic postions. hes eee through the manipulation of sexe polcien or indzetly through the extra of resue on the seat” (God eral. 197Sar 34), lstramentalns oF influence theses se Offe ‘urns them (1974 32), have concened themelve withthe analyses of Inthe pers and erwar of petora ar socal tr berween ids cupying posions of economic power in sovilld "power stocare ‘esearch sides (Doraoff 1967, 1970, 1980; Mines ane Schwa 1985 foc teviaw ee Barrow 1993: 13-28 (8) she aoc connections betwee ‘Hote Holding positions of economic power and the ste ce (Domhot? 1579, 1950, Miliband 1968; foe 3 renew see Bacrow 1983; 34-41) and ithe social process moulding th ological commitment ofthe sat and Soil eles Sliband 195) ‘The state a an ie coleceve capitalist “The conception of these a5 an ideal collective capi hs ts origins in Engels Frequenty ed (hough incidental senck im An Dring62. (Whats Marsa about) Marie State Theor? that the modern sate mo matter wha form, is essentially a capita tracking; he stat of tbe captain, he veal persoifiaion ofthe total ‘atonal capital (1878 [1947] 338), Advats ofthis concepnon of the Sate point tote fat tha apt neither el-reproducing aor capable on {ts own of securing the conditions of sown reproduction. For the very ‘Sounuty of he eapalat socal formation s dependent upon cern Interventions being made mich though in the general ier of ep CGilecvey are os nthe snd ttre OF any paricwse apa (Hirach 1978: 6) Im raonal choice thereat ths i elles Sstionproblent efor instance, Dusleany 199%" 30-9). An external 2nd [lent reletaly autonomous body or istisionl enembe ths eal on so intervene on behalf capita in slong erm general inverse (at oppoced tothe contig sree intere of iniidul capital). “Ths body ws she sate the ideal collesive capa’ (Alvater 1973) A fe explains si no without gon reason that Engel the sae the “ideal collective capt forthe tne ae 2"eal™ collective capitals ‘woul clay be logical impos. fisty because the state appara ‘Shor isla “captain. and wooly besos the concept ofthe ellie pitt ful? omen i that competion ib essential foe the ‘movement of apt (19743). “Though mos eal asoited with che work of Nicos Poulant whose haat it the nation othe state a8 ator of eenon” can be traced (os indeed iis by Poulan) eo another iedentl and characteristic) Maderceveloped comment by Engels in The Ong of the Family, Pate Proper and the Site Ul onder that. clases with conflicting esonomic interes, shall not consume themsclver ane aoccy in ress supa it Becme nesesaY havea power seemingly nanding above socery that would moverate the con and heap within the bounds of “order aed this powers vac ot of soit but lacing tel shove and alienating ts more nd imo fom i isthe sae (Engels 1884 [1978] 208-6 see also Bukhara 1921 (2926) Within thi consepson the sates understood in veems ofits efcs and ‘fied inte of ole maintain he wnt and cobeson ofa soca, oomation by coneetating and sanctioning case domination” (Polanas 1978: 24-5; se also 1973: 4-36 exp. 44,304, Grama 1971: 244 sop 1985: 61,177). We ream to ke proble of this conception below. "At he above dicaston demonstrates, th ate ar mea aed ontres twniea] eaeyaiags te came Maman. Colin tay 63 ny do Manssts need a theory of the state? ven Man Wolfe's comments with which his haper opened f would ci acess to exper of hove wh vance sucha theory 2 he goon “how pce dost Marvin thea ofthe sate ssc o proeenesoil eantormation? Ya elke, 2Ay Emma couneepare (Brown, 199% Cone! 120, Mackianon Megh1983, 1983 se abo Chapter 6) Maras have arey ben led ere offer any such ition for tht hotel endeavours ad SOLS faplct snes to the quocon Why do Mares need theory Raster Wy des anyone else hed Mari bony of he See iil wo find. Yeu they ae no, pha, 4 cfu (0 ERC i what Marat cheeses have ld abou he sate’ Form and rien Tecan uel follow the sled Geran star derivaonis set hoaph he monk instny coves ep probleme te Bar Dose, Josop 1982 SEO} coraly served to Rig the Bec of che sev ne pron of apa epeodacon The dive “Gols the abl wold py soot dense he form ad funtion of eee ene fom he reuvmenteotbe capac nade of predation. SE Rito Pict tonned to domanneste 5 were hey, hat [omen by some inesorsbe ines gi neces sa such seca teguicmen bu erly tar indeed ipa proses GSEsI"o te eprodution of capeaaersons. Ths, abou dh Sct cn ver vplam he oem andor ancora he apie TERPS tuvcaes eluted ta noneblwe provide ws wh an weg vic hacaue or tora cape soil lations ae Seeded (aac dos se rch nag ose tae the socees SETGINES ue ato, nh fancone mat ned be peered by some Toots sppua; or combianon there risnors peta ge spc sue any [ao all of tere fteationsae ether ae ‘Spare eh ane hei regaled the tae The atts aaa pol pointe perwsr ol pow ator a character eoeBeperary expat soe and, Hens,» key foes of Mast ‘Sreca sur supeising than cet Raph Mibon ed occ oe ake pot of Mart tere en intron which sea 4 import asthe ne (977.66. how, pea te copii ste implzated inthe expanded cpu of eaptall Orso fo isother way, what ar the fant SECS be permed by te ste fp socal aso re be ‘Rprodwed? Nero asp of tis role eat be ein, Taken ee, pron ams ican oes Snel ars theory tite vane we Marne hry ore Bnealy.(Was Marit about) Maret Sate Theor fi we mig poine co she fat hac sagen i Sembee i lo gt fd supa vale vo be extracted eon Eee San our and peo Seip he now ‘ evasive hero of the ee BRR Ash 1978, Habermas $3755 20ST a Gene Habermas 1375; 24°31 nce 130 ne "ight dcsin of machete in Chae nO Of Seether nee ae oe ae: Ae Segaesconon onthe conanang capac wee ano? cls “genta maton uneee y cannot be produced dey ol lend proftaby by india sae {Sao 198 $05 he ciety tn eae ene seer {RIS ule by the vate and presen nai Susabithe annie hen pomcnnctpaeh ea em Se acmaon cpanel ame Se eeagtn of ail win he acon non a cara ofthe sat 0 epate andor amare ches men inevitable conf beweentaptal sed ae oe Such inventions eaablsh wha urge Habeas ‘moe o poducion tack Resided cas of sone Bae Decca te ome ext by sconom factors ch 2 a eee oa | ere oe heen ee ear gaatersen meer | | Hoy 63 forse stave is reveled, once agai, ar paving a cecal olen ale {uoling the ceuit of capa If we want fo wndesand the opetaon 9 {Ee capnalt mode of producion we eannoraford to dispense with 2 theory of the sae, Moreoner, Habeenas’ argument fgg tha if me tra 20 develop » theory of capitis fan uncersandaby igh ony sithin Mars eheor) then fo the nate sha we mut fare inal. For cconone cnx a lease within contemporaty captain 2 likey fo become mans as crer of economic rpuason tnd ence Ces fate sae In summary, f we wis to develop isghte ina cee nora fanconing ofthe capi mode of production, and to he ranafoemation ff capa in and trough moments of ci we taquee 4 dynamic theory ofthe apali satIisto se rexourer we havea ur dpa in Aeveloping sha theory shat we turn nthe nas sco A genealogy of the state in Marxist theory No aspect of Marxist theo hs ben so getty blurted, ditored oe ogg thin esr 1973123), Mace and Engels In 1977, in the fet (and probably sil the bes eystematie aed compre eosivereview of Mart snore othe states Bob Jessop noted tat ash 4m that Mars and Engels developed no conan, singe or unibed theoe of he state (1375383) By T9RD fn his mk The Capt Sere) this tris had become a “commonplace” and ie sow to of emared ‘spon sar ii perhaps ne ofthe few erly undoped “socal scenic [Be se fr instance van den erg 1988, 14 Serta en 1980.38; Gaenoy 1984 45; Dupleary and O'Leary 1987: 203 Fiegolé and Skocpe 1995" 175; Milne 1965, Poulaezar 1978; 20; Walle 197% 13t; ch Drapes 1977). Thee imo (nl) Marcon, for les Marit, theory of he ste, This might be considered something of = devastating Blow for 3 ‘haper onthe Marun theory of he sete, Indes evening Mars te theory might be copsdeed ot meray an exersu in logging « dnd noe, but one that fist equied the altogether more masabte practice oF exhuming and assembling 4 dmembered coca limb by lin. Moreover, ven the grestvaceyof concerns that aninted Mack sad Engel moe {ho sty nothing of Marsiom more aeneralv. ie nna ar ll cose tes oll he66 (Whars Moret abot) Marie Sat Theos? limbs belong to the same corpse. For, as Jessop notes, “Marx and Engels | opted diferent approaches and arguments aceon ts she poston, ‘vith which they were concerned” 1982.28) Novetelesy a dane devon, sent of Marx ad Engel dens on she sae canbe eaeed ‘The cary Mare Tae Chie of Hegel Doce of te Sate (8438 (975) contain Mow ti ental veo os he ete Taps aes nae ine plein eg sel oui enn ei Hen anewor a Hes alma ye shan te ee Sect ese and. cl voy = meen the anal al aril “fades woanon este Toe ner eos sal alae cpa brs a al plete ee ea ot ‘pening he general and communal ira’ of al ty nls ar, ‘rs sa pte raon Tesh mega eet ‘cowed ci soi, shaory ho aerating ote she pero ecnamse em whch he nda eto es hee 2s gored Sy von ses ies SBE Nae SacBee csi rel srt ows throughly impiesed nthe posse of propery ag oe ctl fron epic cure eek tee ae soe. The taton hr in wht Mare eras Ses en i Sic wiy of hepa andthe ner (5, Te gene ths ony inte snare gly coteions The Me escurns wh to damn tect Srmutsons w ameter Hegelian and vented byw cde “pemolgea oea a ‘rains’ et wigan Oat SS, Soy Sele cee homo fe dee cc fae Se ‘Hevea er be med comutn” Acordia beste the decir tanson in Macys ilu development nas trom ‘asl deneray to communion ay tor than wan elon {9 matrnlin. The Grtgne cnt ape mata fos ha Mace envisage i 1843 4 tocy bed the abolition of pines ropecty and on the dappearne ofthe ae. By, Comput Manet imvanent inthe Citgee. (Aine 195835 ter an Cole 1975, 1-21 “This ater regis php enor by Mars say On the Jah Quer tin (1843b 1975), Het he dingihes beeen pola emancpaoen ‘msociated with formal (and contiutonallycovifed) democracy sod ‘eal human emancipation (ore demexracy| Whit the formes rpceent a signbeanradrancit i but one stp onthe rad fl human cranciason, Colin Hay 67 Taner cn nl be eid bythe wamcenig of bores soc to TEMES Sci ew ania rer bon 1568 281-3, I Me pit Fn (18001975) cote Crue Mack eventual ens the eras the agent ft aaron, laying the bass or 3 lst athe sc tober esr are mar 90: The mature’ works fe Gree Hse Dc nt Sag sce cee rence ® a ee Fae ae sca sae They ona amy a the Aeceszatly adopt both for inteenal and external recom fr the mutual ‘Macanter of their property and incerest’ (184546 [1964]: 59), a conception se ne Commons Manfeso (188 (975) 82) "Ths beady ‘Gxramentalistéeamework (which concsives of the save as an instrument in ee ey tthe nd Ey Sa i deepen sonaled iaee oo aa ee ence HS (ra) oe Ts Ege ae ne ef ene The rons pees ee pea "Seaton hain ign Sere stdin The Ce ar ee ear iatean aren ecto ae diy reid to kins ups The Gorman Idotgy Th Sameer des lhl ses Pr seas meen ea ine andy Tae io Ln oe ee a Marr weerang (re clamiag erect ete natrst pete aren anne re thet coins lr ah op Se oe ee ms rn eee ce ie apt sae tol pen ae rr Lewereh aa edureeacn acre(Phas Marit shout) Maree Sate Theor? ‘ftom, This impreson i confiemed in The Cid Ware Framc, ee Moc cteyraly ates tht she apparats ofthe capital ee ‘itt be appropiate for progressive cn amd that the ronan oct peat ma ese smash hs epee bougcoa manag Marples ht he Seles at teste 62 sytem of pil dominion whose ies sto be odin ts oesoalseseare sr mech he cl egress o cane hat conta Tin ee Cle whet ba fesse poles! esto aa ek mene loa porto an cssnson vf the socal fons ng ‘usiio mld Sue pore (top 1998 6 se abo 15820) Sree oe ae vey he postions bry outne shove {cc sriing tet Alon Wales eda conde "oe he ee 2 Manic especie meats ot he apples of th aia led ryt ening cate bu the aren of ae ‘kon bad one al toe eninge nar Hwee es th ecient fhe pls fa hence als ambigay: ose Jeske uanon week ons oon se trogen tanto wld Te aniguy and oe exctemen: Mancsm ard the sate stein on lenin an Grams {wk nh secant tons aca oh Mar of Te ol Warn cei Sond Rea I91T Gobeh e By Lo City land ony hs gee Cnebuion eet ‘ena Ta Ln dso ot he phason of Marts Sohne, {5 Pat Commune far lana segs The sate ses etal rah non hope ol te ics oy se ch ae sings neque te epee parlors sv cama be des svar eee oe oreo Menace haeson¥ tb contol by foes Te, ie eo fhe pred cs zmpouie only ewe seo ‘ceton ta ao how te esteson ofthe ype ore" (17168: 366 nga phar As Cale ree eh ‘bai thame of The Sate and Revolution ~ he one that indelibly iscsi onthe memory, ad mmeatly omnes to mind when one {Bik ofthe work isthe theme of revolton at demas Sod oles set. The ewenl point of the tvolon, the cesaenon Colin tay 68 cannot forgo &...the derucion of the bourgeois sate a6 ¢ power Stout from snd ounterpoee vo he ratty as ela Dy 3 fet of sae type (1972. 219-20, orginal cpa esi’ nattow definition ofthe sate a am een coer apparatas it [fecedin hi vison of evolution avinen atin which the repressive ‘Slveof he mate ie pices agin the massed anks of he plete ‘Duscceeten oF hitoreal proportins, ae all 00 apparent. Thal they may now be viewed with fe ene af some degre of hind I ‘ast Gramass more insite definition ofthe sae leas hi i a ‘Ghewbar teen deeion, Gramees dncnecvens and ending sgicance sin his aero incorporate human subjecivey a+ 2 dymamic agent wihin the Saree [Bnowophy of stor Femic 19811) Ms work ths masks ler ek Sieh the exonomim and erode redaoniem that had some to charsteie The Mars raion sine the death af Mar. The ental question tat Be fost, and with which contemporary Marsters ontin orl t= what pvr captal the capacisy so repuodace and user i ominance over ime dese inherent contador? Hi sear fot a9 Sane leads hit to defines nee concept fon tore asa, edie {sold concept) that of hegemony: and extend the Marca fon of the ate to icles thoweInstuions aod pracy ehrogh whieh the ring lass ssceeds in mainaining the conaehualsuordiaton of tho rer hom i roles (Gramic 199, 244, 262). The hey wo Grams fBeortca oltow i the emery of hegemony. With thi he demonrsed {Bae dominant clan inorder to manta kr supeenacy, mas socted Peeing i own moray poiesl ang cultural values oy soe ort ‘Seray constructing an eclgially-enpendered common senseYer af Miliband (199811) sere hegemony nor merely stout ailing the ‘ales ofthe elng clas win Sl soy. Iereasagy ‘must bo be taken t9 meas the capaci of che ing clases 0 persuade Saboedinace one thar, whee thay may tink of the oc! tte and however much they ma be aenated fom a sere no atratve to Hegemon depends ot 9 much on comet ssn sng, For Gramsi thn she obstacles to clas sonscouaness ae far great than Lesin enisged (and, mig wall be argued, have become far geet ses the time of Gens While sere football on TV te evolution likey be postponed indefinly Ax Grama biographer, Giseppe on 1970. 238), comments the lease’ sength does ein the vse of teeing ‘lass or he coreive power of stat, Duin the aeepance by the ruled f= oneepion oft wor! wien Belong othe rules The philosophy70. (What's Mani abut) Maret State Theant of the rang class pases seough 2 whole nue of complex vga: ‘Son ea emerge Common sense: that iy the philosophy ofthe mates, soho acep the moral, the estoms the esttonalized Behaviour of Uhesooery hey ve (Gramsci central contribution ist ns thatthe power of the capitalise clas resides not so much in the rpresive apparatus of the sate 2635 lnsrument fhe Bourgeoisie ~ however ahs and fet that might be Surin er ably co infoence and shape the perceptions ofthe subordinate iste, coining them ee of he legacy ofthe syste ell otf ‘be fling of renstance. Gen that Germ was, the ine, Luisi {pelt one of Monlin's pss and thu, presumably, only too wel sear ofthe rales eflcency ofthe sates courte mths init wt [il he tore impressive Ie led hi to highly sigaficant bse rvaton ted ne for whi be ihely mos: 1a the Eat the ae wea vecthing citi sacey was primordial ad a ous in the Wet there was 2 proper relation beeen tate and ci {oy and when the ate embed 3 sy src of el soe wat Pome rere. The state es oly em omer dich behind whch here ‘oad powerful stm of fortes nd cathworks (Grama 1993: 258) “The implications of chs for soil strategy ate highly sgnifiant, and Gramsc was not low to point them out. Whereas in the Ease (Rua where civil sce was primordial apd gelatinous war of menocire— a szamay wos dosed to lr, Foe in socities Me his own the sap of the bourgeois lay not inthe coercive source that ould muster, bat it aby tolepimate x domination within cv sory, thereby scering Posie acquiescence. Thus before the polars ould challenge te sare Fr would frst have to wage 2 succes wer of potion ~ abate forthe heats and minds within iil society. As Carmoy note "consciouness {nlf becomes the source of power forthe pole n avng seg #0 the ‘ste andthe menos of peodaction, jana ek of proleaian comsoutnest ‘the principal razon that he bourgeoisie remsing in the dominant postion (1964 58). Games had indeed ssereeded i reinsering human sbjeiiy 13 dynamic agent within she Marci prlovphy of etry Structurakim veeusinsrumentalem nthe Mibanc-Poulantss debate 1 the hora sigaicance (however unfortunate} of Lenin's wets on (he state and the theorecal and stesepepressiene of Grama work, ‘should guaran tem och 3 place n any Sncanson of he Macs theory he sae, chen dhe sme cannot be sid ofthe (nfamces Miliband fostneas debe (Poulntzs 1965, 1976; Miliband 1969, 1970, 1975; [Sob 19°5),Indost in mponace le erin he guakry of the teed ‘[Eimnge nor ke roca sgniicane, bor rather nthe probes i (heals Mars conceptions ofthe stat and int stmbolc satus 264 point of departure for many contemporary developments. The debate sce Fefber proaponst ar he bln cheaetcal best Yet docs well [Bplay the exter 0 which Marws stat theo Set, on =aions Inexorbly drs irsket the form of 2 dense dheortiesl exchange, iialy polite but incesingylbsemperdy abou the soe of power within contemporary Cpe societies and the clationship berween the ruling clase and he {eh appari the detrination ofthe coment of state pay. Is he oven atte 3 sae ip capil socery or 3 eal seat, aod what (Birence docs it make anwar? Poulmist’ opening vo (1968) taker the form of deed esta! aige of Milind’ proving The Staten Capital Saco) (13834 Poulos nots he absens excepting the work of Gams) oa systematic Srempe in fv » Mars theory ofthe sae and praises band for iS"ieumps toile heoekl each af wel she dena erigue ibe bnrgson mythology of the state. However, ser the spounfl of Stats comes the madsine In tengo expoe he dominant bourgeos ‘Sfology of che newly and independence of the sate Milband tung caw ont the serena hi avertie (1968: 241-2) Hi ‘elton ths ronan tenisbed by the sendue of Douro sesmpone Show he sue = pcp hac power ees oc he sate appara is bur in the poronne ofthe state. He thereby fit "0 gp what Poulos ssn the objetive arucutl realty of teal css ad the Sov Instead Mithun eran the Bourg myhaogy of he ree wiles Eve agent. Accordingly, he focuses on cat in erm of ner aubjective ‘Sshops sea of objeive eruetura lation win the elon of Prodocion, and on the set in ters of the lerperonalellance, Etnctons and ncrvorks of the ste elie’ (242) intend ofthe arena, form and fonction ofthis (apis instation. “This pout is athe ent he debe Ye om here on i degenerates lingo »someha srue snd polariaed stage Benecenssrarenlim (Poult carcitue of Milibane's postion) and scale (band's {scature of Poulos’ posivon ronal, im the debate tel (bough ‘ov ia thie mote thoughtful work, Boh protagnie come close to ling Spo the crue parodite hey presen of one athe. ‘tunenty, a ne hae seem tent ve the state a8 pete inscument ro be manipulated nd steered ithe erent of the dorian! ‘Sas orang “eit” te term Mild deploy), I bac thei tha theWhat's Maras about) Maras State Theory? modern state serves the intr of the Bourgoin capital sociny ecuse iis dominated by that elas Such = pcrpectiv asic the enw fricy of spon the conscious aeons of individ soi ors) oer ‘vsctre 1a the determination of tte poy, the parton of te see thus accorded primacy over the site’ form and fonction {as capialie {appotats. As Kenneth Fegan Theds kaxpol (985: 176] not An instrument has 2 wil fies own snd chs capable of ction oly a the extension ofthe wil af some conscious actor To unersand the sss aban instrument ofthe eal cae ie sy that sate mon ‘signa ince conscious and purosive efor of apt at»clse lnsramenealsn an exred inthe work of Domb andthe ery Miibang) ay thas be segatded a agency or prtonna-cnted, anda expe simple view of the ratonship berween the state appacanes aa the fuling-lass = the later am smart ofthe former (ne Table 4),The instrumentals thesis can be summaraed in tem of answers to Svcs 1: Wht ithe scare of the la that rales? ‘A The expat class rules ond is defined by its ownership and conzol of the mens of preducion Wher sr the mechs shat this clas othe st A sSoclization,inerpersonal conection, and networks The apie ‘las uses the state san lesrument so dominate the esto ocey Whar the concrete rtioahip banwoen sate Poles aed ring assist A: State policies furter the gence iteret ofthe capi lain maining thei domination of acy "Questions fom Gold ett 197Sa: 32 answers “iepted fom Beerow 1993") A instrumentalist theory ofthe sa fe thus & theory of the sate i “italics socity these of Milban's book! a8 opposed ton theory of ‘Be capalat sate For ifthe sate ina captain sok isinded capes Ss only contingent so. That the ste engaged inthe reproduction of ‘apical social and economic clasons or im any seni gasses [ether sch a stuadon can arse only by viru ofthe dominance of 2 capitals "ling elce’wichin capital socesy and is persona est the ‘members ofthe ate apparaon Tn marked contrast,» sractralis postion such a ha uted by the sete derivaconnts and bythe Planta of the debate’ siete aul sory of sracats over gens and their intentons. Agent are snerned Df a the bearers (or tape of ebecvesuctres over wich they can ‘xecse minimal influence, Within ich a framework, the eapialist state Colin tay 73 siceed a 4 srr sen wit form and fneion dering ley IRécpndenty of te sapsationy motes and ientions of pole Serr or membes othe downs cre a sery ofthe cps ‘ie A ucesralin scout eom wold inp neous ‘ial aggre ape ew ath bv ae ‘Spread the rating lus loaner sn te logos ieee oreo tamer (eae 3, “fe Mhond-Poslaase debate iso ashans the cue of Marve ec) re lar Howerrn pong fs ination at se {uel nl agineyared sean ae provied pon of departure {Eersny rete develope ne heary. Wnt to mow ll empl © exo the sos f the Miibond: Planta due tat tow bly “Table31_agond rctrton ontario (Simctre cote Sipcrie ot amp arennn Sos ting ca sian ‘vaonsar Diet vine ofthe These vcnnion Seamer elton berets ofeapitlier spas Jena ate Gprwnmsant icra ce Mitek) Pecan Beyond suucturalsm versus istumentalis Block 37 Jessop efor considering he sare of the ain the Marcie thoy ofthe state Seponanr ft to ote that Mba snd Place were not fo fenain rele and nzncabi st dence ofthe poston to wh they wae dee lth eat ofthe deol exchange. Insel beh moved owatde tate Alans conepins of the reltiohip epee kucure and aga) "hp ter wor, feng poll accor ae sae ues witha compen tnd densely stucued state appartacs Thus Mlban, in an cere of [pparent coneon concede, the notion ofthe ae ata “ire tends o screw has cote o be sen 83 eral proper ofthese, aly is alae uconony rom the “rng clase” a from ci ity large’ (1977.74) He emphases the peel fra corsderon of he chara of he sae leading personel, the prewutes exercaed by the sonom {ally dominant cae, on te rca Sonsesints inyposed by te mode of prodacson" (73-4; vee alo 1994 17-18) Soch aburratine ae mote ‘Sysemaialy developed i the work of Pred Block (19870, 19870),74 (Whats Marit about) Maret Sats Theort Colin Hay_75 Block's covers ist demonsrte ow, dept the division of labour tetween ste managers andthe cia ls, the sat ends C03 in the longer collecve treat of copia. He begins by aoung tht the Capitals an fa om ace sponsoring mayor reforms in ongtecm ‘ere, ofen provides che nowt wolerows opposition to auch messi, ‘The capitals clase most then be epazded as smu incapable fact 9 {es own longer collesne noes Yer a te same sme ruling class members who devote substan eet 9 policy formation Become snp of theilas, sae they are freed 0 Yok a the world fom he pespecine of sae anager They are que kel vo dverge Ndeologeally fom polly anengaged rlieg ass pion, (Block 1987857) “This peovides he basi fran answer to Block's conundrum, State manager, nay Infact have inte fe clone tothe longer olive inex opal han capt Wel sala Marsh 1995: 273), Here Block pos 0 {he relatorshig of 'Sependeny”bereen sate manages onthe one Rand The peformance of she stptalit economy) onthe other. As Caroy {tse 215) explain such dependener ext ree cconamie sev produces sta fevenues and because publi seppos fr ‘Tiepime wil dene ules accumulation continues fo tke place, Sat Tranages Wiig do want they know they mus c facltaceeaptl eulacon, Gren shat the evel of exonomie avy i largely dee ‘ed by private invesrenr Soins, ssh manage? ace partite ‘autive se overall Duin confides “Tne sate becomes the custdion ofthe genera nee of capital Block ravages to teconle within a ingle account a seit to the tenons, [Becks sd semepies of ste personnel (abd their elie incependenes om healing ls} with a saya ofthe seractral consex: within hse Srvepes ae opertionaied and played oot His work dla a complex td daca view of the atontip between the are appara and {he ruling class which expen both the inentionlim and ndeerinacy Of imotumenalt asounes aad she functionals and determinism of Strctraine formulations, nt overarching concern with ate manages Tr Galeynaxinining rational subject, poretbeles personmel ot spency-cntod [te Table 3.0 ‘Thowgi represen a conaerable advance on ts more insruetalis forebeas, Blocks work i sll okimately somewhat frosting. For 38 Fregold and Skocpl (2995: 198) pont out, he remains ambiguous 2 (© tacts capital: efor inated by state manages = ard she subject rp peture form bh merking and ring clases alike ~ wil, lhlys prov fancional fr eal in hela instance (or evdence ofthis nbigsicr compare Block 1987: 62, with 1987s: 66). If so, shen Block's HSS abe imependent errs of ate managers in promoting rere wh is sarny sullen fo account foe such an exact (a settle fonconl fi. I ao, then Now peel i tha ystoctional sean tat mice rove thang ro capaiststabliey ae avoided segtiow les damaging ofthe rete and, one might have thous ree seid ae allowed to deveop? Ett way, Block ses fll EE ute reskualnctnalar which i nt so very flee from tae alte wh he action of the state asa ideal collective capi’ is semen should no, however be ender-emphaszed. Yet sure Fes se eh reoption ofthe ned co spy the mechanisms ensuring tat see, Gf aume pesoonel donot, by and lage, jeopardiae continued ‘BGJatsecumulasion than fn the particular mechanisms that he proces peat Tes conception ofthe state at carton of pals te kel ie wo elegy of inaeumenalzn, then Bod Joss sateen ‘Bch ake Galt! er othe sacra iheance ce parc $ReGp 900 2002 fx commentaries see Brow 1993: 153-5 Bond 198; SeUBe Soot Mabon 1991: More soning han any ores Marx ‘ecun pas oe pee be soscsn rrvending the ae Jai of seed aston by moving owned 3 rulyGaleocl undestanding of SoNervelacomhip. Severe and apy logically email one smote (ik shere can teow ara acon whch i norte aio an anal of (iStoelsecal and plat change nes hough saeco 35 Seopes colide wih and impinge ubon che sacred ean of he SERB cater win which ter are trmulated. The flees however Setaconat, however unanccinsed re araoe (however parcial} BUSSE within which future stein ae formulated and deploves Socks Vormlaion he highly stapeantimplaton forthe seory of sts lcaptaia st Jeop oles the later Poalantaas in conceiving of he SEP artcpe se saved by clu raggls and 35's specie est Sonal ensemble with cll Boundaries, no isituonal fy and 00 Petzh Saal or subsantve uy esrop 1890: 267 Poulaaas 1978. {iene rs dynam and constantly snflaing systems ses for at {ven momen in mein parla aon sting represents a: ‘ion tga suneie wach privileges certain strategies and ators over ters, Ar sch the sta located win a eomple dle of scares Sei rome? (29, emphnie added). This soeduces the important tein he the sta and ee insitone which comprise ae satel [Reve Te sruties and modus operand of the state‘are more open ‘Sac types of politcal srcay tan orks” (2601. The state presets an ves slaying eld whove complex conout favour eran saps (and ence etalon) over others:76 (What's Mores about) Marit Sa Within such a perspcive thee canbe no grate that thet ana gnveroments willing see power) wil she yea iar ofc, {whateer that might bel Ince instr a he fancton ofthe cosas satan be regded 5 the expand repodacon of capa the eos foc ofthe apis sae aca parser age nu bvotaal evens i away likey to probit sal sem compton sha ana “he sae das eves oaph sees of oii snd seonore sae, she prexitng mode of nervston of he ate itn gl ae at {be eonomy pores incre nuncio The outer aes ae however, amd the suger that they enoeder camer be pode asvance For if we ate to appl the sonegerteaons speach he dee contingent upon the lance fess ond oh occa the sang the rs isla we mph 6d popula oripson ote matures «ns ay 1936 in hort on he mesa acon coment td ‘Staebes mobiiaed wins coment “Jeso9' approch then dep concern wth sae tes ad he seats ie Table) and dees curs pose ste at forme of fanconlam, tedatonsn ad demon Staep-ratonal approach let gate ~ abe of te eee ‘production ofthe apes: stem of tr impending denne (ase ben the ap sly of he cc conte the Ss one a ssid appst rere emi hors seman of te eonengecy sel Iedeemincy of xia and polos change 1990: [210 The en ai of hisithe dfn (a ey case) Mav theory oe ses Jesop hima ors here an Beno gel fly rere tess of ‘he capiaist sateen theres sored acount oferpeaie ee ia har natatonl,havrcal and tesa peice (3RS, Te, P55 1.4 hough 200 "ie wou appear to ove come fll ie, We end where we bess, with prado toes no Moraine) of the sates here couldn oe Conclusions Why do we aed a Marit approach to the sate tay? For in a word which seemingly eter globalized or globaliting snd in which Masson 8 poll projets defame, ti tempting to dame arn stems to theorize he sate as ansenonisi af pucly histone ieee that, With the nation state onthe wane do we rely needs theory of he state anyway? And even if we eink we do, wth Maraisnin fees why Marcu theory of ehe sate? “The fiat obiction can be dealt with fly swift. Yes the current hase of capitalist acumalton i ualtatvely diferent fom al peesocs Calin hay 77 ieetace eee78 (What's Marit about) Maris State Theory? ‘pretstnpenacnastarannsin semen Bt mr romrrrenraren emery Trermvcadtoniee tae cepa me al the oot considerable analytical advances have been made in Marvisg | state theory in recent years. In this respect contemporary Mancst stay theory has much to ofr to Marxists and non-Marxiss alike. Por se suthoe, lke Antony Caddene (1984) and Noy Mowe (1915 1993) ton Uno one oy fh emcee ‘instrumentalism battle is merely a ceflection) is not only 2 problem _| tars’ ple spinated mater, Thagh no aw ee ‘Soret mena ore ase Grea few can help but benefit from the analytical insights it offers. zi it anes acenceransie gence oe Sitegenon armenia ens tami tone beet ees fare Scent navel oleae estopeey nancies meet rps sean Eon ath gc epee Further reading Bar. 1990) Cel he of the ete Mei, Ne Mana, egolsK ad Sorel. (1995) ‘Mans Approsh ePltic an she Se “pts Se oad Poy sins ow Det nde. ae a cep ti Stem fam Pon Naty ado owes & se Th we he Cai ae Cone aM inn (99) Te Sem Capa Sey hv bf be Ween Syeon of hue tani Wet Nciey = oslo D7 Sas Por im oy Naw el Bol) | er Public Choice “anonew HINDMOO® auguraladéessa the frit president ofthe United Sat ea anwar) 1980, Ronald Reagan spoke ofthe ‘economic ile Fmmncane) setae hae core upon us over several dade tna ie (arses come emblematic oh presidency he wen on ugget hat ee etnt cin, government aot the solution fo ou problem Te iat te oben’ Ove he flowing derae, ded pola sete fica nan ever restr number of counties aed in Hinge Thacher (1993. 745) preferred terminology, orl Back the BABES ot the sar. ln thie tsk they were assted by an nels] etlaton i he ead of pois the fl flees f which were, ashi ime ‘hiya binning be ll appreciated aera public choie cheery, {wil se the terms inerchangeaby ees war dvcoped by a sumer of American economists inthe 1960s At eee tt aneam plital ins snp nore hs new approach the Besar neh By the cary 1980 bad however segue» growing RL EalaSoecan pola since departments and vome Sis and Ftcgean outposts tn {967 sround 5 per ent ofthe ares published in acres mon prestige poll scence outnal the American Pita SEE gute. ted pubic chonce theory (reen and Sapo 1994: 3. By {stdin iu bod sen so asound 20 por ent. By 1992 fstod a erly sOpercen Tabic choie theories donot have a patsy well thoughout count of what the sate Practones constantly lip eewee talking ‘four te soe the govern and he publ ete without eer indeng stbther shee ave nee to ele to rene erie. What they 0 Rowerer poss 4 dative and diniaciey hole account of what ‘Revue docs and way edocs Sted simply, plc coe theories ea these a2 sours lnfiieny Indeed James Buchanan 1988 3), who Im (oue was awarced the Nobel Pose for his wrk in developing he ‘hear, define puch the eee of plea fare ‘Once publ choice hry had begun fo establish ts academies sighing tiseranks ike the Ca lost i Americ ad the Instat iat Esonoic Aas in Bein (Cocker 1995) began 10 poplaie ad sg in