BLD 401: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Module 2:
Kani’s Analysis of Beams- Worked Examples
 Worked Example 1

Question
Using Kani’s Method of Structural Analysis, determine the end-moments
and hence the span moments for the continuous beams shown below. EI is
constant for the beam.
Solution
Step 1: Fixed-end Moment

 wL2 Pab 2   12 * 3 2 36 *1 * 2 2 
M FAB =    2  =    2
 =  9  16 =  25 kNm
 12 L   12 3 

 wL2 Pa 2 b   12 * 3 2 36 *12 * 2 
M FBA =    2  =    2
 =  9  8 =  17 kNm
 12 L   12 3 

 wL2 PL   12 * 4 2 40 * 4 
M FBC =  M FCB =     =     =  16  20 =  36 kNm
 12 8   12 8 

 wL2 Pab 2   12 * 3 2 36 * 2 *12 

M FCD =    2  =    2
 =  9  8 =  17 kNm
 12 L   12 3 

 wL2 Pa 2 b   12 * 3 2 36 * 2 2 *1 
M FBA =    2  =    2
 =  9  16 =  25 kNm
 12 L   12 3 
Step 2: Rotation Factor
1 k I
Rotation factor, RF = 
2
* k
, (k =
L
)
1 1
K AB = K CD =
3
, K BC =
4

 1   1 
1  3  1  4 
RBA = 
21 1 
=  0.286 , RBC = 
21 1 
=  0.214
     
3 4 3 4

 1   1 
1  4  1  3 
RCB = 
21 1 
=  0.214 , RCD = 
21 1 
=  0.286
     
3 4 3 4

Step 3: Iteration Scheme

Step 4: Rotation Contribution
M i' j = RF ( M F i j + M 'j i + M i' 'j ) , (Equation 18)
First Cycle
1. Joints A and D are fixed. Hence, the rotation contributions are zero
all through the cycles.
 M = M '
= 0
AB
'
DC

Hence, only Joints B and C will have rotation contributions.

2. Also, since there is no sway in beams, M i' 'j = 0
3. At Joint B,
a) For M BA' ,
RF =  0.286 , M F =  19 ,
M 'j i
is the sum of rotation contributions at AB and CB = 0  0 . This is
because the rotation contributions are set at zero for the first cycle.
b) For M BC
'
,
RF =  0.214 , M F =  19 ,
Similarly, M 'j i is the sum of rotation contributions at AB and CB = 00.
4. So, applying Equation 18
'
M BA =  0.286 19  0  0  0 =  5.434
'
M BC =  0.214 19  0  0  0 =  4.066
and the iteration scheme becomes

5. At Joint C,
a) For M CB
'
,
RF =  0.214 , M F =  19 ,
M 'j i is the sum of rotation contributions at BC and DC = 4.066  0 .
b) For '
M CD ,
RF =  0.286 , M F =  19 ,
M 'j i is the sum of rotation contributions at BC and DC = 4.066  0 .
6. So, applying Equation 18
'
M CB =  0.21419  4.066  0  0 =  4.936
'
M CD =  0.28619  4.066  0  0 =  6.597
and the iteration scheme becomes

Second Cycle
Following the procedure in the first cycle,
'
M BA =  0.286 19  0  4.936  0 =  6.846
'
M BC =  0.214 19  0  4.936  0 =  5.122
'
M CB =  0.21419  5.122  0  0 =  5.162
'
M CD =  0.28619  5.122  0  0 =  6.899
Third Cycle
'
M BA =  0.286 19  0  5.162  0 =  6.910
'
M BC =  0.214 19  0  5.162  0 =  5.171
'
M CB =  0.21419  5.171 0  0 =  5.173
'
M CD =  0.28619  5.171 0  0 =  6.913
Fourth Cycle
'
M BA =  0.286 19  0  5.173  0 =  6.913
'
M BC =  0.214 19  0  5.173  0 =  5.173
'
M CB =  0.21419  5.173  0  0 =  5.173
'
M CD =  0.28619  5.173  0  0 =  6.913
Fifth Cycle
'
M BA =  0.286 19  0  5.173  0 =  6.913
'
M BC =  0.214 19  0  5.173  0 =  5.173
'
M CB =  0.21419  5.173  0  0 =  5.173
'
M CD =  0.28619  5.173  0  0 =  6.913
Note: The values converged after 5 cycles of iteration and the final iteration
scheme is shown below.

Step 5: End Moment: M i j = M F i j + 2M i' j + M 'j i + M i' 'j

M AB =  25  2 * 0  6.913  18.087 kNm
M BA = 17  2 * 6.913  0  30.826 kNm
M BC =  36  2 * 5.173  5.173  30.827 kNm
M CB = 36  2 * 5.173  5.173  30.827 kNm
M CD =  17  2 * 6.913  0  30.826 kNm
M DC = 25  2 * 0  6.913  18.087 kNm
Note: The end moments give the support moments.
Step 6: Span Moments
The span moments are illustrated in the bending moment diagram
shown below.

Spans AB and CD:

 wL2 Pab   12 * 3 2 36 *1 * 2 
M MAX =    =     = 13.5  24 = 37.5 kNm
 8 L   8 3 
1
a = 18.09 + ( 30.83 18.09 ) = 22.34 kNm
3
 Span moment = b = 37.5  22.34 = 15.6 kNm

Span BC:
 wL2 PL   12 * 4 2 40 * 4 
M MAX =    =     = 24  40 = 64 kNm
 8 4   8 4 
c = 30.83
 Span moment = d = 64 30.83 = 33.17 kNm
 Worked Example 2

Question
Using Kani’s Method of Structural Analysis, determine the end-moments and hence
the span moments for the continuous beams shown below. EI is constant for the
beam.
Solution
Step 1: Fixed-end Moment
 wL2 Pab 2   12 * 3 2 36 *1 * 2 2 
M FAB =    2  =    2
 =  9  16 =  25 kNm
 12 L   12 3 

 wL2 Pa 2 b   12 * 3 2 36 *12 * 2 
M FBA =    2  =    2
 =  9  8 =  17 kNm
 12 L   12 3 
25
M FAB = 0  M FBA = 17  =  29.5 kNm
2

 wL2 PL   12 * 4 2 40 * 4 
M FBC =  M FCB =     =     =  16  20 =  36 kNm
 12 8   12 8 

 wL2 Pab 2   12 * 3 2 36 * 2 *12 

M FCD =    2  =    2
 =  9  8 =  17 kNm
 12 L   12 3 

 wL2 Pa 2 b   12 * 3 2 36 * 2 2 *1 
M FBA =    2  =    2
 =  9  16 =  25 kNm
 12 L   12 3 

25
M FDC =0  M FCD =  17  =  29.5 kNm
2
Step 2: Rotation Factor
1
Rotation factor, RF =  * k , (k = I )
2 k L

31 1 1
K AB = K CD = =  = , K BC =
4 3 4 4

 1   1 
1  4  1  4 
RBA =  =  0.25 , RBC =  =  0.25
2 1 1  2 1 1 
     
4 4 4 4

 1   1 
1  4  1  4 
RCB =  =  0.25 , RCD =  =  0.25
2 1 1  2 1 1 
     
4 4 4 4

Step 3: Iteration Scheme

The iteration scheme is same as in Example 1.

Step 4: Rotation Contribution
M i' j = RF ( M F i j + M 'j i + M i' 'j )
First Cycle
'
M BA = '
M BC =  0.25 6.5  0  0  0 =  1.625
'
M CB = '
M CD =  0.256.5  1.625  0  0 =  2.031
Second Cycle
'
M BA = '
M BC =  0.25 6.5  0  2.031 0=  2.133
'
M CB = '
M CD =  0.256.5  2.133  0  0 =  2.158
Third Cycle
'
M BA = '
M BC =  0.25 6.5  0  2.158  0
=  2.165
'
M CB = '
M CD =  0.256.5  2.165  0  0 =  2.166

Fourth Cycle
'
M BA = '
M BC =  0.25 6.5  0  2.165  0
=  2.166
'
M CB = '
M CD =  0.256.5  2.166  0  0 =  2.167

Fifth Cycle
'
M BA = '
M BC =  0.25 6.5  0  2.167  0
=  2.167
'
M CB = '
M CD =  0.256.5  2.167  0  0 =  2.167
Sixth Cycle
'
M BA = '
M BC =  0.25 6.5  0  2.167  0 =  2.167

'
M CB = '
M CD =  0.256.5  2.167  0  0 =  2.167

Note: The values converged after 6 cycles of iteration and the final iteration
scheme is shown below.
Step 5: End Moment
M AB = 0 (Hinged end)
M BA = 29.5  2 * 2.167  0  0  33.834 kNm
M BC =  36  2 * 2.167  2.167  0  33.833 kNm
M CB = 36  2 * 2.167  2.167  0  33.833 kNm
M CD =  29.5  2 * 2.167  0  0  33.834 kNm
M DC = 0 (Hinged end)

Step 6: Span Moment

The span moments are illustrated in the BM diagram shown below.
Spans AB and CD:
 wL2 Pab   12 * 3 2 36 *1 * 2 
M MAX =    =     = 13.5  24 = 37.5 kNm
 8 L   8 3 
1
a = 0 + ( 33.83  0 ) = 11.28 kNm
3
 Span moment = b = 37.5  11.28 = 26.22 kNm
Span BC:
 wL2 PL   12 * 4 2 40 * 4 
M MAX =    =     = 24  40 = 64 kNm
 8 4   8 4 
c = 33.83 and span moment = d = 64 33.83 = 30.17 kNm