LANGUAGE VARIATION

Indonesia is a rustic country with many different languages, and each

network institution has its own set of languages. That language is
interconnected, which is why Indonesia has so many cultures and ethnicities,
and language variants from many backgrounds serve as a unifying element for
the country. Language is used as a coaching technique in education.
Language has several dialects, particularly in Indonesia. Indonesians
communicate in Indonesian, but they no longer communicate with people from
other ethnic groups in surrounding languages.1Language is utilized as a
teaching tool in training. Language is utilized from high school to college.
Science in its distribution in Indonesia also makes use of Indonesian.
Indonesians use Indonesian to communicate with one another. Language has
range and stage in accordance with the goal of achieving verbal
communication effectiveness. Language and society are linked because there
must be a language for there to be a society. Language is a picture of a
society's life. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in society, which
defines language as a medium of communication among people. Language
coaching is one of the most contentious issues in school. Because language is
the most important factor in the world.

Definition Sociolinguistics

According to Fishman (1972:40 in Rani Frisilis Kalangit (2016)), is the

study of the features of language use functions in connection to the
characteristics of language users themselves.

According to Hickerson (1980:81) in Rani Frisilia Kalangit (2016),

sociolinguistics is a learning of technological know-how that develops
linguistics within the shape of versions in language as its focus, and from
language versions of their very own social context. Sociolinguistics is the
study of the relationship between social elements and linguistic diversity.
Sociolinguistics is the study of language, namely the factors of language,
language characters, language features, and language variants; hence,
sociolinguistics discusses language in relation to the interaction between
society and language. Sociolinguistics is a technology that bridges the gap
between sociology and linguistics.

According to Cher and Leonie (1995:81) in Abdurrahman (19), there are

two perspectives on linguistic variance and language variety.1.Language
variation or variety as a result of speaker social diversity and language
Diversity 2.There are existing language variations or varieties that serve as a
medium of interaction in various community activities. Language can vary
because humans do as well. There are so many variations in the world that
make us joyful, allow us to identify with one another, and make us feel more
alive. Languages differ in numerous ways. One method to describe such
variances is to suggest that speakers of a specific language often speak various
dialects of that language, such as the British and American variants. When the
British speak water, the stress is in wa', but in America, the tension is in water'.
Because of these distinctions, English has evolved into an emotive language.
On the other hand, there is also variance in written language. The sound //, as
in sun /»s n/, is a distinctive southern sound in England, found in southern
England and the South Midlands.

Language variance refers to the variety of speakers who speak a language.

There are so many differences in our lives. What caused it? One of the reasons
is that we as humans differ in terms of how we think, culture, area, and so on.
That is how language variety exists. The purpose of discussing variation is not
to determine which is the best or which is the worst, but to highlight the beauty
of human-created language. So, don't claim you're the best because you're
American or something, but think about how smart you are to make such
wonderful differences.

Variation types include:

- Internal variation: refers to the trait of languages in having difficult methods

of expressing the same concept, such as lorry - truck and flat - apartment.

- Regional variation: relates to the geographic area. Regional diversity in how

a language is spoken is likely to be one of the most prominent ways to observe
variation in language.

- Social variation: refers to the social group. It entails categorizing people

together based on their social standing and the group to which they belong.

Because various people utilize different languages. The concern is, how do we
address the confusion caused by the variety? You must provide an answer.
You must take care of one another so that diverse things do not make us worse
but rather better.
In this section, the author invites all generations to invent as many new words
as possible in order to make the language more alive.

• It is the variety defined in dictionaries, grammars, and use guides. • It is the

variety used by educated users, such as those in the professions, the media,
and so on.

• It is thought to be more proper and socially acceptable than other types.

• It is more prestigious than dialects and non-standard varieties: non-standard

varieties are perceived to be the domain of the less educated.

• It is a written language.

• It is employed in major societal tasks such as government, parliament, courts,

bureaucracy, education, literature, trade, and industry.

Language variance refers to the many styles in which speakers speak English.

There are three types of linguistic variation:

- Internal variability

- Regional differences

- Social differences

Standard varieties include:

- When used by an educated person

- Making use of written language

- It was utilized for a variety of purposes.

Variation is caused by both social and geographical factors. When speakers

move to new places, the language they take with them changes over time, for
example, in Canada or South Africa where there has been significant language
contact. These are parts of Africa where there has been a lot of linguistic
exchange. These shifts are frequently linked to the emergence ofdifferent
standard versions of languages at new places (like inncentral Canada).
Furthermore, English has central Canada) in abroad sites. Furthermore,
English has been subjected to linguistic interaction in foreign regions.
What factors influence language change?

In terms of linguistic change, WilliamWilliamLabovLabov hypothesized three

stages for language transformation.recommended three steps which may be
summarizedAs follows is a summary: The following is an example: 1)
originorigin, a period in which many, a period in which manyvariants exist for
one and the same phenomenon, variants exist for one and the same
phenomenon, 2) propagationpropagation, the, theperiod in which one of the
variants established itself, and 3) thee conclusion in which all remaining
versions are eliminated. Various exteins from which the remaining versions
are eliminated. Various externalrnalfactors can accelerate the process of
language change, above allsocialsocialpressure from above or below can
accelerate the process of language change.

Language evolution may be shown

The reasons are fundamentally sociological, stemming from such factors.The

causes are essentially societal, stemming from variables such as tors as forms
utilized by famous societies. Any kind of change begins with a form employed
by renowned organizations. Any alteration begins as a sequence of minute
modifications that propagate across the lexicon ofthelanguage
(lexicallexicaldiffusiondiffusion). The distinction between several forms). The
difference between varying forms grows over time as a result of a process
known asphonologisation, in which small differences are exaggerated to
distinguish them from other phonemic items in a language. Only a portion of
all extant variants in a language at any given moment lead to actualctuallater
change. What variations occur in change is determined by tlater change. What
variations result in change is determined by a language's speakers' position.

In the variation of language we study the following topics of language:

• Standard language
• National language
• Dialect
• Register
• Pidgin
• Creole
• Classical language
• Lingua Franca
• Diglossia
• Style

Standard language:

A type of language that is used by the government, the media, schools, and for
international contacts. There are several dialects of English across the world,
including North American English, Australian English, and Indian English.
Although the pronunciation of these variations varies, there are little changes
in grammar between them. Non-standard forms of language, on the other hand,
are utilized in distinct regional dialects, and these non-standard variations of
language differ from one another. The sole distinction between standard and
non-standard language is that we regard that language standard to be correct
based on our own value judgments.

• Language brings people together; it varies from person to person, area to

area, and nation to country.
• Every ten kilometers, the language changes.
• Language is a bridge that may unite or separate people.
• Language and ideology are inextricably linked.
• A common language strengthens a country.
• Standard language planning and policies are developed.
• These policies are formulated by the ruling class.
• Ideology influences language planning and policy.
• Standardization is a historical process that is ongoing.
• Standards are abstract rules to which real usage complies to some extent.

Official language/national language:

National or official language: A country's official language, as recognized and

accepted by its government, and spoken and written by the majority of its
people. National language, for example, can express a nation's or country's
national identity. It pulls a nation's people together and fosters a sense of
fraternity and patriotism.

• Persian is Iran's official language.

• All official activity in the country is done in the official language
• The national language facilitates communication inside the country.
• A country's identity is defined by its national language.
• A country's official language, recognized and adopted by its government,
and spoken and written by the majority of its people.
• A national language may, for example, represent a nation's or country's
national identity.
• It brings people of a nation together and fosters a sense of brotherhood and
patriotism.

Dialect:

A dialect is variation in grammar and vocabulary, as well as sound variations."

For example, if one person says, 'John is a farmer,' and another says the same
thing but pronounces farmer as 'fahmuh,' the difference is one of accent.
However, if one person says, 'You shouldn't do that,' and another responds,
'Ya hadn't oughta do that,' this is a dialect difference because the variety is
higher. The amount of dialect differences is a scale. Some dialects are vastly
different from others.
Dialect varies at four levels:

a. Regional level
b. b.Minority level
c. Social level
d. Individual level

Regional dialect:

A regional dialect is a variation of a language spoken in a specific region of a

country. Some regional dialects have been given traditional names that
distinguish them from standard variants spoken in the same location. Regional
dialects of English include British English, American English, Canadian
English, Australian English, and so on.

Minority dialect:

Members of a certain minority ethnic group may have their own variation that
they employ as a marker of identity, generally in addition to a standard variety.
This is known as a minority dialect. Examples include African American
Vernacular English in the United States, London Jamaican in the United
Kingdom, and Aboriginal English in Australia.

Sociolect or social dialect:

A sociolect or social dialect is connected with a specific class. A social dialect

is a language spoken by a specific group of individuals in a culture.

Individual dialect :

Is sometimes referred to as idiolect. Idiolect is a language that is spoken by

all members of a culture. This dialect is used by everyone in a country.
Everyone has a unique tone, accent, and pronunciation; this is known as
idiolect.

Register:

• Every native speaker is normally fluent in multiple different language

styles, known as registers, which vary depending on the formality of the
occasion and the medium utilized (speech, writing, or sign).
• Register's father, Halliday, characterizes it as
Pidgin is:

Defined by David Crystal as "a language with a significantly reduced

grammatical structure, lexicon, and stylistic range, formed by two mutually
incomprehensible speech communities."

• A pidgin is a new language that emerges when speakers of various

languages need to communicate but lack a common language.
• A pidgin's vocabulary is mostly derived from one language, known as the
"lexifier."
• It is not a native language; it is not anyone's first language, but it is a contact
language.
• Its application is limited; it has a limited range of languages.
• Pidgin is a 'strange combination' of two languages, not a divergent variant
of 'a language' but of two or more languages.

Creole:

A creole is formed when two pidgin language speakers marry and their
offspring begin learning pidgin as their first language, and it eventually
becomes the mother tongue of a community. Creole has its unique set of
grammar rules. A creole, unlike a pidgin, is not limited in its use and can be
used in the same way as any other language.

• A creole is formed when children begin learning a pidgin as their first

language and it becomes the mother tongue of a community.
• The main distinction between pidgin and Creole is that the former has no
native speakers while the later has.
• In reality, when any pidgin is learned by children from any community, it
becomes Creole and develops new structures and vocabulary.

Classical language:

• It is a language with classical literature.

• According to U.C Berkeley linguist George L.Hart, it should be ancient, it
should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not as an
offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich
body of ancient literature.

• Some languages have both classical and everyday modern varieties, such
as Arabic.
• Medical and legal professions utilize some Latin jargon.

Lingua Franca

is described as "a language that is habitually used by people whose mother

tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them." • It
might be a commercial language, a contact language, or an international
language.

• It is a language that evolved in response to people's needs, with two

separate languages used in everyday conversation.
• It is used as a second language, such as Urdu in Pakistan and Swahili in
East Africa.
• English is the world's most widely spoken language, followed by French.
• Lingua fracas may be spoken in a variety of ways.
• They are not only spoken differently in different regions, but individual
speakers' capacity to utilize language varies greatly.

Diglossia

is defined by Furgoson as "a relatively stable language situation in which, in

addition to the primary dialect of the language, there is a very divergent highly
codified superposed variety."

• He cites four linguistic contexts that exhibit the primary feature of

diglossia: Arabic, Swiss, German, Haitian, and Greek.
• There is high language and low language in each scenario; each has its own
specific role and is interpreted differently by people who are aware of both.
• Typically, one variation is a literary or prestige dialect, while the other is a
common dialect spoken by the majority of the people.

Terms are defined as follows: Linguistic geography is the study of linguistic

variation depending on where distinct dialects of a language are spoken.
Isogloss: A line on a map dividing two places in which a certain linguistic trait
is considerably distinct, used in dialectology. Norms: Nonmobile, elderly,
rural, male informants in dialect surveys.

The gradual blending of one regional variant of a language into another. In

contrast to monolingualism, bilingualism refers to a natural speaker of two
languages or a country having two official languages. Language planning is
the process of selecting and developing an official language or languages for
use in government and education.

Language is a method of communicating. It is a weapon for either unifying or

separating people. Language helps individuals to communicate with one
another. Language evolves and dies, and it is not passive.

IMPLEMENTASI

Students in education typically come from a variety of backgrounds. It is

unsurprising that there are so many variations or kinds of language used while
engaging or speaking with people. Language variations from the speaker's
perspective

1.An idiolect, also known as a personlanguage variety, is a language variant

that is tested only on its narrative. Everyone has their own language variants
or dialects.

2.The second type of language is dialects, which are entirely based on acoustic
systems. Language versions are primarily based entirely on a small number
of audio systems in a certain region or region. Despite their amazing dialects,
audio systems in a language have advancements that lead them to believe they
are speaking the same dialect.

3.Variations of the language primarily based totallyon audio systemare

referred to askronolek or tempral dialects, particularlyversionsof the
language utilized bysocial organizationsat a selectedperiod, differing in
phrasesof pronunciation and spelling as itis
straightforwardtomodifyattributable tosocio-cultural, scientific, and
differentdevelopments.

4.The fourth language variantprimarily based totallyat thespeaker is

referred to assosiolect and social dialect, specifically, language
variationsprimarily based totallyat thespeakers' rank, class, and social
class. This variantis oftenexplored in sociolinguistics, and it encompasses
all thespeakers' non-publicissues, which includesage, occupation, and others.
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