DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCINCE

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY

ASSESSEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTTITUDE AND PRACTICE TO

WARDS MENTAL ILLNESS AMONG RESIDENTS OF DIRE DAWA CITY
ADMINISTRATION, EASTERN, ETHIOPIA: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF
PSYCHIATRY IN PARTIAL FULFUILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN PSYCHIATRY

INVESTIGATORS ID No
KURI MOHAMMEDSAFI 1204536
ABDULEHI SEID 1104224
SENAYT MOSEWA 1201281
HANA TEFERA 1204151

ADVISORS: FUFA OLANA (BSC,MSC)

KEDIR MOHAMMED (BSC,MSC)

AUGUST, 2023
DIRE DAWA,ETHIOPIA

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like thank Dire Dawa University college of medicine and health science department of
psychiatry for providing this opportunity to conduct research, proposal and also we would like to
express our deepest gratitude to our advisors Mr. Fufa Olana(BSC,MSC) And Mr.Kedir
Mohammed(BSC,MSC) for their endless support throughout the development of this research,
proposal .

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Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.......................................................................................................................................i
List of tables........................................................................................................................................................iii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVATIONS.............................................................................................................iv
Summary...............................................................................................................................................................v
1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background..................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem..............................................................................................................3
1.3 Significance of the study...............................................................................................................5
2. OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................................................6
2.1 General objective...........................................................................................................................6
2. 2 Specific objectives........................................................................................................................6
3. Literature Review.............................................................................................................................................7
3.1. Knowledge, attitude toward mental illness...................................................................................7
3.2. Practice towards Mental Illness....................................................................................................8
4. Methods and Materials...................................................................................................................................10
4.1. Study area and period.................................................................................................................10
4.2 Study design................................................................................................................................10
4.3 Population...................................................................................................................................10
4.3.1. Source population..................................................................................................10
4.3.2. Study population....................................................................................................10
4.3.3. Study unit...............................................................................................................10
4.4. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria.................................................................................................10
4.4.1. Inclusion criteria......................................................................................................................10
4.4.2. Exclusion criteria.....................................................................................................................10
4.5. Sample size determination..........................................................................................................11
4.6. Sampling technique and procedure............................................................................................11
4.7. Data collection instrument and procedure..................................................................................12
4.8. Study variable.............................................................................................................................12
4.8.1. Dependent variable................................................................................................12
4.9. Data quality control....................................................................................................................13
4.10. Data processing and analysis....................................................................................................13
4.11. Operational definition...............................................................................................................14
4.12. Ethical Consideration...............................................................................................................15
4.13. Plan for dissemination..............................................................................................................15
5. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET BREAK DOWN..........................................................................................16
5.1 WORK PLAN.............................................................................................................................16
6. BUDGET BREAK DOWN............................................................................................................................17
7. REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................18
8 .ANNEX..........................................................................................................................................................21
I. Consent Form............................................................................................................................21
II. Questionnaire.........................................................................................................................23
AFAN OROMO VERSION QUESTIONNERIES.............................................................................................31

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 List of tables

Table 5.1: Work plan …………………………………………………………………………………………………………....17

Table 5.2:Budget break down ………………………………………..........................................................18

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVATIONS

BSC= Bachelor of Science

CMHI=Community Mental Health Ideology
CMUL=College of Medicine of the University of Logos
CI: Confidence Interval
DDU= DIRE DAWA University
DDCMHS=Dire Dawa College Of Medicine and Health Science
GAD= Generalized Anxiety Disorder
GM=Group member
KAP=Knowledge and Attitude and Practice
MDD=Major Depressive Disorder
LMIC= low and middle-Icome countries
PWMI = People With Mental Illness
SPSS=Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
SRQ= Self-Reporting Questionnaire
WHO= World Health Organization.

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Summary
Background: Although the benefits of public knowledge of physical diseases are widely
accepted, knowledge, attitude as well as practice about mental disorders has been comparatively
poor and neglected. There has been ignorance of mental health which has leads to increase the
disease burden on the community. Mental disorder are the major burden of disease in
worldwide, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMIC),yet the lack of knowledge
and positive attitude seen in socialite cause global mortality and premature morbidity. This
study can serve as a baseline data for future community surveys and related topics on mental
health. It can also help to design strategies to improve the knowledge, attitude, and practice of
the community towards mental illness. Moreover, it can raise awareness about the prevalence
and impact of mental health issues, and reduce the stigma, negative attitude, and misconceptions
that people have about them.

Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding mental illness among the
residents of Dire Dawa city, Lagahare kebele, Eastern Ethiopia, in 2023 G.C.

Methods: Community based cross-sectional study will be carried out from September 2023 to
October 2023. The study participants will be selected using a systematic random sampling
technique. The data collection method will be a face to face interview with a structured
questionnaire. The questionnaire is adopted from various research sources and translated into the
local language (Afan-oromo and Amharic). The questionnaire will cover socio-demographic
information, knowledge, attitude and practice towards mental illness. And the final results will
be presented using tables, graphs and charts/

Work plan and Budget: The study will require a total budget of 9270 birr and will follow the
work plan.

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vi
 1. Introduction
1.1. Background
Mental disorders are widely recognized major contributor (14%) to the global burden of disease
worldwide (1).World Health Organization reported that in 2005, 154 million people globally
suffered from depression, 25 million people suffered from schizophrenia, 91 million people from
alcohol used disorder and 15 million from drug used disorder (2).Nearly 25% of individuals in
both developed and developing countries develop one or more mental or behavioral disorders at
some stage in their life (3)
Although some nation have been successful in fighting stigma and increasing acceptance of the
mentally ill, lack of awareness is very evident in India and other developed countries. Mentally
ill people are labeled as different from other people and are viewed negatively by others. Many
studies have demonstrated that persons labeled as mentally ill are perceived with more negative
attributes and are more likely to be rejected regardless of their behaviors(4). Stigma remains a
powerful negative attribute in all social relations. It is considered an amalgation of three related
problems: lack of knowledge (ignorance), negative attitude (prejudice) and exclusion or
avoidance behavior (discrimination).
Schef TJ. Reported that people who are labeled as mentally ill associated themselves with
societies negative conceptions of mental illness and that societies negative reactions contributes
to the incidence of mental disorder. The social rejection result from this many handicap mentally
ill people even further (5). A persistent negative attitude and social rejection of people with
mental illness has prevailed throughout history in every social and religious culture.
Of all the health problems, mental illness are poorly understand by the general public. Such a
poor knowledge and negative attitude toward mental illness threatened the effectiveness of
patient care and rehabilitation. This poor and in appropriate view about mental illness and
negative attitude toward mental illness can inhibit the decision to seek help and provide holistic
care. Better knowledge is often reported to result in improved attitude of people towards mental
illness and a belief that mental illness are treatable can encourage early treatment seeking and
promote better outcome (6).

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 1.2 Statement of the problem

Mental disorder are the major burden of disease in worldwide, especially in low and middle-
income countries (LMIC),yet the lack of knowledge and positive attitude seen in socialite cause
global mortality and premature morbidity[6]. A 2019 WHO survey found that 970 million
individuals worldwide, or 1 in every 8 people, has a mental disorder, with anxiety and depressive
disorder being the most frequent[10].

Unfortunately, in most part of the world , mental health and mental disorder are not regarded
with anything like the same importance as medical condition, but rather they have been largely
ignored or neglected[6].people perception about mental disorders if attached to knowledge,
encounter with people suffering from mental illness, media portrays, cultural stereotype and their
personal experience of mental disorder[1].

Of all the health problems, mental illness are deficiently understand by universal in community,
such poor knowledge and negative attitude toward mental illness threaten the success of patient
care, rehabilitation, the healing processes unable to use effective treatment ,lead to
stigmatization, inhibit help seeking behavior and provide proper holistic care. Furthermore,
negative attitudes and discriminations deprive victims of human dignity and prevent social
participation. These negative experience contribute to decrease self-esteem and instill feeling of
shame guilty[11].

Population studies have usually revealed that negative stereotypical characteristics are associated
with mental disorders. First of all, people suffering from mental disorders are considered to be
unpredictable and dangerous. Secondly, they are considered to be irresponsible. Thirdly, they are
seen as child-like and finally the fourth stereotype is of a person who is incapable, which is
associated with a self-inflicted weakness. At least the first and fourth stereotypes have been used
as explanatory variables in studies exploring social rejection [12].

it is claimed that inadequate mental health literacy is an issue Because inadequate knowledge is
linked to treatment seeking delays, decreases in treatment seeking, and usage of subpar

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treatments. Other consequence are stigma and discrimination, limited support system, poor
quality of life and limited empowerment and advocacy[13].

The community’s mental health literacy has been found to be still unsatisfactory and needs to be
improved, in order not to hinder community support. People with mental illnesses are often
stigmatized, due to a lack of knowledge about their illness[12].those stigmatizing beliefs about
those with mental illness( dangerous, incapable of recovering ) can cause them to internalize this
beliefs and have an impacts on many area of their lives[14].

Negative attitudes against people with mental disorder and their families is a global problem
with significant clinical and public health issues[12].it was found that stigma can cause a loss of
confidence and self-efficacy in patent with mental disorder, it result of negative belief that will
never be able to recover[15] .

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 1.3 Significance of the study

This study can serve as a baseline data for future community surveys and related topics on
mental health. It can also help to design strategies to improve the knowledge, attitude, and
practice of the community towards mental illness. Moreover, it can raise awareness about the
prevalence and impact of mental health issues, and reduce the stigma, negative attitude, and
misconceptions that people have about them. This can help health care providers and
policymakers to design targeted interventions and educational programs to promote accurate
knowledge, positive attitude and practice towards mental illness.

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2. OBJECTIVES
2.1 General objective
o To Assess the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Mental Illness among the
Residents Dire Dawa City, Lagahare kebele, East Ethiopia in 2023 G.C.

2. 2 Specific objectives
o To assess the level of knowledge about mental illness among community
o To assess the attitude of the community toward mental illness
o To assess practice of community on mental illness

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 3. Literature Review
3.1. Knowledge, attitude toward mental illness
A systematic review of articles concerning mental health literacy indicates that many members
of the public cannot correctly recognize mental disorders and do not understand psychiatric
terms. In western countries depression and schizophrenia seen by the public as caused by the
social environment particularly recent stressors, biological factors are seen by the public as less
important than environmental ones but in some none western culture supernatural phenomena
such as witchcraft and possession by evil spirits are seen as important causes of mental disorder.
This review of article showed that there is mental illness related stigma which hinder recognition
and help seeking. The German public reports much greater reluctance to discuss mental disorders
with relatives and friends. In USA many members of the public reported unwillingness to seek
treatment b/c they feared a negative impact on their employment situation. In India patients with
stigmatized attitude have been found to present their distress in somatic rather than psychological
terms (16).
Regarding source of mental health information a study conducted in UK indicates 32% cited the
media as source of information but unfortunately these media often tend to report on the negative
aspect (15). Another study conducted in Qatar shows that 64.2% gained information from the
media, 40.8% from friends and family members, and 27.5% from health care staff (28).
In a cross sectional survey conducted in Qatar in the year 2009, poor knowledge of common
mental illness seemed to prevail in the community; nearly 72.5% of respondents were not aware
of the common mental illnesses. Only 27.5% mentioned schizophrenia followed by depression
(19.8%). 84.7% thought that substance abuse could result in mental illness followed by a
traumatic event or shock which accounts 83%. 48% believed mental illness could result from
punishment from God, where as 38.7% thought mental illness is due to possession by Evil spirit.
In this study attitude of respondents towards mentally ill individuals and treatment of mental
health problems also assessed, 40.6% of them believed that mentally ill people are mentally
retarded. More than half of them (53.5%) thought that people with mental illness are dangerous
but very few respondents were afraid to have conversation with people who have mental illness
(33.7%). Only a minority thought that people with mental illness can work in regular jobs and
12.5% agreeing to share a room with mentally ill person. 73.9% believed that mental illness can
be successfully treated with medication and 39.2% believed traditional healers can treat mental
illness. (28).
In a study conducted in Malaysia to assess mental health knowledge, attitude and practice to
ward mental illness, only 26.5% of respondents answer correctly half of the questions that
requested to assess their knowledge of mental health issues. Respondents in this study generally
subscribe to a neutral attitude towards mental health issue (29).
Study conducted in Quebec, Canada to assess knowledge and attitude of the public towards
schizophrenia indicates 54% described the diseases as biological illness and 40% considered the
main cause of schizophrenia to be genetic. 36% of respondents said that schizophrenia provoke
feeling of incomprehension and 39% feeling of suspiciousness. 54% of them considered that

6
schizophrenic patient are violent and dangerous, 31% felt that an employ with schizophrenia will
be fired and 40% of respondents believed that schizophrenia cannot be cured (30).
Another study conducted in Canada in the year 2008 showed that 42% would no longer socialize
with a friend diagnosed with mental illness, 55% would not marry someone who suffering from
mental illness, 25% of respondents are afraid of being around someone who suffers from serious
mental illness and 50% would not tell friends or coworkers that a family member was suffering
from mental illness (31).
On the study conducted in 35 states district in Colombia and Puerto Rico 62% of adults strongly
agree that treatment could help persons with mental illness lead normal lives but only 22.3% of
adults agreed with the statement that people are caring and sympathetic to persons with mental
illness (32).
Study conducted on attitude towards mental illness in southern India 2011 showed that of the
studied population, only few 18% of the respondents stated they would visit a psychiatrist if they
had an emotional problem but 35% agreed to visit a traditional healer for their problem. Nearly
60% of the subjects were afraid to someone with mental illness as neighbor. More than have of
them thought that marriage can treat mental illness. A poor response was observed among
subjects for maintaining a friendship with someone with mental illness 25% and 65% of them
were ashamed to mention that anyone in their family had mental illness.(40)

In a national survey conducted in Nigeria, Sub Saharan Africa indicates that most respondents
(80.8%) expressed the view that substance misuse could result in mental illness, the next most
commonly endorsed cause of mental illness was a belief that could be due to possession by evil
spirits. It accounts 30.2% followed by stress and trauma. 9% of respondents believed that the
cause of mental illness could be punishment from God. The view about mental illness were
generally negative people with mental illness were believed to be mentally retarded, to be a
public nuisance and 95.5% of respondents believed that mentally ill individuals are dangerous.
Less than half of the respondents believed that such people could be treated outside hospital and
only 1/4th thought that they could work in regular jobs. Most respondent were unwilling to have
basic social interaction with someone with mental illness. 82.7% would afraid to have a
conversation and would be disturbed to work with a person who has a mental illness. Only fewer
would be willing to maintain a friendship and 16.9% still would consider marrying such person
(35).
As community based study conducted in Kinondoni in 2010, showed that knowledge about
mental illness was very poor as most of respondents 61%responded that mental ill people cannot
perform regular jobs, had no friends and were dangerous. Respondents 79.6% had negative
attitude towards mental illness as they stated that they have no right to find job, have friends and
be integrated into society (41).
In Another study conducted in Karif village, Northern Nigeria the most common symptoms
perceived by respondents as manifestation of mental illness include
aggressiveness/destructiveness (22%), talkativeness (21.2%), eccentric behavior (16.1%) and
wondering (13.3%). Drug misuse were identified as major causes of mental disorder (34.4%)
followed by effect to divine wrath or Gods will(18.8%) and magic or spirit possession

7
accounts(18%). Majority of respondents harbored negative feelings towards mentally ill people
which manifested by fear, 79.2% of female and 20% of male were reported fear of a person with
mental health problem (36).

A study in Bahir Dar, north west Ethiopia showed that 48% of respondents believed that
biomedical defect is the main cause of mental disorders followed by supernatural power(47%)
and psychosocial stressors. About their attitude towards mentally ill persons, only 23.1% were
willing to work with someone who had mental health problem, 19.1% were willing to shake
hands with the patient and only 5.2% be frightened of the person with the mental illness. The
public has more favorable attitude for anxiety and depression than that of schizophrenia (22).
In Another study conducted in Butajira, southern Ethiopia talkativeness is the most frequently
perceived symptoms(65%) followed by aggressiveness (54%) and strange behavior (52%),
nakedness mentioned by 35% of respondents and the least perceived symptom was
destructiveness(11%) of the seven discussed mental disorders schizophrenia was regarded as the
most serious condition followed by mental retardation and epilepsy(37).
One study conducted in Agaro town, western Ethiopia put 65% of respondents recognize the
illness of the person by sign and symptoms. The most commonly identified sign and symptoms
were unusual behavior(60%) talking and laughing alone (46%) talkativeness(39%), aggression,
self-neglect and restlessness each accounts(28%). 74% identified schizophrenia as a mental
health problem,58%,29% &15% of respondent identified epilepsy, GAD and MDD as mental
health problems respectively from the case vignette. Most of the respondents (55%) perceived
that the cause of mental illness is poverty followed by Gods wills it accounts 40%. Over 90% of
respondents have positive attitude towards living with cases of MDD in the same house or as
neighbor but 35% have negative attitude towards living with person having schizophrenia. The
mean score of work opportunity, marital prospects, chance of education & cured by modern
medicine were above average. Epilepsy was considered the most serious problemfollowed by
schizophrenia. MDD was considered the least serious problem (2).
2.2. Practice to ward Mental Illness
According to revised articles of mental health literacy only a minority of people who meet
diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder seek professional help, self-interventions were found to
be at the top like support from family and friends and also engaging in pleasurable activities (16
In study conducted in Qatar,79.9% of the respondents stated they would visit a psychiatrist if
they had an emotional distress but only 39.1% agreed to visit healers for their problem
(28).Another conducted Malaysia show that 72.7% indicated that they seek help when necessary,
while 27.3% didn't seek any help for their problem. The reason was they didn't know where to
seek help, didn't want others to know their condition and other factors include financial issues
and religious beliefs (29).
A study conducted in Canada in the year 2008 mentioned that 15% of the populations diagnosed
by a doctor as being clinically depressed but 20% of them don’t seek treatment and the
proportion increases to 66% for US citizens (31)

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The result of study conducted in Israel indicates that 76 members of the sample were undergoing
psychiatric treatment, respondents were asked where they would first turn for help in case of
emotional distress 50% of them preferred to visit modern mental health professional but almost
third (29.1%) would choose to first utilization other sources (33).
In the study conducted in Swedish about one third of respondent answered that the best form of
help would be to seek counseling, work related interventions preferred by 15% of respondents,
only few respondents ( 1%) preferred medication as best form of help (34).
The national survey conducted in Nigeria showed that only 2% preferred modern mental health
service to seek help for mental health problems (36). Another study conducted in Karif village
northern Nigeria indicates that the respondents preferred place of help, 46% opted for orthodox
medical care followed by spiritual healing (exorcism) which accounts 34% and use of traditional
herbal medicine is preferred by 18% of respondents (36).

According to the result of study conducted in Bahir Dar the most preferred place that persons
turn to seek help were holy water (89%) and modern medicine was preferred by only 30% of
respondents (22).

According to the result of study conducted in Bahir Dar the most preferred place that persons
turn to seek help were holy water (89%) and modern medicine was preferred by only 30% of
respondents (22).
Another study conducted in Butajira indicates only 41% of informant preferred modern medicine
for neuropsychiatries conditions, of which most informants preferred medical treatment for
epilepsy and insomnia. Where us holy water, witchcraft and herbalists are the most commonly
preferred sources of help for different types of mental disorder (37).
Study conducted in Agaro town showed that modern medicine preferred by 76%, 83%,72.4%
and 72.5% of respondents for the treatment of epilepsy, schizophrenia, MDD and GAD
respectively. Holy water was preferred by 21% of epilepsy and 19% of schizophrenic subjects
(20).

9
4. Methods and Materials

4.1. Study area and period

The study will be conducted among residents of Dire Dawa city, Lagahare kebele, Eastern
Ethiopia. Dire Dawa is found in eastern Ethiopia near the border with Somalia. Dire Dawa is
approximately 515 km away from Addis Ababa and 63 km from Harar. The climatic condition of
Dire Dawa is classified as a hot semi-arid climate. It’s characterized by hot temperatures
throughout the year, with average highs ranging from 27 to 36 degrees Celsius and lows around
16-23 degrees Celsius. Dire Dawa also experiences a dry season from November to February and
a wet season from March to October. It is a major hub for many ethnic groups in Ethiopia
especially the Oromo and Somali. The city covers an area of about 1,213 km2 with a total
population of 760,963 in 2023. Lagahare kebele is one of many kebeles in Dire Dawa which is
serves as the capital of the administrative region of Dire Dawa and there are also numerous
businesses, shops, markets ,community facilities and also rehabilitation center.

4.2 Study design

A community based cross sectional study will be conducted from September to October 2023
G.C
4.3 population
All residents of Dire Dawa city administration.

4.3. Source population

All residents of Dire Dawa city administration.

4.3.1. Study population

All selected Households who live in lagahare kebele 08 and available during study period.

4.3.2. Study unit

Those household who will be selected for sample
4.4. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria

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4.4.1. Inclusion criteria
All household who live in lagahare kebele
Participants living >6 months

4.4.2. Exclusion criteria

Participants who is severely ill and unable to communicate during data collection

4.5. Sample size determination

The sample size will be calculated by using single population proportion formula (with the assumption of
95% confidence level, 5% margin of error and by taking in account the estimated prevalence of
knowledge ,attitude and practice toward mental illness among community to be (39.7%) from the study
conducted previously in Dessie town).

The minimum number of samples required for the study will be determined by using the formula to
estimate single population proportion.

n= (Zα/2)2 P (1-p)
d2
Where:
n= number of the study subjects
Z=standardized normal distribution value for 95%Confidens interval (1,96)
P = prevalence point under consideration that took from kAP of community (0.397).
d= margin of error taken as 5%.

z
(Zα/2) 2 = denotes the value of stand reed normal variable that corresponds to be 95%
confidence levels (1.96).

Then calculating the sample size

n= (Zα/2)2 P (1-p) = (1.96)20.397(1-0.397) = 368
d2 (0.05)2
Since population is less than 10,000, so the sample size will be adjusted using the following correction
formula:

n = n/1+n/N = n×N/n+N

Where nf = exact sample size

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 n = Calculated sample size

N = Sample population

nf = 368/ 1 + 368/4836 = 368*4836/4836+368 = 342.02

Hence, nf = 342

When we add 5%of non respondent rate

=17+342=359
Systematic random sampling method will be employed to select respondents and the first
respondent will be selected by lottery method, then every K th resident will be selected with
interval of : i.e. Kj =Nj/nj
Where Kj=sampling interval
Nj= total number of respondents
nj=number of sample
kj=4836/359
=13
4.7. Data collection instrument and procedure

Data will be collected using an interviewer-administered pre-tested structured English version

questionnaire. Initially, the English-developed tool will be translated back-to-back into the local
languages Afan Oromo and Amharic language to ensure its suitability and consistency. A pre-
test will be performed on (5%) of individuals residing in other Kebeles located in sabiyan
kebele02, which will not included for the current study. Data will be collected through face-to-
face interviews by three trained students graduating with a BSc in psychiatry under supportive
supervision of principal investigators. It included structured socio-demographic variables that
were developed after an extensive review of various literature and related studies. Knowledge
toward mental illness have 17 questions. Each question which answered correctly have 1 point
and for wrong answered 0 point. Attitude towards mental illness questionarrie have 21 open
ended questions. for each correct answered question 1 point and for incorrect answer question 0
point. Practice toward mental illness have questionnaire with 6 open ended questions. for each
correct responds 1 point and for incorrect responds 0 point. The participants will be respond to
the items on the questionnaire verbally and the data collector will record using pen.

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4.8. Study variable
4.8.1. Dependent variable

ü Knowledge ,Attitude and Practice toward mental illness

4.8.2. Independent variable

Socio demographic

ü Age
ü Sex
ü Level of education
ü religion
ü Ethnicity
ü Marital status
ü Residential area
ü Monthly income

4.9. Data quality control

The quality of the data will be ensured by carefully designing the data collection instrument. The
instrument will be translated from English to Afan Oromo and then back to English. The
questionnaire will be tested on 5% of the sample size to check if the questions are clear,
understandable, coherent, complete and well-organized. The questionnaire will be revised based
on the feedback from the test. The researchers will review the collected data daily for
completeness and consistency before leaving the data collection site. The variables will be coded
and edited properly before entering the data.

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4.10. Data processing and analysis
First , collected data will be checked for completeness and consistency. Then it will be coded and
entered in to epi data version 46. Then data ill be exported and analyzed by using SPSS version
26. Descriptive statistic will be used describe categorical variable. Binary logistic regressions
will be conducted then bi-variable logistic regression will be made and variables with a p-value
of less than 0.25 will be taken as statistically significant. Multivariable logistic regression
analysis will be done after checking whether the necessary assumptions are fulfilled. Finally ,
predictor variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression will
be taken as statistically significant

The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval will be used to measure the strength of the
association . model fitness will be checked by using Homser and Lemshows goodness of fit test.

4.11. Operational definition

14
Good Knowledge – those respondents who answer the knowledge questions more than 50%
correctly .

Poor knowledge–Those respondents who answer the knowledge questions below 50% .

Positive attitude – those respondents who answer attitude questions above 50% positively.

Negative attitude – Those respondents who answer attitude questions below 50% .

Good practice- if the person preferred health institution to seek help for personal or family’s
mental health problems .

Poor practice- if the person preferred places other than health institution, hesitates to seek or
they didn't want to seek any help.

15
 4.12. Institutional Ethical clearance
The college of Medicine and Health sciences Ethical review board will provide the Ethical letter.
After getting the approval, Dire Dawa University will write an Official letter of co-operation to
kebele 08 in Legehare. The aim of the study will be explained to the respondent. The
respondents’ confidentiality and privacy will be protected by using anonymous data. Verbal
consent will be obtained from the subjects before the interview. Each participant will give verbal
consent before the interview starts.

4.13. Plan for dissemination

This research will benefit the community leaders, Mental Health promoters, care providers and
other stakeholders who are interested in the topic. The final results of this research will be
defended publicly at the Department of Psychiatry’s events.

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 5. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET BREAK DOWN
5.1 WORK PLAN
Table 1: Shows work plan for proposal development and final thesis on assessment of
knowledge and attitude towards mental illness in Dire Dawa city lagahare kebele residents.
Ser. Activities Responsible June July August Septemb
No personnel er

1 Title selection Advisor

2 Proposal development Investigator

3 Preparing questionnaire Investigato

r

4 Obtaining ethical clearance DDU

5 Proposal submission & Investigator

approval & Advisor

6 Data collection Investigator

7 Data entering & analysis Investigator

8 Preparing draft thesis Investigator

9 Preparing final thesis Investigator

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10 Final defense Investigator

6. BUDGET BREAK DOWN

Table 2: Total budget breakdown for accomplishment of the research project knowledge,
attitude and practice toward mental illness among lagahare kebele residents. Dire Dawa, Eastern
Ethiopia 2023 G.C

No Budget categories Unit cost Multiplying factor Total cost

1 Repairing computer 1500 1 1500

2 Questionery duplication paper 25cont/quest 8page x 386 3091

3 Binder 180 2 360

4 Printing paper ( pack) 500.00 1 500.00

5 Pen 15.00 2 30.00

6 Pencil 10.00 2 20.00

7 Eraser 10.00 4 40.00

8 Share per 2.00 2 4.00

9 flipchart paper 5.00 5 25.00

10 Marker 30.00 2 60.00

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11 Printing and binding 3birr/page 40page x 10birr 400.00

12 Rural 25.00 2 50.00

13 Note book 60.00 4 240.00

14 Scientific calculator 200.00 1 200.00

15 Transport (Car ) 50birr /day 5 250.00

From DDU to Lagahare

16 Data collector 500birr/day 5 2500

17 Total 9270

19
7. REFERENCES
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Geneva:WHO
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treatment, and attitude. J health Psychol.1999;4:531-549
18 Diribew A. Awareness and attitude towards common mental health problems, Agaro town
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rural adolesents conceptions of mental illness and attitude about seeking help. Adolescence,
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22 Shibre T; Community based study of schizophrenia in rural Ethiopia, umea university
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23 Wolf ,G. Pathare, S. Craig, T.et al. community knowledge of mental illness and reaction to
mentally ill people. British journal of psychiatry, 1996,168;191-198.
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26 Emmanuel S. Jean C. Carol J and Lane; schizophrenia,peoples perception in Quebec
Canadian medical association journal 2001; 164(9)1299-1300
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canadan medical association journal 2008.8;38-45
28 CDC.Attitude towards mental illness-35 states, distric of coloumbia and Puerto Riko; CDC
weekly 2010,59(20);619-625
29 ItzhakL .AnatS,et al. mental health related knowledge,attitude and practice in 2
kibbutzim ;soc psychiatry epidemion (2004 )39 :758-764
30 Karlin M .Margda W, Bo R. mental health literacy and attitudes in Swedish community
sample ; BMC public health 2008,8(8)
31 Oye G, Victor O, et al. community study of knowledge and attitude to mental illness in
Nigeria; British journal of psychiatry 2005, 186:436-441
32 Mohammed K, Zubair I, et al. perception and belief about mental illness among adults in
karif village : BMC international health and human right 2004,4(3)
33 Alem A, Jacobson,Araya M ,kebede D, kullgren GH. How are mental disorders seen and
where is help sought in rural Ethiopian community? Actapsychiatr scand.1999;100:40-47
34 Abdulbari B, Suhaila G. Gender differences in the knowledge, attitude and practice towards
mental health in rapidly developing arab society: international journal of social psychiatry
2010:20(10)1-7.
35 UNICEF Ethiopian economic indicator consulted on June 2010
36 Ganesh ,knowledge and attitude of mental illness among general public- national of
community medicine 2011 volume 2 issues 175
37 Crab et al attitude towards mental illness BMC public health 2012, 12:541
38 John Geofreychikhom, attitude of community towards mental illness-stelleboch university
2011 vol.207
39Mahadeo.shinde, Amoldesai and shivasipawar.IJSR,2014, vol.3,issues.
1. WHO, Mental health: strengthening our response [Internet]. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2018 Mar 30 [cited 2023 Apr 6]. Available from: [Mental health: strengthening
our response]. 2018.
2. Ewalds-Kvist, S.B., T. Högberg, and K. Lützén, Student nurses and the general
population in Sweden: Trends in attitudes towards mental illness. Nordic journal of
psychiatry, 2012. 67.

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3. Indu, P., et al., Development and validation of the Domestic Violence Questionnaire in
married women aged 18–55 years. Indian journal of psychiatry, 2011. 53(3): p. 218.
4. Chikomo, J.G., Knowledge and attitudes of the Kinondoni community towards mental
illness. 2011, Stellenbosch University.
5. Corrigan, P.W. and A.C. Watson, Understanding the impact of stigma on people with
mental illness. World psychiatry, 2002. 1(1): p. 16.
6. WHO, Mental disorders [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 Oct 9
[cited 2023 Apr 6]. Available from: [Mental disorders].
7. Ahmed, E., H. Merga, and F. Alemseged, Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards
mental illness service provision and associated factors among health extension
professionals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International journal of mental health systems,
2019. 13(1): p. 1-9.
8. Hitchen, L., Why is mental health nursing unpopular? Nursing times, 2008. 104(23): p.
16-17.
9. Albarqi, M. and A. Almaqhawi, Knowledge and attitude toward mental illness among the
population at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Family Medicine & Primary Care
Review, 2022. 24(1).
10. Bagchi, A., P. Sarkar, and R. Basu, Knowledge, attitude and practice towards mental
health illnesses in an urban community in West Bengal: a community based study. Int J
Community Med Public Heal, 2020. 7(3): p. 1078-83.
11. Birkie, M. and T. Anbesaw, Knowledge, attitude, and associated factors towards mental
illness among residents of Dessie town, northeast, Ethiopia, a cross-sectional study. BMC
Psychiatry, 2021. 21(1): p. 614.
12. Aromaa, E., et al., Predictors of stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental
disorders in a general population in Finland. Nord J Psychiatry, 2011. 65(2): p. 125-32.
13. Girma, E., et al., Mental health stigma and discrimination in Ethiopia: evidence synthesis
to inform stigma reduction interventions. International Journal of Mental Health Systems,
2022. 16(1): p. 30.
14. Bifftu, B.B., B.A. Dachew, and B.T. Tiruneh, Stigma resistance among people with
schizophrenia at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-
sectional institution based study. BMC Psychiatry, 2014. 14(1): p. 259.

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15. Subhash, A., et al., Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of the Anganwadi Workers
about the Oral Health in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2022. 32.
16. Stip, E., J. Caron, and C.J. Lane, Schizophrenia: people's perceptions in Quebec. Cmaj,
2001. 164(9): p. 1299-1300.
17. Ghuloum, S., A. Bener, and F.T. Burgut, Epidemiological survey of knowledge, attitudes,
and health literacy concerning mental illness in a national community sample: a global
burden. J Prim Care Community Health, 2010. 1(2): p. 111-8.
18. Shinde, M., A. Desai, and S. Pawar, Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among
Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia in Western Maharashtra. International Journal
of Science and Research (IJSR), 2014. 3: p. 516-522.
19. Gureje, O., et al., Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in
Nigeria. Br J Psychiatry, 2005. 186: p. 436-41.
20. Chikomo, J.G. Knowledge and attitudes of the Kinondoni community towards mental
illness. 2011.
21. Tesfaye, Y., et al., Knowledge of the community regarding mental health problems: a
cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology, 2021. 9(1): p. 106.
22. Abi Doumit, C., et al., Knowledge, attitude and behaviors towards patients with mental
illness: Results from a national Lebanese study. PLoS One, 2019. 14(9): p. e0222172.
23. Kabir, M., et al., Perception and beliefs about mental illness among adults in Karfi
village, northern Nigeria. BMC Int Health Hum Rights, 2004. 4(1): p. 3.
24. Salaheddin, K. and B. Mason, Identifying barriers to mental health help-seeking among
young adults in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Br J Gen Pract, 2016. 66(651): p. e686-
92.
25. Benti, M., et al., Community Perception towards Mental Illness among Residents of
Gimbi Town, Western Ethiopia. Psychiatry J, 2016. 2016: p. 6740346.
26. Alem, A., et al., How are mental disorders seen and where is help sought in a rural
Ethiopian community? A key informant study in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatr Scand
Suppl, 1999. 397: p. 40-7.
27. Deribew, A. and Y. Tamirat, How are mental health problems perceived by a community
in Agaro town? Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2005. 19.
28. Tareke, M., et al., Common mental illness among epilepsy patients in Bahir Dar city,
Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 2020. 15(1): p. e0227854.

24
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, S.A.a.M.H.S.A., et al., 2012.
30. Högberg, T., et al., Swedish attitudes towards persons with mental illness. Nord J
Psychiatry, 2012. 66(2): p. 86-96.
31. Upadhyaya, S.K., C.M. Raval, and D.K. Sharma, The sociocultural factors and patterns
of help-seeking among patients with mental illness in the sub-Himalayan region. Ind
Psychiatry J, 2018. 27(2): p. 279-284

8 .ANNEX
I. Consent Form
Title of the study: Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards mental illness among
community in Dire Dawa City Administration, Eastern, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study
Researcher(s): Kuri Mohammedsafi, Abdulehi Seid, Senayt Mosewa, Hana Tefera, Dire Dawa
University,CMHS, Department of Psychiatry
Introduction: You are invited to participate in a research study that aims to assess the level of
knowledge, attitude and practice towards mental illness among the community in Dire Dawa

25
City Administration, Eastern, Ethiopia. This study is conducted by Kuri Mohammedsafi,
Abdulehi Seid, Senayt Mosewa, Hana Tefera, researchers from Dire Dawa University,CMHS,
Department of Psychiatry, under the guidance of our instructors Mr.Fufa Olana and Mr.Kedir
Mohammed.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to measure the knowledge, attitude and practice towards
mental illness among the community in Dire Dawa City Administration, Eastern, Ethiopia. The
study also aims to identify the factors that influence the knowledge, attitude and practice towards
mental illness and to provide recommendations for improving the mental health awareness and
service delivery in the area.
Procedures: If you agree to participate in this study, you will be asked to complete a paper-based
questionnaire that will take about 15 minutes. The questionnaire will ask you questions about
your demographic information, your knowledge about mental illness, your attitude towards
people with mental illness, and your practice of seeking help for mental health problems.
Risks and benefits: There are no physical risks associated with this study. However, some of the
questions may make you feel uncomfortable or sensitive. You have the right to skip any question
or stop the questionnaire. You can also withdraw your consent and data at any time before the
data analysis by contacting the researcher. The potential benefit of this study is that it may
increase your knowledge and awareness about mental illness and its treatment options. It may
also contribute to the scientific knowledge on this topic and inform future policies and programs
to promote mental health in the community.
Confidentiality: Your participation in this study is confidential. Your name and contact
information will not be linked to your questionnaire. The data will be anonymszed and
aggregated for analysis and reporting purposes.
Voluntary participation: Your participation in this study is voluntary. You have the right to
refuse to participate or withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences.
You also have the right to ask questions about the study before, during, or after your
participation.

26
II Questionnaire
Section 1: Socio demographic information
No Questions Coding category Remark
1 How old are you 18-24
25-35
35-50
50+
2 What is your gender Male

27
 Female
3 Marital status Single
Married
Divorced
Widow
4 Religion Muslim
Orthodox
Catholic
Protestant

5 What is your education level 1.Can’t read and write

2.Primary school
3.High school
4.collage and above

6 Occupation 1. goverment
2. pervate
3. student
4. no occpiation

28
Section 2 knowledge towards mental illness
No Questions Coding category Remark
1. Have you ever heard or read A, yes B, no
about mental illness
2. If you say yes for question 1, A. Talking alone
what symptoms do people B. Strange behavior
with mental illness exhibit? C. Aggression
D. Sad feeling
E. Sleep disturbance
F. Other(specify)…………….

3. What do you think would be A. God’s will

the cause of mental illness? B. Evispirit
(More than one answer is C. Drug/substance t
possible) D. exessive Stress
E. Poverty

4. If “yes “for question number A. God’s will

1, from where you first heard B. Evispirit
or read? C. Drug/substance t
D. exessive Stress
E. Poverty

5. Useful intervention for A. True

adolescent mental disorder B. False
includes BOTH C. do’t know
psychological
pharmacological treatments.
6. Behaviors disturbances seen D. True
in mentally ill person are E. False
related to strange experience F. do’t know

29
 and thinking disturbance
consequent to neurochemical
change in the brain
7. A diagnosis of mental illness G. True
is made based on history of H. False
the patient and mental state I. do’t know
examination at the time of
interview
8. A strange or altered behavior J. True
seen in mental illness is K. False
related to strange experience L. do’t know
and disordered thinking.
These can be ratified
(improved) by administered
of medications, which alters
the neuro-chemical
abnormalities in the brain
9. Mentally ill individual can M. True
have strange experience like N. False
delusion (firm false belief) O. do’t know
and hallucination (perception
in the absence of external
stimuli)
10. Substance abuse is A. A, True
commonly found together B. False
with a mental disorder C. do’t know

11. Lack of pleasure, P. True

hopelessness and fatigue Q. False
can all be symptoms of R. do’t know)……..
clinical depression.st
12. Nobody with schizophrenia S. True

30
 ever recovers
T. False
U. do’t kno

13. Mental disorders are V. True

psychological problems W. False
caused by poor nutrition X. do’t kno

14. being easily annoyed and Y. True

unusually irritable can be an Z. False
emotional warning sign of too AA. do’t kno
much stress
15. Stress and anxiety is the same BB.True
thing CC.False
DD. do’t kno

16. Some people misuse EE. True

substances as a form of self FF. False
medication to alleviate the GG. do’t kno
symptom of mental health
problem
17. Recovery from mental illness HH. True
obtains work and hold down II. False
a good job JJ. do’t kno

18. Depression is a choice and a KK. True

sign of personnel weakness LL. False
MM. do’t kno

19. Rehabilitation of mentally ill NN. True

person can be done home. OO. False
PP. do’t kno

20. Do you belief that mental QQ. True

illness is a major health RR.False
problem in Ethiopia especially

31
 in dire dawa? SS. do’t kno

Section 3 Attitude Towards Mental Illness

No Questions Coding category Remark
1. All mentally ill person are Strongly disagree
violent and dangerous Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
2. Would you allow your son Strongly disagree
/daughter to marry a person with Disagree
mental illness? Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
3. 32 All mentally ill patients are Strongly disagree
violent and dangerous. Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
4. 33 What do you think about the Strongly disagree
importance of mental health in Disagree
primary health care? Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
5. The best way to handle the Strongly disagree
mentally ill is to keep them Disagree
behind locked doors? Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
6. Mental illness is an illness like Strongly disagree
any other?

32
 Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
7. Virtually anyone can become Strongly disagree
mentally ill? Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
8. More tax money should be spent Strongly disagree
on the care and treatment of the Disagree
mentally ill? Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
9. We have a responsibility to Strongly disagree
provide the best possible care for Disagree
the mentally ill Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
10. The mentally ill are a burden on Strongly disagree
society. Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
11. It is best to avoid anyone who Strongly disagree
has mental problems Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
12. The mentally ill should not be Strongly disagree
given any responsibility? Disagree

33
 Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
13. I would not want to live next Strongly disagree
door to someone who has been Disagree
mentally ill? Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
14. Mental patients should be Strongly disagree
encouraged to assume the Disagree
responsibilities of normal life? Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
15. The best therapy for many Strongly disagree
mental patients is to be part of a Disagree
normal community. Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree

Section 4; Practice Toward Mental Illness

No Questions Coding catagory Remark
1. Do you have any training in Yes
psychiatry or treatment of mental no
illness
2. If say yes, what type of training Modern
have you received on mental Traditional
health spitual
3. Where do you take someone who Mental hospital
is mentally ill? Shakh or
Do you take him/her to traditional

34
 medicine Traditional healer
ill
4. Which modern treatment you Medication
think best for those with mentally Talking therapy
ill Surgical
5. Vary effective and safe drugs are Strongly disagree
available to treat mental illness Disagree
Neutral
Agree
E)Strongly agree
6. The best therapy for many mental Strongly disagree
patient is to be part of a normal Disagree
community Neutral
Agree
E)Strongly agree
7.

AFAN OROMOV VERSION QUESTIONNERIES

35
 Kutaa-I;Gaaffilee haala jiruufi jireenyaan wal qabatan.

Lakk. Gaaffilee Garee qoodamiinsaa Yaada

1. Umrii a .18-24
Kutaa II- Hubannoo(beekumsa
b. 25-35
Lakk. Gaaffilee
c. 35-50

d. 50+
1. Waa’ee dhukkuba sam
2. Saala a. Dhiira dubbistee beektaa?

b. Dhalaa 2. Yoo gaaffii tokkoffaaf

jette,namoota dhukku
3. Haala gaa’elaa a. Ka hin fuune/heerumne irratti mallattoolee ak
tokkoo ol deebisuu ee
b. Ka fuudhe/heerumte

c. Kan wal hiike/hiikte

d. Ka gargar bahan

e. Kan irraa du’e/duute

4. Amantaa a.Muslima

b.Ortodoksii

c.Katolikii

d.Protestaniit

e.kabiroo
3. Dhukkuboota sammuu
5. Sadarkaa barnootaa a. Digiriijalqaba
danda’a jettee yaadda
b. Dipiloomaa deebisuun ni eeyyama

c. kabiraa--

36
 E. Hiyyummaa

4. Yoo gaaffii lakkoofsa tokkoffaaf Eeyyee A. Maatii irraa

jette,odeeffannoo eenyurraa dhageesse ykn B. Mana barumsaarraa
maalirraa dubbistee? C. Geggeessaa mana
amantaarraa
D. Hawaasarraa
E. kan biraa _________

5. Rakkoo wal dhahiinsa dalagaalee sammuu A. Dhugaa

yeroo Dargaggummaaf furmaata faayida B. Soba
qabeessa kennuun mala saayikooloojiifi C. Hin beeku
Dawaa of keessattii hammata.

6. .Jeequmsi amalaa kanneen akka amala D. Dhugaa

addaa agarsiisuufi jeequmsi yaadaa E. Soba
namoota dhukkuba sammuu qaban irratti F. Hin beeku
mullatu sababa jijjiirama keemikaalotaa fi
niiwuroonota sammuu keessa jiraniin kan
walqabateedha.

7. Qorannoo dhukkuba sammuu seenaa G. Dhugaa

dhukkubsataa fi qorannoo haala sammuu H. Soba
yeroo af-gaaffii irratti hundaa’uun taasifama I. Hin beeku

8. Amalli haaraan ykn jijjiiramaan namoota J. Dhugaa

dhukkuba sammuu qaban irratti mullatu, K. Soba
kanneen akka amala addaa fi yaada L. Hin beeku
waldhahaan kan wal qabateedha. Kunis kan
inni fooyya’uu danda’u qorichoota kanneen
jijjiirama keemikaala niiwuroonotaa
sammuu keessa jiran jijjiiruu danda;an
laachuufiidhaan.

danda’a.

9. Namni dhukkuba sammuu qabu tokko

amaloota haaraa kanneen akka amantaa
Dhugaa
jabaa waan dhugaa hin taane irratti
hundaa’e qabaachuufi utuu waan tokko isa M. Soba
bira hin jiraatin akka waa argaa jiruutti kan N. Hin beeku
haasa’u amala isa godhu qabaachuu nii
danda’a.

37
10. Wantoota araada nama qabsiisan akka O. Dhugaa
malee fayyadamuun irra jireessa P. Soba
jeequmsa/waldhahiinsa dalagaa sammuun Q. Hin beeku
walfaana kan wal qabatuudhaykn
argamuudha.

11. Gammachuu dhabuun, abdiikutachuunii fi R. Dhugaa

dadhabbiin kunneen hunduu mallattoolee S. Soba
Gaddaa ta’uu nii danda’u. T. Hin beeku

12. Namni dhukkuba sammuu qabu yoomillee U. u gala

irraa fayyuu hin danda’u.

13. Waldhahiinsi dalagaa sammuu rakkoolee V. Dhugaa

Saayikooloojii(xiin-sammuu) sababa hir;ina W. Soba
nyaata madaalamaan dhufaniidha. X. Hin beeku

14. Haala salphaan mufachuu fi yeroo tokko Y. Dhugaa

tokko aaruun mallattoo miira bay’sanii Z. Soba
cinqamuu ykn muddamuu agarsiisu ta’uu nii AA. Hin beeku
danda’a.

15. Cinqamuu ykn dhiphachuu fi Yaadda’uun BB. Dhugaa

wantoota tokkoodha(wal fakkaataniidha.) CC. Soba
DD. Hin beeku

16. Namoonni tokko tokko mallattoolee rakkoo EE. Dhugaa

fayyaa sammuun dhufu xiqqeessuuf jecha FF. Soba
wantoota araada nama qabsiisan akka inni GG. Hin beeku
qoricha ta’etti itti fayyadamu.

17. Dhukkuba sammuu irraa fayyuun dalagaa fi HH. Dhugaa

hojii gaarii akka itti fufan taasisa. II. Soba
JJ. Hin beeku

18. Mukaa’uun(qofaa taa’anii gadduu) filannoo KK. Dhugaa

fi Mallattoo dadhabina humna LL. Soba
namummaati. MM. Hin beeku

19 Namoota dhukkuba sammuu qaban NN. Dhugaa

jajjabeessuun(ijaaruun,gargaaruun) mana OO. Soba
jireenya isaaniitti ta’uu ni danda’a. PP. Hin beeku

20 Dhukkubni sammuu Ithiyoopiyaa QQ. Dhugaa

keessattii,keessumaayyuu mattuu keessattii RR. Soba
rakkoo fayyaa isa guddaati jettee ni SS. Hin beeku
Amantaa?

38
Kutaa III-Ilaalcha waa’ee dhukkuba sammuurrattii.

Lakk Gaaffilee Garee qoodamiinsaa Yaada

1. Naannoo jiraattutti namoota dhukkuba A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

sammuu qaban to’achuuf leenjiin jiru
B. Itti waliin galu
gahaadha jettee yaaddaa?
C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

2. Ilma kee ykn Intala kee Nama dhukkuba A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu
sammuu qabu ykn qabdutti heerumsiisuu yk
B. Itti waliin galu
fuusisuu nii eyyamtaa? .
C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

3. Namoonni dhukkuba sammuu qaban A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

hundinuu kan balaa uumanii fi hamoodha.
B. Itti waliin galu

C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

4. Waa’ee Barbaachisummaa fayyummaa A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

sammuu sirna kenniinsa fayyaa keessattii
B. Itti waliin galu
maal yaadda ?
C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

5. Karaa filatamaan itti namoota dhukkuba A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

sammuu qaban to;achhuu dandeenyu,
B. Itti waliin galu
keessa tokko , mana cufame keessa keenyee
achitti isaan eeguudha. C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

6. Dhukkubni sammuu akkuma dhukkuba A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

39
 kanneen birooti. B. Itti waliin galu

C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

7. Walumaa galatti namni kamiyyuu dhukkubaa A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

sammuu dhukkubsachuu nii danda’a a?
B. Itti waliin galu

C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

8. Kunuunsaa fi Yaaliinsa dhukkuba A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

sammuurratti baasiin maalaqaa hedduun
B. Itti waliin galu
irratti bahuu qabaa?
C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

9. kunuunsa danda’amaa fi barbaachisaa ta’e A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

namoota dhukkuba sammuu
B. Itti waliin galu
dhukkubsataniif dhiheessuu fi itti
gaafatamummaa qabna. C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

10. Namoonni dhukkuba sammuu qaban A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

hawaasarratti dhiibbaa(ba’aa)dha.
B. Itti waliin galu

C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

11. Nama rakkoolee sammuu qabu kamiyyuu A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu
jibbuun(balaaleffachuun) gaariidha.
B. Itti waliin galu

C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

40
 12. Itti gaafatamummaan kamiyyuu nama A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu
dhukkuba sammuu qabuuf kennamuun hin
B. Itti waliin galu
danda’amu.
C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

13. Ani ollaa mana nama dhukkuba sammuu A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu
qabutti aanee jiru jiraachuu hin barbaadu.
B. Itti waliin galu

C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

14. Dhukkubsattoonni sammuu jireenya sirrii A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

jiraachuuf itti gaafatamummaa akka bahaniif
B. Itti waliin galu
(qabaataniif)jajjabeeffamuu qabu.
C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

15. Wal’aansa gaariin namoota dhukkuba A. Tasumaa itti waliin galu

sammuu qabaniif godhamu, akka isaan
B. Itti waliin galu
hawaasatti makamanii, walii galuun jireenya
sirrii akka jiraatan gochuudha. C. Hin beeku

D. Ittiin walii gala

E. Sirrittiin itti walii gala

Kutaa IV-Bartee(shaakala) waa’ee dhukkuba sammuurratti.

Lak. Gaaffilee Garee qoodamiinsaa Yaada

1. Ogummaa wal’aansa A. Eeyyee B. lakkii

sammuu irratti Leenjii yeroo
gabaabaa fudhattee

41
 beektaa?

2. Waa’ee fayyaa Sammuu A. Kan ammayyaa

irratti Leenjii akkamii
B. Kan aadaa
fudhatte ?
C. Kan amantaa

3. Nama dhukkuba Sammuu A. Mana yaala dhukkuba sammuu

dhukkubsatu tokko eessatti
B. Yaala aadaa ykn
geessita?
C. Sheeka

4. Dhukkubsataa sammuutiif A. Qoricha

qoricha ammayyaa isa kamtu
B.Teeraapii
bareedaa dha jattee yaadda?
C.Baqaqsanii yaaluu

5.

አማረኛ ክፍል

no ጠያቴ ኮድየተደረገ ምድብ አስተያየት

እድሜህ ስንት ነው ሀ. 18-24
ለ. 25-35
ሐ. 35-50
መ. 50+
ጾታ ? ሀ ሴት
ለ ወንድ
ትዳር ሀ. ያላገባ
ለ. ያገባ
ሐ. የተፋታ
መ. መበለት
ሃይማኖት ሀ. ሙስሊም
ለ. ኦርቶዶክስ
ሐ. ካቶሊክ
መ. ፕሮቴስታንት
ሠ. ሌላ
የትምህርት ደረጃዎ ምን ያህል ነው? ሀ. መደበኛ ትምህርት የለም
ለ. የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ትምህርት
ቤት
ሐ. ሁለተኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት
ቤት
መ. ዲፖሎማ
ሠ. ዲግሪ

42
 ስራ ? ሀ, የግል
ለ, የመንግስት

ክፍል :2 ስለእምሮ ጤና እዉቀት

ክፍል 2,1:ለእያንዳንዱ ከ 1-6 መግለጫዎች አንድ ምርጫ ብቻ ምልክት በማድረግ ምላሽ ይስጡ። የአእምሮ ጤና
ችግሮች እዚህ ይመልከቱ ፣
ቁ ጠያቴ ኮድየተደረገ ምድብ አስተያየት
ጥ
ር
አብዛኘ የአእምሮ ጤና ችግር ያለባቸው ሰዎች ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
የሚከፈልበት ሥራ ማግኘት ይፈልጋሉ። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
አንድ ጓደኛዬ የአእምሮ ጤና ችግር ካለበት፣ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
የባለሙያ እርዳታ ለማግኘት ምን ምክር ለ. አልስማማም።
እንደምሰጥ አውቃለሁ። ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ዘመናዊ መድሃኒት የአእምሮ ጤና ችግር ላለባቸው ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ሰዎች ውጤታማ ህክምና ሊሆን ይችላል. ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ሳይኮቴራፒ (ለምሳሌ የንግግር ሕክምና ወይም ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
የምክር አገልግሎት) ለአእምሮ ጤና ችግር ለ. አልስማማም።
ላለባቸው ሰዎች ውጤታማ ሕክምና ሊሆን ሐ. ገለልተኛ
ይችላል። መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ከባድ የአእምሮ ጤና ችግር ያለባቸው ሰዎች ሙሉ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
በሙሉ ማገገም ይችላሉ። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
አብዛኛዎቹ የአእምሮ ጤና ችግር ያለባቸው ሰዎች ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
እርዳታ ለማግኘት ወደ ጤና አጠባበቅ ባለሙያ ለ. አልስማማም።
ይሄዳሉ። ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ

43
ክፍል 2:2 እያንዳንዱን ሁኔታ የአእምሮ ህመም አይነት እንደሆነ ግረሰቦቹ ከመረጡት አንዱን
በመክበብ ያስገቡ እንደሆን ይናገሩ
ቁ ጠያቴ ኮድየተደረገ ምድብ አስተያየት
ጥ
ር
የመንፈስ ጭንቀት ሀ.በጣም
አልስማማም።
ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ውጥረት ሀ. በጣም
አልስማማም።
ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ስኪዞፈሪንያ ሀ. በጣም
አልስማማም።
ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ባይፖላር ዲስኦርደር(የሙድ መቀያየር) ሀ. በጣም
አልስማማም።
ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአደንዛዥ ዕፅ ሱሰኝነት ሀ. በጣም
አልስማማም።
ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ሀዘን ሀ. በጣም
አልስማማም።
ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ

ክፍል 3 ስለአእምሮ ህመምተኛ CAM ልኬት I የማህበረሰቡ አመለካከት

44
 ክፍል 3 የማህበረሰቡ የአእምሮ ህመም አመለካከት - CAMI ልኬት
no ጠያቴ ኮድየተደረገ ምድብ አስተያየት
አንድ ሰው የአእምሮ መዛባት ምልክቶች ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
እንደታየ ወዲያውኑ ሆስፒታል መተኛት ለ. አልስማማም።
አለበት። ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ በሽተኛ ከበሮች በኋላ መቆለፍ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
አለበት። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ ሕመም ከሚያስከትሉት ዋና ዋና ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ምክንያቶች አንዱ ራስን መግዛትን እና ለ. አልስማማም።
የፍላጎት ማጣት ነው። ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ ሕመም እንደ በሽታ ነው ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ሌላ ማንኛውም በሽታ። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
በእውነቱ ማንም ሰው የአእምሮ ሕመምተኞ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
መሆን ይችላል። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ ሕመምተኞች ከህብረተሰቡ የተገለሉ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
መሆን የለባቸውም። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ለአእምሮ ሕሙማን እንክብካቤ እና ሕክምና ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ወጪ ተጨማሪ የታክስ ገንዘብ መሆን አለበት ለ. አልስማማም።
። ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ

45
የበለጠ መቀበል አለብን በማህበረሰባችን ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ውስጥ ላሉ የአእምሮ ሕሙማን መቻቻል። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ኃላፊነት አለብን ለአእምሮ ሕሙማን በተቻለ ሀ. በጣም
መጠን የተሻለውን እንክብካቤ መስጠት። አልስማማም።
ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ ሕመምተኞች ሀዘነተታ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
አይገባቸውም። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ ህሙማን በህብረተሰብ ላይ ሸክም ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ናቸው። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ለአእምሮ ሕመምተኞች በቂ የአገልግሎቶች ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
አሉ። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ ሕመምተኞች ማንኛውም ኃላፊነት ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
መሰጠት የለባቸውም። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ ሕመምተኛ ቀጥሎ መኖር ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
አልፈልግም። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
አንዲት ሴት ሞኝ ሆና ሙሉ በሙሉ የዳነ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ቢመስልም በአእምሮ ህመም የተሠቃየውን ለ. አልስማማም።
ሰው ማግባት። ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ

46
የአእምሮ ሕመምተኞች የግለሰብ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
መብታቸውን መነፈግ የለባቸውም። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ማንም የአእምሮ ሕሙማን ከነሱ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ሰፈር የማግለል መብት የለው ። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ ሕመምተኞች ኃላፊነቶች አለባቸው ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
እንዲወስድ ይበረታታል አለቡን። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ነዋሪዎች በአከባቢያቸው ያለው የአእምሮ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ጤና ተቋማት መቀበል አለባቸው። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
በተቻለ መጠን የአእምሮ ጤና ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
አገልግሎቶች በማህበረሰብ አቀፍ ተቋማት ለ. አልስማማም።
መሰጠት አለባቸው ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ነዋሪዎች ለእምሮን ጤና አገልግሎቶች ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ለማግኘት የሚመጡ ሰዎች ምንም መፈራት ለ. አልስማማም።
የለባቸውም ። ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ ጤና ተቋማት ከመኖሪያ ሰፈሮች ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ውጭ መሆን አለበት ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
የአእምሮ ችግር ያለባቸው ሰዎች በመኖሪያ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ሰፈሮች ውስጥ የሚኖሩ ማሰብ ያስፈራል። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ

47
 የአእምሮ ጤና ተቋማትን በመኖሪያ አካባቢ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ማግኘቱ ሰፈሮችን ዝቅ ያደርጋል። ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ

Section 4; Practice Toward Mental Illness

no ጠያቴ ኮድየተደረገ ምድብ አስተያየት
በሳይኮቴራፒ ውስጥ የአጭር ጊዜ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ስልጠና ወስደዋል? ለ. አልስማማም።
ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ስለ አእምሮ ጤና ምን አይነት ስልጠና ሀ. ዘመናዊ
ወስደዋል? ለ.ባህላዊ
ሐ.ሃይማኖታዊ

የአእምሮ ሕመም ያለበትን ሰው የት ነው ሀ. የአእምሮ ሆስፒታል

የምትወስደው? ለ. ሻክ
ሐ. የባህል ህክምና ባለሙያመ.
ተስማማ

የትኛው ዘመናዊ መድኃኒት ለአእምሮ ሀ. መድሀኒት

ሕመምተኞች የተሻለ ነው ብለው ለ. የንግግር ሕክምና
ያስባሉ? ሐ. የቀዶ ጥገና

የአእምሮ ሕመምን ለማከም ብዙ ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።

ውጤታማ እና አስተማማኝ መድኃኒቶች ለ. አልስማማም።
አሉ። ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ
ለብዙ የአእምሮ ሕመምተኞች በጣም ሀ. በጣም አልስማማም።
ጥሩው ሕክምና የመደበኛው ማህበረሰብ ለ. አልስማማም።
አካል መሆን ነው። ሐ. ገለልተኛ
መ. ተስማማ
ሠ.በጣም ተስማማ

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Certainly, I can help organize the information into a table:

| Question | Answer |

| --- | --- |

| 1. Have you ever heard or read about mental illness? | A. Yes |

| 2. Symptoms of mental illness (select all that apply) | B. Sleep disturbance<br>C. Strange
behaviors<br>D. Self-neglect<br>E. Aggression<br>F. Depression<br>G. Anxiety |

| 3. Causes of mental illness (select all that apply) | C. Drug/substance<br>D. Stress<br>E. Poverty<br>F.
Others (specify) |

| 4. From where did you first hear or read about mental illness? | E. Others (specify) |

| 5. Useful intervention for adolescent mental disorder includes both psychological and pharmacological
treatments. | C. I don't know |

| 6. Behavior disturbances seen in mentally ill persons are related to strange experiences and thinking
disturbances consequent to neurochemical changes in the brain. | A. True |

| 7. A diagnosis of mental illness is made based on the history of the patient and mental state
examination at the time of the interview. | A. True |

| 8. Strange or altered behavior seen in mental illness can be improved by the administration of
medications that alter neurochemical abnormalities in the brain. | A. True |

| 9. Mentally ill individuals can have strange experiences like delusions (firm false beliefs) and
hallucinations (perceptions in the absence of external stimuli). | A. True |

| 10. Substance abuse is commonly found together with a mental disorder. | A. True |

| 11. Lack of pleasure, hopelessness, and fatigue can all be symptoms of clinical depression. | A. True |

| 12. Nobody with schizophrenia ever recovers. | B. False |

| 13. Mental disorders are psychological problems caused by poor nutrition. | B. False |

| 14. Being easily annoyed and unusually irritable can be an emotional warning sign of too much stress.
| A. True |

| 15. Stress and anxiety are the same thing. | B. False |

| 16. Some people misuse substances as a form of self-medication to alleviate the symptoms of mental
health problems. | A. True |

56
Please note that the "Others (specify)" options have not been filled in as they depend on the individual's
responses.

57