1A present simple and continuous, action and non-action verbs resent simple: Ive, he works, ete dont atest nek deeb wee Whore do you five? Does te peor open on Sun 2 Shown he corso tel. ‘Weis ut bat ence orth 1 Wo use the pretntimplefor hing that are alent, happen reaulry ‘+ Ramember the sating rule forthe prion sng, 09 vs, ston, + Use AS alin, Sbjct Ife) or QUASI ueston word ‘Aslan Sj fine to blp you wth word ardrn questions. Da you now Davi Whee tine does ne fim sa? 2 We often ue the present simple wth avers of Fequency. 9. ‘elsyrae or xrestone equ 0 yon 8 + Adverbs frequency ge tae the man vb ard afer be. + ExpresiensolHequney sul goat th end ofthe serene or ver hse resent continuous: be + verb + sng A tyes singe wiyAdnt Qt The shoes ringng Con ou aver Heute pes ar going pry nthe moet + Weuse the present continuous NOT the present snp fr aetna ‘rogreisathe time of peiing, eg. thngs thats happering row “Seana now These arerormaly temporary not habitual nets + Remember te spting rls eg rig sting. getting. | Migao use te preset continuous tor fare sarap: 628 1B, 1B GRAMMAR BANK ‘action and nom action verbs 2 hat ar you loking fo? om 8 Mycoriny 1 What areyoucootng? Ramat, 8 trmaling pnts 2 Gomttlove peta + Verbs wich describe actions ag cook mate Canbe ued inthe prover snp or continous Tinmaking loch sul make onc at the word + Verbs wich deserve stats o fetings NOT ‘ctor 3 be, need eve, re nomacton ‘Serbs They are nt uualy sed he resent ‘Seto, ven fw mann no + Common nn-actionvrbs a ote, be, bles, ‘belong, depend, ore. at han kno, Tow mater mann neo, peor eis recogni, remember sem nip art + Verbs ofthe srs are rermally 80 ronan, 19 fot sme tat, aa sound 'B verbs that can be both ction nd wonton ‘New wrtah on con ed ono acbon Ineonng. haw ond [eat vg une = ston are te Ihave et row. = rr-scton poner Ut yu tang aout = ton ot ers Trhot isms great = nn acon open future forms: present continuous, be going to, will / won't be going to + infinitive Mysitars going to adopt hd ‘eyo gungtebuy snencarora second tard ons? Frm not ging ogo Hone forthe hold Wooo predictors Eran re glo te wn. Thy lpn ey + Wa abe gong to|NOT wil won't) whan we have ead dade ‘hy sster iosogt sod. ‘oo someting NOT + Wie ab uo be going toto make 3 rection about te ato, ‘specaly whenwahavesome evidence og we ca soe ct cud pretant continuous: be + verb + ing Leen nd nmi ar geting marin cab ‘Wr mating ot 1000 tron Sard en Jan's earng on iy ar coming bac et Toned + Wi fan ath eve continous or fr erangemant {hate ivr Ste ference betwen te proven contnvows end be ‘09 too’Tuture pan arangement nate ou can eee Nom pong 1 hows at younare made csion Were going to get marie nest yea th presen coninuauremphaaaes that you have made the berangeners ‘Were geting maried on October 120. we've booked the church + We oer ie the present continuous wth verb retin to Wave nrngemers e.g cone rive, ere ee et eingtomonow and iaung on Turadey. ue wil shall + infistive J Teor ot ejay ery se oremin Feary an bap oyu oe ‘silver recite ent ye Crista yw bon a Ths. (eet 2 Shall ip yu wth you homer alle) 1 Weusemil/ wor NOT the present sin or Insane decons promis ond offer: NOT ene ta bg for you. +e cna use wil wo frprecetion hint Breton in an tak about re facts eg: The chon wil be on iat March 2 Wee shall NOT wi with ond we front {na soggetions hen hey ave gestions2A present perfect and past simple present perfect simple: have / hes + past particle worked, Seen ete) * Restated son but haven span ow ‘Syfacrever nat sel nw yu rion yours? 2 front actone ‘Toolatel Ou wan has jst 2 nth yet and sac or amphi ReuSety een rte Cort we wach athe owt Mybsohe hoor found avon bye Hew sistng. ‘Revove ttded yu brew et" ovr e 1 We use the presen perfect for past exprinces when we do ay teat hen they happened “+ We often use ever and never hen we tak or atk abou past experiences They goofs the ain eb. 12 Weuse the prosnt perfect for recent pst ations when we focus on ‘the presnt ren ‘+ Inha contort wo often uo jst afore the main verb, 53 We lao use he preset perfor with et a alread. 1 Weis shes srteess Boose farts in vt “ Wo use ye with] setencs and goes ath and o the phrase “+ Foriraguar past parties, so lreglar verbs p15. past simple (worked, stopped, wont, had. fe) Thy ge rar ye @20 dn have tne wo do my homework. timed you wake ups arin? + Wee the pat simple for ished pst actions (an we sya or know hon they Pappered. present perfect or past simple? eben to Madrid ce, en [tml won eer therm 9 2002, (20n te specie ccsnon) {ebought new compute (+ donsay ea ‘then nee ec) Tough ot Saturday +1 sy when) + Wo wse the present perfect(NOT the past ‘snp to ta about post experiences ard recent pustecton when we dow specty atime. + Wo se the past singe NOT th present Perfect to ator tak about finshed actions Inthe post, hon the time's mentoned ‘Or understood. We often ve pat tre ‘Spresion e yesterdy ost week, ete 2 B GRAMMAR BANK. present perfect + for/ since, present perfect continuous present perfect +for/ since 1 We ue the prsent perfect continuous wth fo and sine wrth acon verb eg lex work go, ete) totaesboet Ty known each te ot rs 21 Kibmwiichatrtodin hw por andres te row Talvbed tg tthe ar rot + tt perecton verb we use the preset prec simple 1 tow oghoreyouwerhodhe? INOT corinsusl NOT Thee ben ening och tor & Siren Gnseom 1 How bng as your baba had hi metre? + Dot the pretent continuous wih forse, NOT bam oreo “+ We use the present perfect + far since to tak about Semething which tarted in the past andi sil we now. ‘They've knoum eachother for ten years. (= they mat en years ago and they sl kxow eachother today) + We use How lng. + present perfec to ask about a Unfinished period of tine Pom the pas unt now 1+ Weuus for apetiod of tim, 09. for we week, o since + point of time, eg, since 2018. + Dente the present simple with for since. NOT They Inow eachother ors fong ime. present perfoct continuous: have / has been + vorb + ving 1 Howonghoveyoubees ering Engah? 257 Nit ho buon working here ane Ae Thee bowm going out agent or abot hee years ed Have you bon crying? Soong eens. 2 We can alo use the present perfect continuous fr {onunuous er repeated actor which have Been happening ‘ery recently. The actions have usualy ut finished or have ‘iby presen results [De od work Fmd wrk oe chhn uted nether th present pct ‘mpc presen erect contnaous wih the sare Mee Te Bred hore since 210, "¥e been ing here since 2010.3A GRAMMAR BANK choosing between comparatives and superlatives ‘comparing two people, places, things, et. 1 Wycarisa it older than yours Testes larder an heron” 2 Therawsofa tt comfortable ox th lone 1 outa compara adjective + tanto compare two peopl, places, hinge 1+ Regular comparato actives: paling ues od oder Digs bigger, cus) essen moder = mare maser tht ore cu + lagulr compart ajocves good» better Dba worn fa hte rier + Onesslable adjectives ending ne bored-+ moe bored Sess more sessed red more ted 2 We con ato ue oto + acectve + ato make comparison, [D. Objet pronouns ei we) afer tan nd ‘arto arcane on objec ronoun eh a (eehore ae pronoun he, she ee) aun wee ‘Slevtaeranme, ON Shes leo am NOT She Theyre tae busy scum OR Thy nats buy ae NOT Theyronecestny exe the so ete sane toy tat ws prop ls. Forces the same at rine ‘comparing two actions 1 Mylar ives ete tan oon (Urarpoc! played worte today than lst weak 2 Mac doer peat Engl ap walla il. "ont tam toch my bow 1 We use comparative advrba to compare two actions + Regul conparnve aver: paling ls fet fartar ‘sonly= more slowly cot = more crtly Sage arpa tee 2 Wecan seo veo a+ adhe + 9 ml ompaon. xu ‘Ta the wort ve ea ered + Views suparstve aectwes ond adverb to compare peopl, hing er tons wih other group + Vie form sipeitives he comporaes, but we west Instaad of rand the most lastintad ol ore is + Vierormaly use the bere superties, but we ean a0 use potseniveadjectinen 0 my best frend thelr ment as Soro + Vieften ve aspera with the present perfect + ever Irs the bent book Fe ove road [D mater panes se iniNOT of eee places ser asuprisive Irielongst tage te wad MOF a mod les etent beach land NOT ofland GRAMMAR BANK / an, the, no article 1 Wea nc house, Shesalewyer 2 lenw an ald man with dog 4 wnatan aul ay 4 Thee dees thes tes a we + We use 2 an with singular countable nouns: 1 when we say what omethng i or what somebody does. 2 theft te we mention a thing / person 2 inexclamaions wth What 1 4 in expressions of frequency. the 1 Isawan old man witha dog The dog was baring, 3.20, 2 Thebel ang andmy father opened the door The dilden re stachoo. {3 The moon goos rund the Earth 4 imgoing tothe cinema tonight. 5 Ws the eat restaurant in town. + Wa ve the: 1 when we talk about something weve aready mentioned. 2 when its lear hat wer refering to 13 when there's only one of someting. 4 wth placesina town, eg, cinema, theatre ‘5 with superiatves. on 1 Gis ftan lar to ead eater thon boys Loves more mporton then money. 2 She's rot at home ody. i get bck trom work at 5.30. 2 Ineer have reakfrt Tim going to the toate on Tuesday 4 See younent week + Wie dont usa an ati: 1 when we ae speaking in general wth plural and Uneountable pound eg ove omer, Compare: love toners ihe ici wer tet 2 with some nouns, 9, home, ork, school, church, after at Tt! tom, 3 before meals days, and months 4 before most ast dy, week, oe4 A GRAMMAR BANK obligation and prohibition: have to, must, should fave to/ mst + elie oust 1 Yoshmetomich fou phone dung theo QA Yous pat he. ous SE tweeremmeterime etnies 2 ove theLoare! eu have ogo when joven Par oumurtse them erating 1 have to and must re normal set talk about obligation, craomething tht ieienecesary te do. Imore commen fr speci eron one ocasion or perionl ‘hlgtons, Compare: Thave to weore shi and et work (= W's the ren he compar) Ts uy» raw sith oe is 120 oe now ry fen dec.on 2 We can louse have tor mst for strong recommenditins. 3 have 018 anormal ars and tess inal tonses and forms, 29. lio ose gerund or nfnitive ‘musts aod verb. Kony ext inthe present, butt can bo sed with a feture meaning don'thave to + We use dont hve to when theres no eblgation to do {omthing snd mist when someting i probed + dont hve toad mustn't are completly een Compare Yeusdar't have to dive we can get atin = you can dive ‘fyouwont to butit rt recesary/ obligato) Yeusmust chive along ths see. (- W's profited, aganst the na) NOT Yov-drithave tive slong estrct + We can often ue cantor not alowed tnrtaad of must. Youmustn'/ entre not alowed to ptt hos should/ shouldn't + infinitive 1 You shold ake warm clothes wihyouto Dubin, AT Iemighebe eld tughe ‘Youshouldt dik so much coffe ta ood for you 2 Ithiakthe goverment should dorometing abot smerpleron 1 Ye we should to gh advice ran opinion. should ot at ‘rong se mit / havo to + should amd er. The ony forms ae should howls + Wecan use cught to ought not to instend of should / shoul Year ought to tke mam ots with you to Dubin, Yewcught net to dint somuch slew 2 We ue shouldte give an opinion to say we think ‘somthing isthe ight or wrong tng te do. GRAMMAR BANK ability and possibility: can, could, be able to can / could ‘Our daughter oul ply the oln whenshe wa hos ean speak dee anguages ent ery can't come tonight Shai ‘Our daughter could pay he von wen sha waste. Thay couldnt weit because they ween aur. ‘+ conita modal vr ony has a prsent form (ich canbe used with future meaning) and past o enditinal form cout). «+ Forall other tense and forms, we use beable + infinitive. be able to + infinitive he war tes atte vo be able tos ove being abet sn ned ote on Sunday moring oul be abet practise your Ergshin London 2 Fortra om elt sept yor tito ‘My calapues werent able to come to yeterdoys meeting, Ou 1 We ute be able to + infnive for ably and possi, especialy where there isn form ‘of can, 9. present perfect. infinitive, gerund, ure, ate 2 We sometimes ute be ableton the present and past instead of can cou, usualy if we want {obe more formal5 A GRAMMAR BANK past tenses: simple, continuous, perfect pest single: worked topped wot hoe Sree They wren Mes nc QE WendeyurmdontheTK. tw mach S13 Meee Rrcme es SSS fated Earns pcos tered ut at ny ocd tovensteea open tortah trons ven Bod nPo stone tc Pats B-Gorr Wecouset ges bln rer becae eas “+ Wie us the pat simple for rithed actions inthe part (when we ey, ack or know whon they happened) ‘We can aso use it for repeated aonsin the past. {+ Remeber lregular verbs 165. past continuous: was / were + verb + sing 1. What were you dolng a six otock lat righ? oss 2 wer diving long the motornay when Btarted snowing 3 vie was ding he housework, he children wer playing in he god. 4 tena colrght andit wa ining, | was watching Tin the Bing room, 1 Wout tho part continuous to talk about an action in prograr at =| ‘pectic time nthe part. + Remember, we don't use the past continuous with nen aetion verbs NOT Wesioppedete graye becausewe were needing eto 2 We often ute the past continuous to describe a past action in progress which was interrupted by another action (expressed inthe pat simple). The two actions are usually irked by when o os 3 We often ue the pat continuous with whl fortwo actions happening atthe some time, 4 Wo often ute the past continuous to describe what's happening atthe Desinning of story or anecdote 5B + Wo seb past perfect when ne tng ‘South pat nd ewan ta abou on serps acon, Compare tien en rie thy ment out hn srved and thane wet Tihun ininared oy hed gone out waver hn seh ne using narrative tenses together fewasacoldnightand ewasraining: S14 {was watching TV inthe lng room Sudden Ieard’ ocho the dow. get up ond opened the door But there was nao there. The person who tha knoched on the door bad dleappeared + We use the past continuous (nas aning, was watchin) to atthe sane. + Weuse the past simple heard, got up, te) to say whathappened. *+ We use the past perfect had knocked, hod appeared) to soy what happened belore the previous past action. GRAMMAR BANK past and present habits and states 1 usec to teach English when as ling abs. S16 He didn't use todo ary oxecae but now he rns marathons {never used tik football waten i every week now ‘ie ured tobe close rends bute don ak to ach other anymore Thathotel used te have aiming pook but they dosed. [id they set ve nthe cy cont? Did you use to havelong hi? usally moot my onde ot weakens | don't normally go out during the week English houses usualy have garders DDoyou normally walk work? 1 Forpast habits Infntive. + used 0 doesnot exit nthe present tense. NOT fuso6 ‘otwpretiGenngtherreok. 1 used to/ ddr use t+ + We use used to for things that wore tue over a period of tim in the past, ured to oten refers to somathing whichis Tuxedo do otf sport (=| dd lot of sport fora period coftime nthe post but now | dont “We often ue never uted toinstead of cid use to + used to / did't use to can be used with action verbs 9 ‘90 dol nd non-cton ver (a. be, have + We can aso use the past simple to describe past habits {often wth an adver of frequency). We often wont 0 France for ou holidays when Iwas cid. 2 For present habits, we use 2 verb inthe preset simple, ‘often wth an adverb of fraquency 9. usally normaly, Ded tor past simple? Wie cn se used oo the post simple tn with an adver ‘frequency for rpested stone or tater andthe meaning ‘ethos [sed ole Leeds a ci, ve Lae as cid We used 9 0 ne cinema on Satay We ten went > the cinema on Seid Bit we have to we the pest sire = wermenton enc te or nob tines ~ he acton happened only once Wo wont tthe nama on Satur anymore and ay longer Wo oto ase no. any moray longer (+ no now) wth he present mse to contrast wih used. Fused ogo 1 the gy, bt dn a) any move / ny lnger| be used tnd get used to ‘Dorit contuse used / cin we tod at wth be used orgetutedto (dong ath ‘am used to getting uo oa ovry doy (am accustomed totals cot so kis not probe forme) Lola can't get used to ling nthe UK ( She can et secured a problem forhe).6A GRAMMAR BANK passive (all tenses) 1 Alotof fins ae shot on locaton Wien so cr being repaiea? ‘nds bia has bon soln “Th director dled when the fen was sing a You be picked up atthe spart by ane four sta ‘habit murt be pad tomerrow. ove being given amanage 2 Thorsen concer hall wil be opened by the Quoen. Gidatr was directed by Rey Scot Cole Brie a? fe DOBANIO.O qe 31 2 cf 6B >= ; We often tothe passive (be + past participle) when tint ‘id, known, or important who doer on ation. ‘Andy's bike has boon stolen (soma has salen Andy's bike, but we dont know who). In passive sentences, the object ofthe vero becomes the new subject. 2 we want to say who did the action, we use by. + We can often sy thing two ways, inthe active on the pass. Compare Glatt was rected by Rey Scot. (= we want to focus ‘more on the fim ley Scot dvectod Gladiator. (- we wat to focus more on the deecton We form negatives and questions in the same way asin ‘Some fms aren't shot on locaton, Isyour er being repaired todo? We often une the passive to tlk about processes, for ‘xarple, sient procestes, ann forma language, sch serena reports. ‘Then the waters heated t 100 degrees ‘Many bing inthe ly have been damaged by the earthquake, GRAMMAR BANK modals of deduction: might, can’t, must ‘might (when you think something ls possibly tue) Quen Ton phon vtched ff, He might be on the plane now orjstboardng. Cra might ot hat air. not aly he sy can't (when you are sure something i impossible / not true) Nigel can't arn much money nijobs Hell ing 62 wna pron That woman ant Jack's fe. ac’ wie has dk hai ‘must (whon yeu are sure something is tru) The neighbours must be ot, There aren't any igs on Es? Inhouse Yow ster mest have alot of monay fhe dives Porsche + We ofton use might, cart or must to say how sure or certain ‘near about something bared onthe information we have! + inthis conan, the opposte of musts cant. Compare: The neighbours must be out There sent ay ight on inthe house The neighbours can't be out. Althe ight arom the house. NOT She-eightoursmustntbeovt + We can use mayinstad of might and we can use could in ‘sek could (or may be a the party - Fm not sure. Wie don’ use con nstad of might/may. NOT He-canbe renter + Wie often use be + gerund aftr might/ mast! cant They must be hesig party the musics very oud.