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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 views59 pages

    EP Journal FY

    Uploaded by

    Affan Faruki

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 59
    Experiment No. 1 ae : Frank - Hertz Experiment ive: TO Verify the considerations 4) It is possible to excite atoms by low energy electron bombardment 2) The energy transferred from electrons to the atoms always had discrete values. 3) The values so obtained for the energy levels were in agreement with spectroscopic result apparatus : Frank-Hertz set up consists of 1) Argon filled tetrod 2) Filament Power Supply : 3.3 - 5.3 v continuously variable 3) Power Supply for V,,k : 1.3 - 5 V continuously variable 4) Power Supply for V,,.A : 1.3 - 5 V continuously variable 5) Power Supply for V,,,k : continuously variable Prelab Questions : 1) Discuss in brief the operating principle of Frank-Hertz experiment. 2) What do you mean by inelastic collisions? 3 Nanoammeter Veoh Circuit Diagram @ scanned with OKEN Scanner on From the early spectroscopic work it is clear that atoms emit radiation at discrete frequencies. From Bohr’s model, the frequency of the radiation is related to the energy levels through E = hy. Its then to be expected that transfer of energy to atomic electrons by any mechanism should always be in discrete amounts, one such mechanism of energy transfer jg through inelastic scattering of low-energy electrons, Frank and Hertz in 1914 set out an experiment to verify the considerations: ()__Itis possible to excite atoms by low energy electron bombardment, (ii) The eneray transferred from electrons to the atoms always had discrete (ii) The value so obtained for spectroscopic results. Thus the existence of atomic energy levels put forward by Bohr can be Proved directly. Operating Principle: values, the energy levels were in agreement with Fig. 2 Configuration of the Potential in Frank - Hertz Arrangment The Frank-Hertz tube in this instrument is a tetrode filled with the vapour of the experimental substance Fig. 1 indicates the basic scheme of experiment. The electrons emitted by filament can be accelerated by the potential Vex, between the cathode and the grid G,, The grid G, helps in minimizing space charge effects. The grids are wire mesh and allow the electrons to pass through, The plate A is maintained at a potential slightly negative with respect to the grid G,. This helps in making the dips in the plate current More prominent. In this experiment, the electron current is measured as a function of the voltage V.,k. As the voltage increases, the electron energy goes up and so the electrons can overcome the retarding potential V,A to reach the plate A. This gives rise to a current in the ammeter, which initially increases. As the voltage further increases, the electron energy Teaches the threshold value to excite the atom in its first allowed excited state. In doing so, the electrons lose energy and therefore the number of electrons reaching the plate decreases. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner is proportional s x vk | ime aticlectron to exc @ value twice that of the first excitation potential, it isa” eral to excite an atom. The sagen ee all its energy, and then gain a new goth er rent dips are much more pronounced, ae ne ct configuration of the potential be itotiéty in the excitation of the fist level, By fo ota Tie a f : t Ss z 5 3 O Vek VexkK2 VaxK3 : Voltage (VgiK) + Fig. 3: Variation of Current versus Voltage procedure and Operating Instructions: fist we have to install the apparatus in the following way. 1, Before the power is switched ‘ON’ make sure all the control knobs are at their minimum position and Current Multiplier knob at 10°7 position. 2, Switch ‘ON’ the power. 3, Turn the Manual-Auto Switch to Manual, and check that Scanning Voltage Knob is at its minimum position. 4, Tum Voltage Display Selector to Vgik and adjust the Vg1k knob until voltmeter reads 1.5. 5, Tum Voltage Display Selector to Vg2A and adjust the Vg2A knob until the voltmeter read 7.5 When you have finished step 1 to 5, you are ready to do the experiment with following Parameters, Filament Voltage 26V Vek aT 5 V. VoA peas 7.5 V, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 7 Vak : ov Current Multiplier — 107A These are suggested values for the experiment. The experiment can be done With othe, values also, 6. Rotate V,.k knob and observe the variation of Plate current with the increase of y 4 The current reading would show maxima and minima periodically. The magnitude oy maxima could be adjusted suitably by adjusting the filament volta ge and the value of Current Multiplier. Now take the systematic readings, Veak vs plate current. For better resolution, the reading may be taken at a interval of 2V. 7. Plot the graph with output current on Y -axis and accelerating voltage Vk on X-axis. Precautions: 1) During the experiment (manual), when the voltage is over 60V, please pay attention to the Output current indicator, If the ammeter reading increases suddenly, decrease the filament voltage at once to avoid the damage of the tube. 2) If you want to change the value of Vk, VA and Filament Voltage during experiment, please first adjust the value of Vk to ‘Zero’. 3) Whenever the Filament Voltage is changed, please allow 2 to 3 minutes for its stabilization. 4) When the Frank-Hertz Tube is already in the socket, please make sure the following before the power is switched ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’, to avoid damage to the tube. a. Manual-Auto switch is on Manual and Scanning and Filament Voltage knob at its minimum position (rotate it anticlockwise) and Current Multiplier knob at 107. b. Vaik, Vo, and V,,.k all the three knobs are at their minimum position. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ay ere 7 jusions: te : aig pele ta exes atone by [ow murny Lectin Lombarsmsct B) Nhe Unehyy Tromsjo7ed hem elactrm to the atoms always 3) The values so oft jad discrele Values ined fp? the tnerqy levels wher tes agreemnd with Spectrereeric esults Postlab Question: ~ tes 1) What do you mean by Electronic transitions? 2) How inelastic collision of accelerated electrons with the atoms confirms the existence of atomic energy levels? Lohen electrons th am aton are excited fiom One level to omotier energy (ed, they jump iim eee feved th the meet (ever This 1S Frown a5 cechron transition then accelerated electrens Collide with ofems, thy Gn tramsger douin Kinde enagy te the stems, causing thom to bcteme excited ~ Tris ears thal the electrons cn the atoms ars promoted to highty enogy (eves, omic VE QuantiZed ly the ules Guamcham mechanics % forties Altordy A portion of the Kinde orgy Ctiditg 1 an enelastic Cotlisim is Converted td intena energy @ scanned with OKEN Scanner @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | +) Bi seuss ty brie the operating Prindpl. op Frome Hoty Experiment ai ae tins The rami - Hertiy enperimesi) anes to clirmonstrett, athe Quontiyation op the trurgy levels th a t Recording to Rob's _mocdup f an octem Jn this EPoriment, o Vacuum tube is designed tn Such e. Way ths) Helps te Study the emsrgélic elects thst Hew threes, the tay Vapour Sf mercury otis v ¢ | Soil oleaieonlnnlhcciechclcalnclachcleooleali Voit, he help op this experiment, U Was discovered Had uty A Speapic Amand 4g Hinde 2rezy gy er atom wodd lore as the ekctrons Coltided with He mer car aston. &) Whe) do you mnven by inelastic Collisims 7 fins 5 _4in_indlastic Collision is_Aagined for toe ‘too bodies Wohose Kinthe Cnergy are cP Conservet due to _tnteonsd friction . Mecrostopic Cottisions result tin § reds, vibrohons wthe_adems And “He alipormsation o O the bodies. O @ scanned with OKEN Scanner wo ipo do you rian. by Cleatsomie ¢ransions © [dps Gohin eleven, 1 an adem | ae Ee x lwe + a gne_neray td to Anatines Srurgy (evel , foal) Fume ET prev s Levey “lo “he ment level) HUE ea iepen 43 elecdyeit leomsitio | ost Heel) too thelast'c Cotlislm of ieee elects tee | wite tre atoms Congivms toe éxistence & 1—_ | atamic energy (evas 7 Tn! When accelerated eladams Collide with dems (e Guy Gn tromsper Hed, Hindle energy te the | atoms, @using them ‘le become en Cited - This means U Snap the electrons in the artes Are _Proncted to bishes nergy levels Vohih are Guantized Peaks le he rules of Auandem mechan ies a t a Qa Portion 04 the Kinet energy ie fy an _Inelashe CetUsion postyes Cotuiding Cmvurted “lo _(nternal_, asetof Filters: () Red(i) Yellow I (ti) Yellow 11 (jv) Green, (¥) Blue a. Photo Sensitive Device: Vacuum photo tube Light Source: Halogen tungsten lamp 12V/35W. Color Fiters: Red (635nm), Yellow ~ I (570nm), Yellow ~ Tt (540nm), Green (500m) & Blue (460nm). 4, Accelerating Voltage : Regulated Voltage Power Supply output : + 15\V continuously variable through muttur pot Display : 3 Ye digit 7-segment LED Accuracy 40.2% € Current Detecting Unit : Digital Nanoammeter Itis high stability low current measuring instrument Range: X 1A, O.1HA, 0.01HA & 0.001HA with 100% over ranging facility va digit 7-segment LED Accuracy: * 0.2% Resolution : 1nA at 0,001jsA range Display f. Power Requirement: 220V + 10%, SOH2. 13 say @ scanned with OKEN Scanner i : The li i between light . Optical Bench: The light source can be moved along it to adjust the distance Ah soy ond Probe scale lenath is 400 mm, A drawtube is provided to instal color filter; a focus lens i ¢ inthe back end. : N bh ute eh ‘LU souce, 2.0ude Sele, orate 5 Cove Focus ens, 7 Vacuum Polls, ae or ting the Prater 1 Depay modo Cw, Tourer i Masta sgt riety svc, Paes Te Acora Vlage ain totes ‘cover, 18-Votage drecton swtich,17-Power swich, 16-Poner inaiato, anol Diagram of Planck's Constant Experiment, PC-101 Prelab Questions: 1) What do you mean by Photoelectric effect? ] 2) Discuss in brief the operating principle of Phototube, 14 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ry spas observed a early a 1905 that most netals uni rf tMins phenomenon Was termed as photoel er influence of radiation, emit lectric emission. The detailed study of it a 135s sion process depends strongly on frequency of radiation, 1, MeMGach metal there exists a critical frequency such th 2, FO iperate electrons, while lit of higher freque gabe 10 Mission of electron occurs within a very 3 hg ‘and member of electrons ait a erimental facts given above are among the strongest evidence that the Tre magnetic field is quantified and the field consists of quanta of energy E= hv where v etre frequency of the radiation and h is the Planck’s constant, These quanta are called is at light of lower frequency is ncy always does short time interval after arrival of the IS strictly proportional to the intensity of this ae ig assumed that electrons are bound inside the metal surface with an energy eo, o ipiscalled work function. It then follows that ifthe frequency ofthe light is such that si hy > ep ibe possible to eject photoelectron, while if hv

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