y ASINZS 1170.2:2002 Australian/New Zealand Standard™ Structural design actions Part 2: Wind actions Standards Australiacn HIDER COMBAT FT LT an 304 ASiNzs 11702:200 Be Ret Agee Zaiar Saar war pT yaaa Sgrmitee, 86-06, Gercr Den Repent dnd tala ee Ta a domed om bh fe Counc 8 Sig aaa, yaa 1m eta ofthe Coun a Smsuds New Zed oe aes Mae 2 iced oe us 208 ‘The floing me pest on Commies BD06 oe Building Research Assertion o New Zesland Sealer a ‘ne at aero Ena ieecr een meee Maser Bue Aan‘ TeS® New Zea Sn Retirees ee ce ica oeeaior ea Univ of Newel Garin Universtiy of Feehaoogy ae ‘ato tae ot Wate sn Atmopare Research, NZ Univer Grcand ms Sit tae tet poe os tly wg Eoin eh ‘ sd ween Sion, deeting ay eae. rar yee ge cl nc nea an ‘yi es publibed sine he Sadan aay eile information sot ccs Ausrali/New Zealnd Standards canbe een Rawat Rens Rea a re ihr coma ‘sine beatin stone Aecovey bth rasizatons pdt seen oF al caveat Sandi: oe mote faanen” ge Cumoane, wit ll ‘von, ames ‘nd Sandan Seta an res oir le eats la sei fiona oor Sandan eey bie Peas ee sene"eaal ihe hl Execs at east Seeded Atl ino Sara aed eat tat conte us snc cual printed Cuno with i me oe hs Stndard ws ued a deh for orcnet IDEN COMGATIN FY LTD nz ep 204 ASINZS 1170.2:2002 Australian/New Zealand Standard™ Structural design actions Part 2: Wind actions copricit ‘amano apa ety pt yoyAc HODER CONSULT PY LT on 2 e204 PREFACE ‘This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Ausralia/Standards New Zealand Commitee, B-006, General Design Reulemeats ahd Louilng on Stroctures, supersede {AS'11702—1955, Minimaon devpn loads on structures, Par Wind Toad, ann ptt Parts ot NZS 4203:1992, Code of practice or general sacral design ond design Toad for bung. ‘This Standard is published as a joint Standard (as are also ASINZS 1170.0 and ASINZS 1704) ani intended thet issuable for se in New Zealand a well ‘Ausvaia. However, NZS 4203, General structural design and design loadings for bugs Temainscurent in New Zealand anil the publication of all pats (cluding Part Eathgske ation) and for apsiion period aera ‘This Standard will be efernced in the Building Code of Ausra by say of BCA “Amendment I fo be Published on 1 July 2002, thereby superseding the previous oon, [AS 117021989, which wil be withdrawn 2 mothe fom the date of poblston of this dion ‘The objective of this Standard is o provide designers of structs with wind ations for tse in the design of strctressbjet to sind action, provies detailed procedore for the detention of wind ation om srotres, varying from thoe les seni t wind tion f those for which dynamic espose must be taken into consideration ‘This Standard ie Part2 of the ASINZS 1170 saies Sirctral design actos, which comprises te following pars each of which will hae an accompanying Commentary Published ae» Supplement Part 0: General principles Par: Pemaneat, imposed and other ations Part 2: Wind sions Pare 4: Eatquak ation ‘The Commentary to this Standard is ASNZS 1170.2 Supp I Sractraldesigs actions ‘Wind aeons Commentary (Splement 19 ASINZS 1170 2:2003). ‘The wind speeds provided are based on erinting data. At the time of deafing, i was onsidered tat thee mas inset evidence to nde any tend in wind sped de lima hangs ‘This Standard is based on 180 4354, Wind actions om structures 180 4354 giver genera Format and guidance on deal for he dating of aoa! Standards on Wind acta. This etion sites fom the previous editions as follows (@) The format of 1S0 4384 has boos adopted except tat the effets of expo pli othe wind sped t give directional site Wind speeds before cemverson Io rssre (te Note to Clause 2). (0) Importance factors have boon replaced with variable annual proxbility of ncednce (o enable reliabiliy-based design Vals of wind speed are deterined ‘sing the annual probability of exceedance (sv ASINZS 1170.0), (©) Wiss joit Sand (©) Average rot beght is used 0 cle ‘wilings. intended for ape in Australi and Now Zealand wind peseues for cectangler enclosedsc DEN COE PTY LT on ep 4 (6) Actions determined fromm wind tel tets o other methods ae ot cowed trough the “dcemed-t-comply” solution given inthis Standard, but must be separately ‘tablished (by special sad see ASINZS 1170.0) (9) A simplified procedure i not included. (2) Wind speeds for permissible suess design are not included (ste the Comment ASINZS 11702 Sapp 1) () Directional wind speot multipliers have bun revised and extended beyond the capi sin Ava (9) Generly the clauses have been pated to incorporate the latest esearch and to Improve usability. The following new formation has been icles (©) Blevation eet for Tasmania, Gi) Separation zone for eests of steper slopes Gi) Combination Factor for majo sructral members, (60) Parapet reduction ato. (Hyperbole paraboloid root (i) Methods for open ative structres and Ince towers inloing ania. (i) Flags nd spheres ©The caeaation of dynamic wind response has been simplified and th: ws of an howry mean wind sped for ¢yamic analysis he ben reptced with fe 3» gut ‘When dyeamic respnas isto be deornined, x sngeadional ato i eerined ‘The Joint Commitee bas considered exhaustive research and testing. nfornation from Atlin, New Zealnd and overseas rouces inthe preparation of tht Stindard. The disign ied wtonn proocrbed tw hs Standard are the win for the mer otea deserted Panicular acknowledgment should be given to Monash Univesity, University of (uccnsling, James Cook University, Carin University of Technology, Building Research [Assocation of New Zesland, Buren of Meteorology (Aus and Nation Ist of Water ‘tnd Atmosparie Research (NZ) for thet conibtions othe rating ofthis Sunda ‘The tems “normative” and ‘informative’ have een used inthis Standard t define the plication of he appends to which they apply. A"aonmative” appends i gral part fof Standard, wheres an “informative pend is nl for information nd guidance, Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes o tables and figures ae dened to be an Notes othe text conta information and guidance andar nt considered to be a ata pt ofthe Standard‘CONTENTS, SECTION | GENERAL LL SCOPE. —— oT 12 APPLICATION. oe 13 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS, Te [4 DETERMINATION OF WIND ACTIONS. (05 eu) Vans CoC 24a 2.5. WIND ACTIONS 28.1 Gener Wind scion (I) for ein ASINZS 1170.0 shal determined as given in Clauses 2.5.2 12:53 and ecolertons a given a Clase 25.6 Wind ston shall be derived by considering wind ftom no fener than four orthogonal eceions ligne tthe sacar 253 Forees om surfaces or structural lem 253.1. Forces derived from wind prosire ‘To determine wind actions, the forces (F) in newton, on srfices oss elements, such a wall ora oo, shall be the vecioe sum a he forces caleulated from he preset ppieable to the assed areas (0) 8 allows F=B.A) 280) where Pe ~ design wind pressure, in pasels (normal to the surface), t eight =, ‘aoaited in Case 4.1 NOTE: The ip contntin for frome ede o forces tawards te mre fo Postve proses nd orcs sa rem the ure or epi ess Ax = aeference are, in square mete, a eight z, upon which the pssue a that height atsFor enelosed bing, internal rssucs sal be taken to act simultaneously wth exer pressures ncn the effets of lool pressure Tetors (). The mos severe omblnaions ‘Slintral an eternal presser shal Be saeco fr dain, ‘Where varitons in the surface pressure with beght are considered, the se shall be sabivided so thatthe specified pressures are taken over appropiate areas (see Clause 4.2 Fee aration of wind pecs wih eit) 253.2 Forces derived from tina dag ‘To determine wind ations, the forces (F) in newtons, on a building clement, sch as 2 wall ce s roof shall Bethe vector som of the forces Salculsted fom dsb. rtons pressures applicable tothe sumed ares a5 flows FoBhAd 250) Ja = the design tetional disebuted fore pale the surface, cael in {Clause 24.2 at heat in pascls 2533. Forces dried from force coefficients AppeniesE and F cover stuctres for which shape factors are given i the frm of force efficients rater than pressure coeTicets. In these eases, 0 determine wind ations, the Forces (Fn newtons, shall be Setermined a lowe (05 Qu) aa? Cy Co 250) where Any = 98 lined in Appeni F, fr gs 1 or other sutures or elements of strvetues covered ia Arpeadies E ang? ‘To determine wind actions, the total resultant forces and overturning moments on complete strctres shall be tonto be the summation of he effete ofthe external pests o ‘vfacer ofthe building For rectangular enclosed buldings where the rato de ib (ee Clause 54) a rater than the tml estan fore on w complete souctre. shall isle the fiona dag For dynamic effets, the combination of slougwind nd crosniad responses shall be ‘alclated in cordance wit Section 6 In regions C and D, cladding is consections and immediate supporting members shall, demons performance under the pressure sequences defied In AS 4003, tase 0 the ‘timate imi state wind. pressure on external and intemal surfaces, as desrmined in ‘cordance wid this Stand S46 Servceaility of wi For the purpose of calculating wind action for serviceability of wind-sensine chimneys, ‘masts and ples of eielarcrow-ection (as defined in Clause 61), dflestins skal be ‘slelated in accordance with Section 6 NOTE: Information on pe asceloaton of oer wintarakive ernst Is gen pendix. onal strctaresSECTION 3 REGIONAL WIND SPEEDS SM GENERAL “This Section sal usd to calelate gust wind speeds appropriate to the eos in which structure is oh constracted,ineloding wind decton elect |ONAL WIND SPEEDS (7a) Region wind speds (Vs) fr all directions based on 3 second gust wind dats shall be as flven in Table 1 forthe eplone shown in Figure 2.1 where R (avenge recurence Intra i the inverse ofthe anna probability of exceedance ofthe Wind sped. Refer to [ASINZS 11700 for information on values of annual probably of exceedsne appropiate forthe design of structures, TapLE 34 meemiene Nein ante xawn | w = ¢ 2 Tee ay [=e | aw [ v |FOETT FT VET 33 WIND DIRECTION MULTIPLIER (M0) 334 Regione A and W ‘The wind deetion multiplier (M) for region A and W sal bea given in Table 3.2. 332 Regions B, Cand D ‘The wind direction mulipie (Mfr all dvectons in regions B, C and D shall be as follows (8) 0:95 for determining the reulten forces and overtaring, moments 045, oe Fgue 48) (0) Win te separation oe Figure 44) 440) (i) Elsewhere within the lal topographic zone (Se Figures 42 and 43), shall bear given in Egeaton 1.4(2), ‘A. ~ bight o teil ridge o escarpment 1, ~ horizontal distance upwind fom the crest ofthe Bil eel hal the height tow the crest X= horizontal distance upwind or downwind ofthe structure tothe erst of the Il dg oresearpment Fide o escarpment wo a Ly = len sea, in meres, 0 determine the vertical variation of Ato be takes athe pear of 0.36 Lor 04 HF 1, ~ length sale, in meron, ke determine the horizontal variation of My 0 be ‘akon at 4) upwind forall pes aed dowawind for land igen, 10, downwind for escarpment 2 reference eight onthe srotre above the averse acl pound level ‘wind dieeion For the cate where x nd are eo, the vl of Menem in Table 4 Iuespoctve of the prisons of thio Cause, the influene of any peak may be ignored, provided iti tant rom the ite ofthe streiare by more the 10 times ts eention abovecond HDER CONSULT PTY LTD on 2 254 TABLE 44 (OR GUST WIND SPEEDS) ‘pied 443 Lee maltplier (ae) ‘Te ee (Tet multiplier (Ma) shall be evaluated or New Zealand sts in the le 20 5, ‘shown in Figure 3-1(8) For all oer site, the lee multipin sall be 1. Wain the l= ‘zones the le multiplier sal apply only wo wind om the cardial dretion nomiated Fae 310), ch Ie 2098 shal be 30 km in with measered from the leeward crest of the ntitng ‘ange, down i the ection of te wind nomianed The lee zone comprise & shadow Ice one, which extends 12 km fom te upwind bouaday of the lee one (est ofthe inating range), and an outer ee zone! ove the remaining 18 km, “The lee muti sal be 1.35 for ites wih the sbado oe 2000 (Le, within 12 bm of ‘he crest ofthe range). Within the outer ce zone, the le multiple shal be detemined by Tear interpolation with horizontal distance, tom the shadow/outer zone Dour (where ‘Mg 13) the dowavind oe zone boundary (ohere Ne = 19). "NOTE: Noe nes have ben eatin Anepected WYCENCONEULTINLPTY LTD ann ep 208 SECTION $ AERODYNAMIC SHAPE FACTOR SA. GENERAL ‘This Section shall Be used to calculate the aerodynamic shape fctor (Cx) fr suuctues oF ‘arte of sructre. Vales ot Cy shal be wed i determining the pressures apd Yo cash Eeace For calealalingprsre the sgn of Cy indice the direction of he pressure om the surface or clement (See Figure 51, positive values indesting pressure sc tovards te surface and negative values pressure acting say fom the surface (less an ambient {essue, Le, suction). The wind action fect ed for desig sal be the sum of values ‘etrmined for diferent pressure effets such a the combination of internal and extereal resre on enclosed bling (Clauses 53, 5.4 and 55 provide values for enlosed rectangular bullings, For he puposes ‘ofthis Standard, retanglarbuldigsinclodes buildings generally made ap of rectanzulae ‘Shapes in plan Methods for particular cates for ulldings fre wal, fee vost, exposed ‘members and ther srctre ar give nthe appropriate Appendioes, ‘ y= ——cen SHDER CONSULT PT LT on 8 e204 FIGURE 54 (gar) SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR Cy = &. SSA Ss a) Prasnce normal to he sutases ‘I Fol dragon Hroastaning roots FIGURE 51 (in part) SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR Cy ‘52. EVALUATION OF AERODYNAMIC SHAPE FACTOR “The scrodymamic shape factor (Cy) shall be determined or specific surfaces or parts of tetas a follows (0) Brelosed blldings (ce ths Seton 5 and Append C)— Cin ~ Coo aK Ke Kip for eternal pressres 520) C= Cyn fo internal pressures 520) hy ~ Ce fo fetal dag forces $20)sey DER CONSULTING PTY LTD on 3 ep 24 (©) Cirelor ins, silos and tanks sce Append C (6) Freestanding wll, hoardings comapien amd raf (ce Append D)— Cig ~ Cy Ke KK for pressre normal srace sau) Cag = Cy foe tonal deg forces 5205) ()Espored structural member frames and lice wers—soe Appeais E (6) Flags and circular shapes—see Appendix where yy = enteral pressure coeticient K, = srenredection fst K, = cal pressure ator Ky = porous cluding edution factor Gui * imeraat pressure coeTicent = Getonl dag force coticieat Cue = wet presse coefficient acting noemal to the surface fer canopies, festanding oot, wall andthe ike 53 INTERNAL PRESSURE FOR ENCLOSED RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS S31 General Acrodymumic shape factors for intemal prssure (C,) shall be deterined_ trom “Tables 5:1(A) and S.(8), Table 5.1(A) sal Be wed for the esign cae where openings a> shit an the wall permesility dominates. Table 5.1(8) shall be sed forthe Sxign case ‘where openings art asumed Lo be open In ll ass, the beight at which the wid speed ‘eerined shal be the average oo hight (). Intecrl resus a fnetion ofthe relative permeability of the external saaces ofthe balding, Tae pemesbiity of sufi sal Go called by adding arts” opening to leakage on tha surae ofthe buldiag (ee. Yet. gps in windows) 53.2 Openings Combination of openings shall be ssa to give internal proses, which gether with ‘vernal presues give the moe averse wind acon. Plena openings inne doors, ‘vindows and vents, 1m regions Cand D, internal presre resting fom the dominant opesing shal be aplied, ‘leas the building envelope (windows, door sod cladding can be shown tot capable of ‘essing impact lading equvalent toa kg piece of timber of 100mm x 5 mm efss- Section, projected at 1S ms a any angle A surface is considered to contain dominant openings if the sum ofall opecings in that Surfaoe exceeds the sum of openings in etch of the ber surfaces considered oe at ine ‘his dor not inlade normal race perme. [NOTE A dint opting dosnt ted oe hrge end en ocr a a ell a prclt ‘roposed sen, sch sen pe al Yo wile l te pose openins oeTABLE 5.104) INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (C,) FOR BUILDINGS WIT OPEN INTERIOR PLAN=CASHS TOR PFIGMEAMLE WALLS WITHOUT DOMINANT oreniNes Sant a (Wnt wat pm “ @O ao = Taye mactions | strga ‘ramur 5100) INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Cy) FOR BUILDINGS WITH OPEN INTERIOR PLAN—-DOMINANT OPENINGS ON ONE SURFACE. os ers a eieceaae mit | toi ett =s rosie, | ies ogleclen54 EXTERNAL PRESSURES FOR ENCLOSED RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS, S41 Bxtermal pressure coo FIGURE 52 PARAMETERS FOR RECTANGULAR ENCLOSED BUILONGSect HYOENCONRUING PY LO on 28 08 or leward wall sie wall nd eos wind speed sal e then asthe vale a= ‘efeeace height (i) sl be taken a the were eight of he roo ‘Where two valves a sted, oof hal Be designed for hath value. In these cases, rot surfaces may be sljeced Io either value due to tubulence.Alteraive combinations of xtra end intra pressures (se also Clause 53 shall be considered, to tin the mos vere condions for design For roof, (ee Figure 5.2) and for all 1 etre Ae Tolling cases shal be ecasidered ia ie woest ction effects using the Values give in Tables S.A) and 8 4C): () The more negative value ofthe to given inthe Table applied to oth Ines of the root (©) The more positive valve of he éwo given in the Tble applied o oth tbe of the (©) The more negative val applied to one ball andthe more positive va thea al of the oo spied wo For the underside of elevated buildings, Cy sal be takon ns 0.8 an 06. Fr buildings ‘vith Tee elevation above ground than oncahinl ofthe eight, ase liner sepolton Tretneen thse values and O20, according tothe eto of el frst floor level to the total building. eight For the rssies, wind sped shall be taken the vale a Under-eaves pressures shall bo tsken as equal to those appli to the adjceat mall surface ‘below the surface under consideration ‘TABLE. 8214) WALLSEXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICENTS (C,) FOR RECTANGULAR ENCLOSED BUILDINGS—-WINDWARD WALL () Boe [0 vind eed vari wane) (ered od vate wi ego am hen we ere TABLE 5200) \WALLS_EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICENTS (C,.) FOR RECTANGULAR ENCLOSED BUILDINGS -LFEWARD WALL 1) ooeNny ‘GTABLE 5206) WALLS EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICENTS (C,) FOR RECTANGULAR ENCLOSED BUILDINGS SIDE WALLS (8 eral pare cnn) TABLE 534) ROOFSEXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (C,,) FOR RECTANGULAR ENCLOSED BUILDINGS FOR UPWIND SLOPE (1) AND DOWNWIND SLOPE, (D) FOR ai” AND FOR (R) FOR GABLE ROOFS. ‘roin spr [Urvind sos Os] fem wintwarscne | aces | ayaa ‘er eaniernt | Dewenind lore, ecco) | Gente) o. > = 1 Farman As pel hye 2 Thales hen pra a ove fr ntaplaion pps, TABLE 538) ‘ROOFS—EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (C,.) FOR RECTANGULAR ENCLOSED BUILDINGS -UPWIND SLOPE (0) = 1" mete aera parce (Cy) 0 | nauon = ina |e) Tint yh ern rR) stipe ivi | atts eto] ia [tae catTABLE 5:30) ROOFS—EXTERNAL PRESSURE COFFFICIENTS (C,) FOR RECTANGULAR ENCLOSED BUILDINGS—DOWNWIND SLOPE (D), a2 10 DEGREES AND (R) FOR HIP ROOFS Beaty toe Enema peer eile) rt) | prt) | [os | me = toraya | az [05 [as [os [-n6 | ra 6 aoa = (b42I 10-46),sey OER CONSULTING PTY LTD np 200 FRICTIONAL DRAG COEFFICIENT FOR dit>4 or dib>4 TABLE 59Ac DER CONSULT PTY LTD. e204 SECTION 6 DYNAMIC RESPONSE FACTOR 61. EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC RESPONSE FACTOR ‘he dynamic response factor (Ca) sal be determined for structures of elements of strctre with natural est ode aadamentl Fequencis a fellows (2) Greater than 1H, Cn = 10. (©) Levethan 1 He (©) ota bigs and towers (A) ess han 0.2 Het covered by this Standard, (8) between | Hand 2 Hs, Cj sil Be a define in Cause 62 for alg tind response aod Clase 64 fr eronrwiadrrpones and i) Forcamtever o0fs— (9) ess than 05 He ent covery this Standards (@) between Hy and 05 Ha, Coe sul bo as defined fa Prgraph DS, Appendix D, “This Standard doesnot cover he roof of poo bildings bow tl bling or where in ‘he wall ofl buildings thee ae sloping edges o edge discontinuities 1 tortion om determining he mtr equney ofa ctr given Sn ASINZS 11702 Stop Soucrral sign tons Wind otonsCommentary (Sugplenet to ASRES 137030) 2 Append G provides intrmaton o ekulaing ccekeaons fo serve in al win 62. ALONG-WIND RESPONSE OF TALL. BUILDINGS AND TOWERS. ‘Te dynamic response factor shall boa given in Clause 6.22. ‘NOTE: Information on peak slong-wind slain fr erica ies a Append 62.2 Dynamic response factor (Cs) For calculation of action effets (ending moments, shear forces, member forces) ata heights onthe sructare (ace Figure 61), the wind pressures om the srstre ot eight # Shall be malities by dam rerpose factor (Cy) This factor i dependent on oth = nds and's< | bao 620) a 1, ~ bright factor forthe eyonant response which equals I+ (sh) |x = peak ctr for resonant response (10min period) ive by: = ee) 6205) 5 = size redoston factor given as follows, where mis fst mode natural TEequeecy of bation of ttc ia the Hongewid direction nM and ‘hots the everage breadth f the structure between eights O ad + tet, ay oeal] 620) rus Tao 1% = (0 tines spectrum of ene inte aprching wind steam, even Stow aN + ey 620) N= raced aquney nal (6) as r= first mode natural fequeney of vibration of #scture inthe Vang = balling orthogonal design wind sped (se Section 23) = tio osc damping terial damping of structure (se Table 62)‘TURBULENCE INTENSITY (1) oa ‘Use Ha tte - eran ates ‘NOTE: For isos aroha ran pny ie nop ‘CRITICAL DAMPING OF THE STRUCTURE (©) a ‘shi dome ee nn pe cetrectonpce OER GONGULTHG PTY TD 28 ep 4 Cause 6.3.2 gives methods for determining equivalet static foxes and base overteng ‘moments and Cy Cay fo all enclosed buldings and towers of wecungularces-secon, Sand Clause 6.3.3 gives deletions and equivalent stati forces for chimney, masts and fobs of ccalarcost-ucionCaloation of coeewnd eaponce twa eae! For pono Tite tower. NOTES. 1 Wee cletions of eosin response yield igh ve, farther gue gies ia [AINE 11702 Sup Sacral dag consid ton “Commentary Sipleweh ToAsinzs 117023005, 63.2.1, Equivalent stale wind force “The equivalent crosowind statis wind force por anit height (a) a8 # Fnction of 3 {evaleted xing Farce equals mass tine seelrtion) in nowins pr metre shall be at fallow a)0S0lFnaP ao 0 here Va i evaluatod at oriontl depth ofthe statue pull othe ‘sind stream and (ead ( 8) Ee (2) 309 aod di were ‘Ke = mode spe coretion fitr fr crosewind noseritio, given by = 076 +0246 where ff the expose thud be taken 1.5 fra waiformcaniever = 45 fora slender famed structure moment resisting) ~ 1.0 ora bung with contra core and moment esisting ade = 23 for tower decreasing in iss with eight, or wth large ras at he top ~ the valve obtained fom fing (2) (IAF 10 the computed ‘modal shape a he suucture (4(2) = ist mode shape asa function of height 2, normalized ‘sity ath Ca = crotrmind force spectum cietfcent genes for linear ade shape en ia Cause 63.23 632.2. Crosorind base overtrning moment ‘The crosswind base overturing moment (84) in Newion meres (which can be derived by ‘he integration rom Oto of (2) ds) sll be as lowsActs ODER COMSAT FTV LTD en 2 204 atte (2 0) where the aie [3k ir the mode shape conection for for croswind base 3" P 63.23 Cronewind fore spectrum coefficient (Co) ‘The reduced velocity (F. sal be eaulted a follows using Vaqy caused at == A “aaleah) ‘Value ofthe crosswind force spectrum csficint generalized for a inca mode spe (Ci) shal be cleulsted rom the reduced velocity (Va follows (ste Figures 621055) (0) Fora 3:11 square seton (dd, where Vis inthe range 210 16 (@Fortutlence intensity of 0.12 t 240: ogy Cy = 0.003834," ~001344,' #0157, i) Fortuutence intensity of 0.2 a 245 ogy C= O0008,* -0028Y,* + 00199Y,8 +0157, -2985 6366) (©) Fora 6tt square section (eb, where Fit in the ange 31 16: ]) Fortarelene intensity of 0.12 at 245 ogy Cy =0.000406r,* —O0165F,°+02007,8~0603F, -276 6307) (1), Forturbulence intensity of 0.2 at 242: ogy Cy = 0.003347," 001287,” +0140, ~0384F, -236 ... 6308) (©) Fora 62:1 etal section (bi, whee Mis in he rang 2101: (0) For tutes ineoy ot 0.12 6282 , -zB2rnusr, -oomsey,! Neem aT gaa, +0002, eo (4) Fortrblence intensity of 0.23243 loey cy 231 0087%! 000057, pan Tomy, + 00001247," (8) ora 61:2 rectangular seton (bid), where Ys inthe range 210 16 6344) OSH, 2108... 645) (©) Forturbulence intensity of 0.12 at 249: og Ca = 0.00057,’ 002267,” 4.03967, —4.095, «aay i) Fortarbuleneitensiy of 2 at 263: o69 Ca =0.00038,' -001977,? 03637, 3.82 6302)pc HODER CONSULT PTY LTD en 2 8 204 FIGURE 62 CROSSWIND FORCE SPECTRUM COEFFICIENT FOR A3::1 SQUARE SECTION FIGURE 63 CROSSWIND FORCE SPECTRUM COEFFICIENT FOR AG‘:1 SQUARE SECTIONss DER CONSULTA PTV Don 6 = 7 FIGURE 6.5. CROSSWIND FORCE SPECTRUM COEFFICIENT FOR AS:1:2 63.3 Croswind response of chimneys, mass 633.1. Croswind ip defection The maximum amplitude of tp deflston (x) in erstwind vibration at the eal wind speed di ovrtex shedling fo chimneys, masts or poles of ciclar efoss-secton (without Inder, sakes or ther appendages ear th op) shal be calculated lows a= KSC 6304) where poles of ereular cross-section K = facto for maximum ip deeston, taken a 0.50 for scalar cros-setons‘b= average breath ofthe op third ofthe structure Se~ Seraton number sven by: Am Gleb) ‘m= average mass per unit height ove the top hed of the stutue {f= ratio of sctural damping to ciel damping of sac, 8 given 0 Table 62 63.3.2 Equivalent stari wind force ‘The equivalent static wind force por unit height (a) for chimneys, mass oF poles of circular cross-section (without ladder, sakes orolher appendages neat the tp), 28 8 Function o ight nafs given as follows wale) m2) (2 Yau ED 63415) where -ne) ~ mass per uni eight a anton of ah: ‘m_—~ first mode natural frequency of vibration of a structure, in Hertz. (2) = fet ate shape ta uci of eh 2, norman Lo wy a 2~h hic abl betaken why 64. COMBINATION OF ALONG-WIND AND CROSSWIND RESFONSE ‘The total combined peak scalar dynamic action effect (€), such a6 an ax load in 2 = ent leat eal esa where actin effet derived fam the mean along-wind respons, given as follows, ‘whore the values of rand Coyne defined ia Selim 62 = sy {Can (+2619) 245 ~ aston effet derived from the peak slong-rind response ay = ation lfc derived rom the peak erotsvind espoase NOTE: Te for [Cap (142 i ut te,sey DER CONBULTND PT 70 8 924 DEFINITIONS (Normative) toro account fr the efats ofthe goretry of the structure on surface pressure due to wind probability of exces _ “Te probability that vali wil be excooded in anyone yea. NOTE: This isthe nto of the male “eum period beter dred a the ease ‘Awning Rooke strstr, usally of limited extent, rosting fom a all fs bile. Canopy Roof adjacent or atached to «building oneal ot enclosed by wal ‘Materia that forms the external surface over the framing ofa biling or srt. Design wind speed Wind speed for we in design adjusted for annus probity of exces ‘sveraphic poston, surrounding envconment and beg. Dominant opening ‘Opening inthe extemal srfice of am enclosed building, hich directly infoeces the ‘aap ioral presire in fspone to econ resnie ht prticlropeing ‘NOTE: Domint openings ned ot be ae. ote acting inthe diction ofthe wind steam; se loli. Dynamic response factor Factor w aecouat forthe efx of uctuting frees aad resomaat response on win Ac, wied direction, Building wit «clea, uawalled space underneath the fist loo level with «sight from ‘round to underside of theft loro ane-ind or ore ofthe ttl Height of he ulding. ‘Building that has oof and fall perineter wall (aomizlly sealed) from foot root lve searpment Long, seply sloping, face between nominally level lower and upper pin whee the is ave average slopes of not retr tan 5% Firat mode shape Shape of srictre atte maximum amples undFrequeney of free osilation coesponding 10 the lowest hamonie of vibation of Coctficieat tt, when malpied by the lacdeat wiad pressure ad an appopite area (Getined i th text, ives the oce na specie deeton Ridge roo with two sloping serfces and verte! end walls tanga from lest pints Hip root root with for sloping (ished) srtces, pyramidal in shape, and with eel eaves all ‘oud. A hip roo ons rectangle plan ha to teanaslar sloping oa tthe sor sides (pends and two trapezoidal sloping rots at the long se, Hoardings Freestanding (rectangular) sgnours andthe tik, soporte clear ofthe grand Immediate support (cladding) ‘Those supporting members to which cladding is drestly ied (ea, battens, pin gins, stu). Lag distance Horizontal distance downwod required forthe eet of a change in weran ughness on ‘vind speedo reach the eight being invented Latice tomers Threesimersionsl frameworks comprising thee or more linear boundary members Interconnected by linear bracing members joined at common points (nodes), eelosing an open are ough which the wiad may pa Lin ‘A roof with wo slopes onal four sides, the lower slope topo than the upper slope. [NOTE: A mansrd aa with the appr slopes les thn 10 eres maybe siaed to Be Mt Monoslope rot Planar root with constant slope and without a idee Obstructions "Natural or man-made objets ht generate turbulent wind Now, ranging fam sale toss to forests nd frm isolated small srvtres to closely spaced mulstorey baling,cate OER CONSTI FT TD 2 204 Permeable Surface with an aggrepation of small openings, crack, and the like, which allows arto pas trough wader the action of a ese differentia Phched rot isl, b-planar rof (wo sloping srfses) mesting at sent ie Pressure Air pressre referenced to ambient air pressure. In this Sandrd, negative values ae less than ambient (section), postive valves exceed ambient, Net pressres act somal {0 4 surface in the ietion specified within the tex Pressre coefficient Ratio ofthe presse sting athe point ona surfs, tthe fie stream dynamic presse of| ‘he incident wid Rectangular building For the purpotes of Section 5 of tht Standard, rectangular Bulings inclu buildings _enealy made up of etangular shapes i pln, Reynolds number The aio ofthe inertial force to the vaca force inthe sow: Ridge (topographic feature) Long crest o chain fills hat havea nearly inet pes, with sloping faces on iter side ofthe een Roughaes length Theoraial quantification ofthe turbelene-ndacng ature of & pr co ilow ind, Solty (teladdng) Structural lmens whose wibutry areas regener than 10 m trctural element, minor Sect elements whose ibutry aes ar es than or ego 10m ‘Terrain Surtace roughness condition when considering the size and arangemeat of abtions to ‘he wind ‘Topography Major and surface fentures, comprising ils, valleys and pling that strongly ifence ‘id flow pts. Torwnde ‘Violently rotating column of air, pendant from the base of a convective cloud, and often verb ata soa loud tached to the cloud bee‘Tributary a ‘Area of builing surface conibuting tothe ore beng considered. isfold, pana oo with valley ati lowet pinAPPENDIX. NOTATION (Nomative) Unless stted otherwise, the notation sod in this Sladrd shall hive the folowing ‘meanings with respect oa srstre, oe member, or onion to which» sau i applied, (Gee use 13 for units) = surface are ofthe element othe bar aoa which anne win forces to the element, being — the are upon wich the pressure ats, which ayo ays be nal tthe ‘ind steam when wed conjunction with the pressure coefcen), the projected are normal to te wind seu when wsed in conjunction witha frag Tee cote (Cy the areas as defined in appiable clauses (se Appendix E) when wed ia enjunction with force coeticien, Cy) (Cr) = reference area of niles on a tower reference aren of fg ‘wal pojcad asa of the ower section at high ~ a reference aren in square metres, at helgh 2, upon Which the pene at hat height (et ‘constant for ease of clelaton (Paragraph E423); oF peak ator for reson response (10 mia pid) nal deg force per wi are prallel oa ufae, in Newiom per squarece YNDER CONSULTA PT 7 on 8 e204 7 posk ator forthe upwind velocity fatatons eight ofthe il ridge escarpment height ator forthe resonant response = average oo bight of a steutr Ig from ground othe tached canopy eestanding oF, wall othe ke ‘= developed eight of the ane yer, in metres eight of parapet ove average rote average height of surface roughness = average oof ight of hiding buildings ‘turbulence iatasiy, obtained from Table 61 by sein qual to turbulence intensity a height given for varios train categories i Table 6.1 = factor or maxim ip defection ove the ground tr redcton fston = rape rtio crest factor or inividua member forse = contination factor factor to account forthe angle of ntnation ofthe axis of memibersto the wind Airetion emotion factor fr ieerfernee Toca pressure factor mode shape coreton fstor for ceswind ascleraion et porosity fer ~ parapet eeton factor = shielding fctor fr shielded frame in mllipe open famed tecture rode shape power exponent = factor for circa bin = measure ofntgral turbulence length scales eight hoizotal distance upwind rom the crest ofthe hil ide o escrpmeat toa love hal the height bow the rest, ~ length sae ia mts, to determine the vertical variation of 6, the greter of 0.362, 04 7 ~ length sale, in mires, to dteine the horizontal variation of Mtoe ken 4, upwind forall pes, aad downwind for hills nd dg, ce 10, ‘downind for escarpment Iecward wall tobe taken a ~ length of member or Jeng of canevered ret beam ~ fag lenath eossmind base overturaing moment, in Nowion metescy DER CONGALTHPT LTD on 2 6204 M, = wind ection muipie Ge Clause 3.3) M, = shielding muller M, = topopaphic malice M shape mule Me = le mupie ale a 10, esp in New Zan i ts, ee Mon = testing pier rm = avernge mas per unit eight, in kilograms per mete sme = mass per nit aren of fag in kilograms per square mete rm = average mass per unit bolt over the top ti of the struct, in Kilogram per mete vz) = mass perunit eight a fonction hight in ilograms per mete = reduced frequency = number of puns ofa mli-span root y= fist mode mataa frequency af vibration of src, n Hertz = fst mode mast equeney of vbation of + setae in the slng-wind Sires, in Here m= fist mode natal fequency of vibration of stature in the cosswind Sirectin, in Hert % = mtr wink ing tangs a8" ser fa 20 ad ’ design wind pressure acting normal toa surface, in pascal ~ pu por Ps where the sian is lven by the C, values wsed to evaluate Coy NOTE: Pn ea tpt, mang pene sre amet ad (pe > extern wing pressure Po = net wid presere 1% devo win presse, in pus orm te sr) eight eae Pontne ts andres ay mine acs rege pee = inverse of the annul probability of exceedance ofthe wind peed R= crosind rot slope Re = Reynolds nimber 1 = tie ofa curved oof oF come au ofa sect shape 5S = siz reduction tor Se Seton numbercnn HORN CONSULT PTY LTD on 2 Sm 24 Vana) Vos 6 = shcking parameter: or ~ height of te level mt whic ation effets ae calculated fora suustue = top oof section ~ upwind root slope ~ building onbogooa design wind speds (usualy, @~ 0,90, 180% and 270°, 1 given in Clause 25 ‘windward wall ofl bliings 250). 7 building orthogonal design wind speds a futon of height = ~ reduced velocity (om dimensions) wind speeds for sit, varying according to compass direction regional 3 second gst wind soud, In mete per second, for anal probity of eceedane of 1 ~ wind stions (sce ASINZS 1170.0) windward wall ~ equivalent static wind fore par it height as fonction of bight 2, in width of a omer: oF ~ shortest horizontal dimension ofthe bul width of eanopy, awning eapot cr iis, om the fae of the balding itnce fom the windward edge fa canopy or camlevered oof a = horizontal distance pwnd or downing ofthe srt othe eres ofthe ill, "ge or esarpent * disance downwind ffom the st of «new erin roughness tothe postion ‘where the developed height of the ane Iyer equa ig itn) = peak acceleatica, n mers pe second squared, a the top af a str ia the ‘tog>wineareton = pesk scsleratio, in motes pr sesond vuared, atthe tp of srt inthe ‘roswind dietca ~ moximum amplitude of ip eeston in rsswind vibration athe etal wind reference height onthe structure above the average acl ground lee ~ larger ofthe wo roughness lengths at» boundary between roughness angle of compass wind direction, in degrees, measured clockwise fom Nor (0, fr determining ste wind velocities ~ sional dag cooicient de to an anilry mache to one face or lest Inside the tower seeton ~ height ofthe section ofthe strsture upon which the wind pressure ats ~ solide rto ofthe structure (sueice a ope frame) which ether of slit ‘rest oa aren of the stvct HOER CONSULT FTV LTD en 2 Se 204 oe ~ eetive slit aio for an open frame ction fect derived from the mean alongvnd response (¢ = epi) sion dion effect derived from he peak erosswind esponse ~ combined pesk salar dynamie ston effet = rio of stractral damping to critical damping of srctre (C= 298) fst derived fom the peak alng-wind response gle ofthe upwind diction tothe orthogonal aes of tractare, in dears, eof deviation of the wind steam from the normal of the sila, a depres = angle fom the wind diection wo poston the wall of cca bin silo or ‘nk in depress gle between the wind direction andthe longitudinal deares ~ spacing ratio for parallel ope fames,equl tothe fame spacing (eateo- ‘lre) onthe projected frame with normal othe wing distin the aio ofthe creumference of any ile wo diameter appro. 5. tensity of ir, which hall be taken 812 kgs "NOTE: This vale ited on 20°C and typical pound oe mpc peste ‘Sharan may be econary fr ery high sees oc connote ~ frst mode shape as a function oTheightz, normalized out at 2 = (9 pi) sof the member, in 39)send FYDER CONSULTING PTY LTD on 2 e204 ADDITIONAL PRESSURE COBFFICIENTS FOR ENCLOSED BUILDINGS (Nomative) (C1. ADDITIONAL PRESSURE COEFFICENTS, “The enteral presse coefficients (Cy) given in this Append shal be wt clelate the aeredynamie shape fair for pressures on apropiaely shaped eacoved bigs in sccordance with Causes 82 and C2 MULTE-SPAN BUILDINGS, (a-< 60") Eteral presse coefficients (Cy) for the mul-span buildings shown in Figures C1 snd C2 for wind directions 00° and @™ 180" stall be obtained ffom “able Cl ot Table c2, ‘Where two values ar ste for presse cetiint ia Tables C1 and C2, the rot shal be All resure coefclents shal be wed with he vale of wind peed applying at average roof beh. Ester ressue coefficients for wind dirstions of @= 90° and @=270" sal be obtained ftom Clase 54 but [-0.05¢r~ 1) hall be added othe roof pressre coefficient i the retion 0 to from the leading edge, where mis the taal umber of spans. For this {alelation, take n= if reste tan TABLE ci EXTERNAL PRESSURE COBFFICIENTS (C,,) FOR MULTLSPAN BUILDINGS—PITCH ROOFS Sores refrne ve ier) 07 [tetavesain, Qari | omdoameiw | oa sean ccarppgrte | hsm fe al FIGURE C1. EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (C,.) FOR MULTISPAN,seedy HYOERCONBULTHOPTY LTO 29 Sm 204 TABLE C2 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (C,,) FOR ‘MULTI-SPAN BUILDINGS -SaW-TOOTH ROOFS a ie 4 FGURE G2 EXTERNAL PRESSURE GOETTIOIENTS(G.) FOR MUCTISPAN (C3. BUILDINGS WITH CURVED ROOFS Extemal pressure coefficients (Cy) for curved, arched or domed roof with proies !pproximatng ical, for wind diretons normal to the axe ofthe oe ap where Firs wo eater than 2 shal be obined from Table C3. ‘When two velues are tse, the oa shall be designed fr both values. In thse cases, root surfaces may be subjected to ether positive or negative values doe to turbulence [Alteratve combinations of external and intral prestres {ace Clause 25) shall be onsidred 1 bila te most severe coins for design, Al pressure coefficients shal be wed wth he valve of wind speed applying average rot hight External prosarecoffiiete (Cy) for wind diastine parallel othe ase ge of de root shal be ebained from Table 338}, such a nding, which are seaitive Lo pessre distibuon(abelnee and Mstuatons pressure wil prodocea range of values occuring at diferent mes during a wid even). ‘The effect of length {0 span ratio shall be ten ino account by multipin all the eects in Table 3 by ator of (i), where b~ breadth normal othe wind ond (Tsp Ge Figur C3). I (Ba) is ess than 10, fst be ken ss 1.0 Table C3 provides extemal pressure coeticient for citular are roots with mo substantial Interternce tothe flow one he rook Whore aridge vest ofa height a east 5 of the total height ofthe roti preset, th eternal essurecotficent om the cal half of the root (7) shal be modified by adding +03, tat the value of e negative coefficient {Goston is edoced by 0.3. Sich reduction shal ot be made forthe wind deton along the aus of the rot, fr which the sige venir has litle effet ‘onthe alow and revling external prestues All combinations of extral pressure coetiients on U, TandD sal be checked