A Reference Grammar of Classical Japanese Pros Alexander VA REFERENCE GRAMMAR OF CLASSICAL JAPANESE PROSE ‘fessor Vovin as wt barough, semi, wel esearch an chy cumenedremmar hich snes fe pede covenge ah ‘went of ebolatin es King. Univesity of Bish Colbie No seriou sy of tration apa — iterate is eign, and cal ‘penile witht drow of Casal Jpunne Ts wrk he st ‘Sole decom of he gue of he pen Hs period (98-1185) ‘Rute a Els presen sn nooave marlon sais erage ‘as fiat refoene wage and angst roves vcompehensie Fekoese wok former adansed een of slap ach ng spct nd ton, rm priest wr rms i describe a {ular wih copious amples re of lings jg, the Dok ese not ly ose of he langage, bt sof pees er Turbo, and etre fre ect seers onthe Hist ad Tsay bechground ann wing and phonology, roeeenced pend slasenJpanes er forms dete nds “This rari nue boone i ud ot ely on mse tans ‘Sion ofthe text bu aso ection ones mana, snd pe Sethe langage ne foo hat was actly writen wl be oo for paolgis, proving» compressive referee panna fr scholars {Su sete who peal in pmese eran wo wat oa 1 ed {ex inthe rial sci wil au be of tren openings ch [Sr inepuna eof he few moder mor nguags of te weet a ‘sa writen itor exening ack forme hana head eu Alexander Vovin was inn St Peters, Ras Hs msi seach es the lye, Amu, Koren and ngage, adie pevospoestone Ite Resmsntion of Prt (1993) He cuey Amoi Pest ‘pase at the Uwe Hawa tonA REFERENCE GRAMMAR OF CLASSICAL JAPANESE PROSE Alexander Vovinre pubes 2003 Lr Routedgetaron, an inte of Tayo & Fan, 1 ew Peter ane London Sab HE ‘Smutanousy uaa ne USA ard Caras Dr Routeapatcon 2b ae Sort Naw You WY 0001 eutgeCuzon an mpi te Tar & France Grup 1 200 san Voun {ypoet Tees New Reman by ‘Newgen mag Sten Chania Fr ra Sos Gre Stara Pos, By Eran, Siok ‘tized in any fom oy any secrons, rechareal oe ean, Now nok {hararnveroa Rung prtespyeg ara moorang may craton ‘Sioape cr erors sytem, weto peas wring fone poses “Thu pub makes ro epreertan, reson with oar oe {Eeay a hw moran cones ote boo a cata 9 at ‘Seon ora sy ero or emascrsthat nay borate ‘rte rary Cataogug in Pubeaton Oat ‘esilogo ear rhe book salle Beh rary ray of Congas Gogg nAeeaton te ‘eto er for sbeebs be ose ‘sn 0-00-7161 ‘othe memory of my grandparents, ‘Alexandra and Yakov VovinCONTENTS ‘Acknowiedgements The texte Introduction 1 Hltorial and Merary background 1.3 From Narao Holn 1.2 Lnorar backround 13 Theos 2 Wrlng and phonology 20 wring 24 Whig implements 21.4 Wing mates 21.2 Wing fol nk, nstongs, bushes) 22 Wiig system 2 Phonoiogy 231 Consonants 234.1 Stops 234.2 Freatvos 232 Vowes 233 Accent 2334 Phonat changes 234.1 Labal onion 2342 Veulenion 2349 ition 2.344 Appearance of nasal dusters me! and in! £238 Some mportant mrphonolopcal les Notes or Chaptor 2 23 Lexicon 30 Eymology 31 Olina! Japanese lexicon 221.1 Wor comenen wth Korean and oer ‘Atal languagesvil Content 3.1.2 Wort wihow extemal tymologies 32 Loarworss ‘32:1 Korean loorwords 322 Chase anworss 3.29 Sansirtoanwords Note fe Chapter 4 Nominais a Nouns 441.1 Hones profes fait Pret me 4112 Prt oem 4014.3 Prefs ofon-and an- 4144 Protege 442 Suttes “41.21 Number and pura marirs 41.22 Case markers 41224 Cate maar 9 41222 Case marker no 41223 Cate marr 41224 Case manor wo 41225 Cate marker fo 44226 Cate maar yor 41227 Case marker kara 44228 Cate marker fo 41229 Case markor made 41.22.10 Double case markers 4.123 Froqueriatve 43. Temporal and spl nouns 4:13.41 Temporal nouns 441.32 Spatial nouns 4:14 Acca nouns 42 Pronoun 4421 Morphological peutantes of pronouns 1422 Personal reisve pronoune 4221 weraege 4222 maro 4223 wage mi 4224 m ees 46 a8 SSSRRARRREIaAAPIIR Contents x 4227 onogam 4229. watanuss 42240 nang 42211 omafeigozen 422.12 Distiouten of persoraetloxv pronouns 423 Domonstatvo pronouns 4231 Proximal 4232 Mesa 4238 Distal 423 Distibuten of comenstative proneun inthe tte 424 Inrrogave pronouns “4241 tote who" 4248 da Ran Kapa, kad ow 42:44 (ao, ula ut were 4245 eo'wnch 4248 aahen 442.47 azo nado, nadote why 442.48 rade-and nandeu wha kind hy 42449 Distbuton af eregatve pronouns inthe texts 425 Tre colecve pronouns, 43 Numerals 1431 Cardinal numerals 432 Orcnal numerals 438 Clsaters Noes for Chapters Verbs 150 Verbal ammatia categories 501 Moge 5.02 Aspect 503 Mood 5.05 Progressive 5306 Ravespectne 50,7 Hearsay 508 herstve 02 108 tot 105 106. 108 100 10 126 wr 10 a3 135 138 19 “i 8 157 158 163 163 18 163 164 168 164 168 164x Contents Contents xi 509 Preicaton 108 523123 Atrbuve a final predicate 0 50.10 Honefleaion tet 52.31.24 Atrbutve a a nal predeae wthot 50.11 Poltoness 15 atari! 210 50.2 Orerofalfxesin avebalparadignatctom 165, 52312 Evdentaimaner ue a 5:1 Vorbalcleees 165 523.14 inperatve 0:70 2a 5:14 Trelonal asiicaton of ver cases 485 523315 Negative emave marke-al 28 5.12 Siuctura casafeaton of ver classes 67 523.16 Subjuncive marker ares! za 51121 Consonant vers 189 52317 Deaiderave mane aye pay 5122 Vowel vers 70 523.18 Retospecve marker eo 51123 iogulr vos m 523.19 Suppotiona mare uae! ze 51124 Delecive vers i 5232 Sentence ronal veal aus za 51244 Oeacive ve 9-0 be i 52321 nines Ze 55124611 Infive fom oho deactiv verb 525211 infnve 4 Zs mote in 523.212 into “ku ze 5:24.12 Gernd fom of he doactiv verb 523213 Negeve ive -azuhzy pt mabe 18 52322 Gerunes ze 51.2412 tute frm othe defective ve ‘523.221 Suborhnative gornd feo 2a robe" 1 523222 Negevesubornave gerund adele 247 61242 Delecive vor foo say 11 123229 Coorsnave gon uns 20 512421 Infiave orm of he doecve vb 523224 Condtonl gerund a-20 ze torosay ra 52.3225 Conjcve ound ba 28 151.2422 Gerd om ofthe detective veb 523.226 Conconave gerund (me) 20 rosy 184 52.29 Nominate 21 15.1243 Detecive vo tbe 15 1523231 Nominaizer 261 151.24. infin form ofthe dotetve ver 523232 Nomielaer atu a torte 186 523.233 Noninaizor 2 zr 5125 Quay verbs 17 523234 Nomalaor ge a0 51.26 Detecte quay ver kao be sch? x89 5233 Wortnonnal eutios zm 52 Verbal ates 120 52331 Negative -aar- mn 1521 Proverbs and prefixes i 52332 Tentaive amin 7 5211 Prewen ye ot 52333 Tentative am/am a2 £2.12 Profi um 12 52334 Oplatve-amafostrnefos- 205 52:9 Prot kainha- 19 52335. Negave opt mausimav- zr 52:14 Peta note 194 52336 Deve ube- 27 1522 Voroa cxcumfn ne. 80 195 =e 523 Vora sates 18 52338 Conecel ume a 5231 Seriencotnal vote! utes 196 Erase h sana 0 52311 Fel prdicaten mares 4-3) 196 Herpes cA 5231.2 atroutve manors -uv end 204 rospec 520311 Porecive n/n 5 523121 Atrbutve as a moster 208 ae ee GS 5231.22 atrbutve a a nomaizes frm 206xii Contents Contents i 5239.13 Progressive se 5.249 Resutatveausiaries taken tuk 86 5.2.2.14 Perecive-progessve tar/4ar 38 5.32.44 Resutave aur tome. 88 5233.15 terabve 323 53245 Avdliy gate 329 5.2.16 Passive -rarovare- 23 54 Suppetve Independent honorfe verbs 200 5235.17 Causave-as01-a50- 331 1541 Suppiaive hoodie verbs 360 530 Aussay verbs 337 ‘54.1.1 Suppleve Reno verb notama 360 53:1 Honodic an plteausiarios 338 154.12 Supple hora verb mas at 153.11 Honotie sulin vores 08 ‘54.13 Suppleve nono verb kxosmes: 383 59.1.1.1 Honore alia tama 338 154.14 Suppleve honaile ver cbes- a 51.1.2 Honore euiiary tab- oa 54.15 Supple honoile ver obesines: 206 531.1. Honore airy oasvoase- on 5461.6 Suppltwehonotic ve masugar’/imasogar- 387 531.14 Honotie aval oesevofs- 35, ‘54.1.7 Suppleve nono ver govanze 228 531.15 Honore auetary mas oar 542 Supplstve humble verbs 209 5312 Humble slay vers 30 ‘54.21 Suppleve humeveverd maw “00 5.3.1.2 Homble sus tatomatr 348 5422 Suppleve humbve werd maude- ao 5.31.22 Humble aur tutaumatu 383 54423 Supple humble veto uketamatar- ane 53.41.29 Humble unary zamate- 355 15424 Suppleve humo ver souso- 03 5.34.24 Humble aunary koe 386 54425 Supplotvehumble verb makar- oe 5.31.25 Humble auxiaryAkoyecase: 258 Noes or Chapter 5 os 534.26 Humble auary mawos- 280 521.3 Pott aula ver 383 6 Aaveros 08 '59:13.1 Poste autary faber 2363 61 Adve fo Vary 208 531.32 Pose ausiaryeaburat 266 152 Advor od st, ore “09 532 Ober auliaes 388 63 Advor yauyau ‘vacua 40 53.21 Assertive axmiay n= co 154 Adve ada 'spl. us, ony an 53.22 Cooperative recgroal mui a 70 5 Aavor yaya mores, more and more, some! 53.23 Drecive autanes an ‘ate, racualy a9 53.231 Dvecive autos de and is an 53232 Dvecive autilanes and e+ a 7 Conjunetions au 53289. Orecve aula AO sr 78 Coniacon fon ae 53284 Orecve auianes yo: and > a8 72 Conjunction nagara a5 £3285. Drecive auslaries age and agar S77 73 Conjoeton meonokara a £3296 Directive aula kudae 318 ‘Note for Cater? a8 23237 Diecive aus ote a8 53238 Drechve aus yar 370 8 Parties a0 52239 recive asian wate 320 181 Focus paces a0 £223.10 Drectve aucanos yor and yooe 331 8.14 Tope pare fe a0 5.22811 Drectve auearies hake: an kaka ee 8.1.2 Forse particle mo 23 5324 Resutatve autores aa 1813 Focus parte 20 26 59.244 Resutatve aay fate: eI 8.14 Focus particle nay es 53242 Resutave aus ok- 385, 8.15 Focus particle aso 20iv Contents 182 Interogave parties 1821 Inerroatve arte yo £8.22 Inerogtve parte ks {83 Nogatve imperative parle na 184 Emphatic parices ‘84.1 Emphate price kana 184.2 Assertive parila kas 18.49 Dessrave partte gana 18.4.4 Desideratv parce mogena 845 Excamstor perice yo 1848 Emphate pric s 1847 Emphatc parce simo 84.8 Empnatc partie manowo 185 Rasticve paricles 185.1 Restle priele aan! 8.52 Restrictive parc sao 1853 Resticve pile nam 8.5.4 Restrictive particle Catan Nate for Chapters ‘opends 1 ‘Aopen 2 ‘ioraony General index Index of atte and selected stom ana forms Index of tinguist ts ILLUSTRATIONS CHARTS. 1 Chart vowels TABLES 1 Hragana signs 2 Chart of consonants Ghar ot case markers 4 Persona etexive pronouns § Ditton o pereanlrexivepronounsin the texts 6 Dermerairatve proncuns 7. Dastibuen of damonseatve pronouns in tho txts {8 Distibuton of nteropatve pronouns inte texts Numeral of Japanese end Chinese gn 10. Regular conjgatons 11 egulrcongatons 12 Coneonan vere 13. Stong vowel vers 14 Weak vowel verbe 15. roglarvors 16. Fl preeaton forms wih preceding erate “am 17 Fina preseation ors wih preceang trate “arr 6 2 & 3 i & = a =ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘This took ha bee lang in the making. My ir version, asd exe 00 the ate Hoan exw wren p Raion he ne HDs Dt Jt my ie Initio wt Un te 190 twa never pained. Ton her more gen pote forced me option he ack ure an was eo gt ack {oh only n 1956, Dug th long incre my views 00 Clase Jopaose ‘amar changed cose nan, Lv ao exes we ery Fenn tx ad a a eal the sont tok hs very ie common wi one iy eect earch was enero spot by gu rm the Unie of | Hava pun Feo (ough the Cn for penne Sta). Wahu sb old pve ve been ample ‘Varospart of thi bok or ome Het foun i were dicssd with s munbor of coleges Iam mat piel to Be Fellshig and Ros King ‘so pied vale thc wiih llowed me mpove varus pens of Tie eunacrp, 1am ako sey pute io Samuel E Mara, wih whom 1 die lsd see en pened nth bok and won edu was exe Trips ere noses and commen. 1a orate Lon Sein fend a calgon he Deparment of East Asin Languge and Ltrs he Unversity of Hawa in Maas ts hom vrs prs fis Boo wee “hod, and whovefedbck ad help T rosy apres. Neds {osty- Talon am spon foray mistake or shoeing nts book Shula tak th stds a ho cle up the Univers of Hawai at aoe in he sing of 198 James Basi, dn Bene, Bane Elon, Willan Nes and Ker Ruse! Mary grmmatial explanations in ths booker eso thn uring ur reading nd rls of Chase Tana pei to he sf at RogeCuro: Race Sande. he East [As eon, who was very ptt and ep a nsvering my aeous Gucsons ard howe suggeion hed to inproe the bok casi Sov Eminton, who ovr he prodaton ofthe boo, snd Rosin Howe, rho the Bow Engl nguage itor | have ever worked with and who [nedme on mae tha ore eon Tint bt ot ee my grade goes to members fy fay my mothe, ‘tn nw, Sm wh pe me may ys ABBREVIATIONS nec ALL ASSER. atre caus om com cone con? coor cor DEB BV HN GEN. GER hs iM ‘ee fae ‘react Cate Conta compra Conpntv ged Conenive penn ‘cnc ged Coytion Conecua! one Scena pennd Comte Dakine resin El Final cal on Gea orete Hears Ingetnevel Abbreviations NOP Moar THE TEXTS hep Mai Nec Neg Bw Nore Nom Namie soma syo men NOM mma Rd Ramanan Aven mong oe IN hemonpart Pas Plc Re Raps rene hehe Sa Taecr moog fer Pont” TEM Faun hago mnogtr ro fee Foss mee fer ete FES Peewtene fev Ree FOG Popenie m pasa Rec Repos REP Repringgend) Re Ropoce Rest Rep RETR Revpeine Sus, Sarde nod Sumy Sajente sur St Sup Sipps Tx Totuve Tee Tomnathe Tor Tope YM Verbal nouniarkerINTRODUCTION ‘hi bok pees a ae at reece rmmar of he langage of ssl panes pros fhe en a elves ems Igy ao bese ‘ea reerene grammar tbe sty of Cassia apes oe es, However ‘ost lngige of poury eampiesnemeoar acts typ f the Od Sigmneselnewge (ehh Coty), ed tot Tund inte lanpg® of prose, 1"fveealaed poste fot in oer fo Beep the dition me syachonc ‘spo ‘fe iadicton Wty ons the itor of rach Hein peril ages, well a nem min aon fo wigs banka exp ite tas Caper {ier he hire rd henry Askren of the ety well as Sern of etx emis, Chapter 2 sees ‘ering sem and phology ofthe language of Chase prs. Chaps 3 (lw the leon, Caper els with sri nors prem aerate: Chae the longest he took, dees the veal ste of ‘esl pes pe, Chapr 6 asm, Cpr 7 concn td (Chg prcs. "Te lane ngage of he Heian pro (94-1192 CE) gel com sired hve bon gute wl Iovetigaed Mtny mason ern ave teen puloed by pes scolar te main sar ing Yr (1952, figs 1915), Takeda (1954), Tuk (196), va (197 es (1975, Suzi (1979), and Takia (1987), oto mention bunds a= tls geie arta poten tcp ed books moogrnhs fd lee counts. Tee ae also «numberof grammars by Waste sla ‘ton (187), Seidl {1956 Lokmanm and ous (1981), Lewin (1959), ‘Nace (17a), Syemtnkov (9K), The st of prety pessoal eam ins or ears ht have bees pase in Wester angus ane see Impenive” Carder (198), Moms (96, hed (1978), Koma (197), ‘Callou 948) Koma nd Reick (199), ‘And yt tte coy the rom fr is ook, at it Aad Be stan sh fe ive lpanese and Wee dione have hen ad ‘Xabnesey but we sil ack v gamma of Case apaere hich oe {im bat te sbrcmings fhe aoa! apanee proach the ps afte Western tadon, bt ree the poive ape of Both tone. ‘hatee ta om the ihc cenay apne Inguitshave conrad nscale inesigsbn ft mater gue ad ts sr, bt Oe Syllabi ie he epnee wing tm nary preset fer oe2 Introduction Introduction 3 caring ot rope orphan rls, espcally when they hd deco the tno era ajegtion inling vo snes of Rion a eran Forcxanpe in dscrbig tas f vers ees ings ied in he Wese| aon were ude he pel of the Japs Hngusti don nt Berard Bloch fal di way wth # (Ble 1946, 19888) Only cen ave some Inpancs acl those ore to realize he nappropritenss of "ar, ‘hy til eo a minty (tif 1987) However he comer sane of the mst Jpase on te fot aby Inge are ‘mere the pata! cep of the Ingaze epi names ‘eral steric tut ae gute isin t veral catego in Euopenn| [agges Th beac wher the mao pital ofthe Wester ration es tinny Epees sai Ameian grammar, ough performing cect ot hemic arly, fon asi wo Clas apne exten from Lan {omar which never hd: pests fe and ven psp ese {Ene in number of Serco nd pagal grammars The peer gnarl tooo tee srcoming by eee eset the pon may on he ve aon, ile epg He mrp tombe Wester ean “Tone who ar king forthe aptesion of excing Rew theory in hs ta wl be dapoite My poston singin at eo ‘er come a go, bu descriptions rein Ths dsp granu aied ‘0 ny st ngs Bt aoa isto andTeratre specialise remem Jaan has sting oo ith ey thet rework tet than the of Serie stor igus, eveng the ese modem Tings semiolgy tht oem mks Inpusis acpretene wor spect ie ares. “overlies om prvetaon ofthe language materi the tok ae in rd Mos catos oh exe ake om rel don inthe "Series of pane Cn Licrte’ (RE RSPAT Nin Koln Bares “it heer NKBT: Tater! monogua(Saaku 1987 he movogar {Ghsrand Tekisima 1957, oman chnopn monpsta (Mata 1961), Taurumchonagon monoatr(Teamao 1957) The cans en Sorina rise taken fom the eon by Nishi (1978). Im mot cues ave flowed tes eral eden when proemtng extal exanpis, ble some ‘aeons | eit fom hem, ing on ac mane f he et Several fim eos of the marsenpls have been consuls Kags {isnt 186 fr Teter moog: Kaa (198 1998 and Kobayashi (996) ie mor e972) Hamam nor moma, Ina (1995) for Sarakng a ‘All examples fom the lets povided with deed ea ference. [Referees to Teor monoatr are ies inthe spe TM 4.1, ht iSNKBT sion, pl, line. Sice ie manag is divided io capers (dan, Thave a he ster IM VIR72, hat roe Vp. 7 ine 2 Reece To Hamano chinagon monogatr sly low the same tse a or ee monogaar b sie hs teat sid srs mal) ot haps, the Ltn numer indents the eal rarer (M1172 "apse resent lows: fi, panes srs Seon manze thins mopbeme-expeme Ia arto: nly» tans, Inte lity anions, sure ack reel one worse rt resent pues oil b eseal for an rg version. Pare {ison teeth sewed once word rv the Ipc eipel et apr n Engh ort provide epanton Whee «Mt i) en on eed is ally gven pense ae he ary aston, Tn etabons have peeve the eral tem of speling whch predate she Fajare-no Tela speling farm ofthe hineeth ery te mr goal of which ae fo etablih etmolopealy cane hier! spelling (ESE AML retin Lanaata Most moder elton f texts eer Hovde eral cores vara preteens NK etn, rn coe the ext, rersing them completly in he bir pling. The ‘ty ht he et sommes ae dflrent spelngs fr he ae we, a EE frtso! and SSE lta! ma preter to presets a Eatin spite of he fc hat ny the fin fom emacs 10 Tomine te accordingly ae nto an fle To sme collages such "ipton ay com elec oncom, bt th ca writings a incor. Eymologeally comet speling i of prima interes 1 histo agus, bth an esl obtain his formation fom ees. A pean ‘tbo whet rend the ext hey ae an expel sn mse nese ‘eens to engi falar wore ad fom in he vari pling Th, Ye epmoogcaly sneer apelin stlo ec a Iean toy times moe ‘uty an hry ot emer need Ca srk toca fora otto et msapeling Forth sane nason Ihave dele ll pontine sgn ch ax comms (em and pra mara idly sed inborn, bl abet ne rig ext The only excep cnc where the eno serene apes Se male of am example and wold be iu for begioe to rele ‘tthe en of he setnce for varius reson Ihave ud he mason1 HISTORICAL AND LITERARY BACKGROUND 1.4 FROM NARA TO HEIAN In ce 7 he parse capita was moved fom Nar to Naga athe Tht as moves spin Fam Napska wo Hen ye “The Capa of Pace and “rani, pany Kyoto, te way feo than Bowser dea un 168 when he young Emperr Mi move Bo, presen Yotg, The remot fete nove in and 794 ems otc bt he mos iy emo eta fae an aterp mt he ever growing nee he ‘socal ald Budi ses whch ala het nates in Nee "Waster te mv for he moves may have been hey ha emendoes impyct on contenant aparee ssl ane Fi the move rr ry ‘etl bop an the ey hth amar. ith scales coups ‘Ten rebelony and eaeuon of members fhe obit and recy Fee Four lng cei ap pnsbmens na ot ed even fo he most SS ‘Sine agit view vl epic by exo ditto even ‘orsedstn lands. Secnd, 00 ew Bedi sects emeged, Tea and “Sinen he omer of wich was deo bein he ure fl een oda set ona naan. Thi he Cos alae on oes Incas suey rng he erly prt ofthe Han period Thi was Ininly waive covuts wh the mang, mes ough emesis and Sapuese monks who met Chi to sty, toe sending many ee ere “he Chee ule bea prominent dg therm cnary at hi peed {Caled Koa a Theda prio of maton ste Yer seme this vi sniccon soe of he mnt presi apa poet al aps Tredin the th sey (Arar. Narr, Ono-n0 Kama) Were bar Ine sco af tary (Reo Toray). Tas, te nao eta ‘Romcnce ofthe cry teh century ha warden To coin fr alos ‘hee dred year ha fs ot he ith cet By then fh ih coma the el powermt state ely spe fom the hands of he perl fy the apn fal, who inode 2 Mew ical seem of fpeny —chnclnip ta efecvly helped then to Enc the enporore nomial puppets The een of ths system mash he Four ured th Gtr ocr, wh he re Bat every bse (quel Erp ha stone es wth the Fajr farly on Ws ote’ side ‘Wien on Emperor ou trey ys of he wa red abet Historical and Literary Background 5 ‘sr ands mata gtnther would become vegeta de ato ae {When tbe Emperor reached per, and ha a lean hey, ot le ‘iow tegen is pander woul changes ie repent cha lr preseving power in his own hands. Arson ar a9 Engr raced ge when he mht yw evade hs panier’ ence, he mas Fred sce nd te yee was pete. “The able le ofthe Furs ilo go challenged by emperors nd represnives of ober aioe fii, sucha he fatour pot ad ‘Steman Supsvar-no Michiane, bl nore of hes tps were uefa fm the end he eleventh etary when the retied emperos mana | ‘ize per rm the Fujiwara and ecabich another ering sytem Of le Sshetby pote por belonged tf the aa euing Emp Bat th ne who fad abou. This system of “losered Sovereigns ted less ha 1 Senay and was lly place by the itary sama ores wh ended he ‘oie Hela eid Hein soi) wa set cloned ptm in which peopl’ carer were ltemind by Bk bith ahd sca yumi wee virally ponent ‘her wos memBow ote mile nobly, among whom th maj of ‘he Hen prod wer nd pets wee numbered cold not noma vane Dipker thn the ith in etesponal ese, hr ek of he cou) Merters of the ides nif fen Sed as pov goverors o (her pena and we anda the oes ofthe varios ‘eels a apn use te apt 112 LITERARY BACKGROUND ‘The writen ours of the Hen perio compo empty a ply | puns ean be vied into ve major rou! commentns oo Bushs nd CCnfoan ln, eon and ery work. The i rp af es tae omens i onidely inured by Chinese, ahd asl wes imberiome sytem of wring that ny appa repens the nee ‘Ths prop of tex of pinay srs fo splits in gonad 10 ein ene, nis. Tere ate ever hrogh stasis ofthese ex one Sieh Tanisha (1969) of the genes tert to igus. The second {oup dtonrs, though conning valuable lesa and phone moral ‘Sts teneto nting sb! the morpclgy se set fe nage, 11th ied wou. the Heary work. hat haste ast iia both ay ees uh pty CIR waa) a prose HI abu). "he ajoy of poms writen in ths ped ar in RE sos (or sa) ‘com ahogh carer anol ao feu forms more pc of Od apa pce. AE mag lng Song) and SERN sed (ower an) The ne6 Historical and Literary Background Hein atlgy Ain Mh ao inlaes samples of $48 mayo (odes ‘hl sons that Desa fina nthe art of he Hein pro. “he pone wake inal divided nore ees HEB monogaari (ke) El rs) nd RB utes) Oly one en. Matare tm toh (Toe Pillow Hk) ae survived, ts there me many more exit ‘Gre nds, Among tee tee pers, the language of theless 0 fe he cw the vac of the ine, oii fever seas an ‘hese nT topeter with he ft a tas pret he nguge of te ls upon which he write angunge othe flowing prods as sd, ‘Secmine i choie lsh ae or ook. “Te incase populaniy of Chie clue and angge le tan teresting phenomenon, Whe poy Japanese conned 9 Be cmpsed by bth men {nd waren alte roto he prose wee were wien y eae wie ‘ten peed owe pen Chine, hich ing the Hen period bea ‘helical langue ofthese epic apa even mera di “While ne Know nh lave precson he nth of nl oe ext wl 8 a tac et ins tok, Hamas china morgue, whiten 9 woman (Getelow) pom sume that atleast ea prs othe vo ex ‘trenton by omens wel as they ave ect eae’ ngage exes 13 THE TEXTS “This sty bed on te mastepies ft Heian prio (CE 794-1192) Telco! monogtr (enna ting lt nth teh cay) rogaine eh en nd Hamam chinazon Mongar (Te le of Hamat a be Chanogon. approxi 108) Tso eccasonaly cite examples fom Sorina mii (The Sarita day procnatly 1089-40), a hrs capers of aut chinngon mongaar (Seven ie cetuy) ta ans be ded to the eleventh Een. iy che of te sures was pvered By sever pipes Fst, sine ‘ent monopar represents toh a inporant waterbed i the aay of Spans Irate ad etre, T waned to ne represent tent tht Sth rr td pete Second, i ot watt ee Gea monopeta a the [ise tea for my rst, as pobbly Betr staid ngs than thers and nth epet Hamano chinagon manda! ed mare rome ‘nga very fw ngs work Tie, mates of esa pe ‘rene ao payed “he rub of se Hest open 0 dee, Trades, Hamamat hingon monograph of Savaren Takase 4 fie wom srr of ie send a oft elevent ey, a x abo evel to te the sur ofthe fnowe dary Sarai’ nts and to tet Doves ‘Stgsrme moni a Yow mo name. The orp of Tak mono Tar rosin at ts ble we rant to panes) ‘tt was ep writen in Chee. The shontp of e momoparome Historical and Literary Background 7 ars of Somtines aed 10 Aviano Nai,» fous pet 0 be th cement Sx iets oe IRA aan THs widely Bleed hat Taco! manag th cares pros tex writen ‘ately in apanese. Trt dates ng tea it ory ety eh entry. ne mongole normally cmisred tobe ehorlopaly nest ine, wih origi in he ert tenth cntay. However, 1 wil demons ought this book, Emgutaly Use monoatr pars be some ‘ier han Tatton! monogatr ices coins a tune of ses ta preset in any eter prove text of the Hen pro. IR tht i monatr ‘es writen sometime the later pa fhe mith enuy Tis maybe oe ‘idence in fava of Anwar Nahi’ torah, thngh he ext ity cota somes ae aon "The ding of Homumatn chongon monpatr thes probe. i tore thn rier ears eter side of hs Maso 1964: 1338).2 WRITING AND PHONOLOGY 20 WRITING. “Tee heating wring is ndesond het nse wing trials (he mate Talson whch one we), wing ts an he wring ye (Bu, ee Ufone sip, The tt conte the cteguy of wring plement. ‘Te rsun for tach toad uci of wring abo te mtr {hth bth infec the wring stem” cae wih soe ithe ny rity ater nil Yo deve ny carve si of wen. On the ‘Shes pe or a eves wil fiat eka develope 2.4 WRITING IMPLEMENTS 2.1. Weting materials “The intl ws or wing etn Hein Jpn ws pape. Ceri re {Bn andl ergo sre writen stan nbd wo ba thy ae mers a do cvs egy testy a teint the from study, Drm the Taran fenalo he seventh dy of te seven Tinr month ve poy we writen om mule leaves or pawn lees, his nge was mt exenve "Te main pe of apr were we in Heian aan: Pape mh kf eet we Emap): A. PEA thngony RAL C+ EO°C oY maha Derk of wood ‘fo he spine te RA marek, 44 hoya, ed men stow wid wl nme Kishen ri, gui, bos, ee: Howeve, {ny te bk komoum ws d r rantring pp Paper ma ah Sindee ak wood fr ingen a por el for Fa ‘Sar banc hing cero wig sr Bain ext Tis pope (of ese thoes ac ws un tee she (67 Sem) Instn (9940) nd sal (14S) rir een we uch ssid wh ga ores poe. Fidmp ove AL creams war ein pa rn he Bain of ‘rien hon: bt age mas aly abandoned By Be ihe ss Tine tds ih a ns prone beng exe ys Paper nd ren he bark fb per bry ee HD kaj mas sed ny range pn Hs unity and pes vad depending oe Writing and Phonology 9 ace sd manuf. The ihe ganty mabey ape was md acu [nds of ur exe were wien on pape. Te bark a bry Woe ‘ro i soked ns bare! of water, then upper Hack” Iyer ae sap ‘and he ene as hep wae and dit he un fo ae four eye Tis whe” taka gound op med while ingredient iclaig he fom while pstnous reapdhe ein are stare on pci! ties a then i Oe sa 0 tees f hse lates nn he per eld po the ih Corea 197537 5) Lanes of eer were cheno volumes the flowing way, ingle aves Of ppt ct Before ow cen se were ode eto ahd th stacked opto Then to eaves of colored and very hk paper eee on ton tet eo he ile he baeswere punched ts snc Sn from te edge A nang thea of the same color athe cove ple rough these oles wir esl the ed of he ead were topes, "There texts nee writen on oly ane eof lea as possible ke the stig sp ld he lees nthe opposite don the paper sri new tet A tees of oles ihe nti wy wae plac inc outdo hich ws bul Doe or mend pits placed npc noses “Cmenay fr text was wien lack ka the ae By of tex Wine pled erat he top of page ie upper marie wa de Considerably wider fan the Boor one fo tht pups) ore he et tethepht of the ward ote exined,betnen th eso mei ne the worn eters fan size into coun, hich oer eal the wi of ane nom! ine. Cartons nd ighghing of erin ple, ‘ells games nd pone mares, were aul writen in iar Se the paper wat very tim errs were mein ets ut sot ‘See ala mow tip of paper over mistakes wl made carton on “Te ination in manunrp was plc on ln he eves. The papa tia cold bs cocatve rough, vt by hy vibe (eka ‘ould be marked by two number or two or tee ighbourng eves by the Sse sure) ce smpy sae The ie of manus war wien mp of white paper and pase inte upper Ft potion of he op cove. Th was repeated atthe bepning of + maa before the et av wale bfore ‘very new section The ie wes la writen on the ep Par cachet foil Thx er wer not neces the same: fst on e's fold wa ‘ogee The numb of nes ona ye as wel ashe number of writen Sis 2.1.2 Writing toos (nk, ink stones, bushes) ‘Themsin txt of manent (with he etepion of ital tex nga eis ce) ws writen ack nk fm pho et or op tm I a410 Writing and Phonology “apn wide am vn, which wa ie in ue sou, oie wih an ‘Win of womat sine. clans’ with spoil dyes an ded. Before rig ape ink weep off and round on the spc Mt sre of | Intstoe The powae war ised by wer in depression om he ak stoe Caled the “keene pol RIE len) ete nko Se” (ROD sur ‘smi The kes (cur) was carved rm tone a defo hy od (Sed in ihe oer of bit sei fo ourepee als aid HL ‘ewilo or 47299 stro wor ase or weing They were covered ‘ith Inge (ith pcre of wer, plas, ruts) ad fumished wih ‘hele frikik sons, a bres, “Te brs sem mas made of he bab or wood, aug sme ihe ‘ln sems wee ade fom came. Ahead composed of ei Bi 35 ‘ached the sm Types. te hep hi ws we, soup sometines ‘ene! bnrwar ued well 2.2 WRITING SYSTEM ‘he Clas pune wing system ein pose tens compris mature oie lone tpn wd phony and characters used logogranhisly ‘he frme boner ear, ca ace apo 438% othe terion sven og, Linds of writen is re se in here om (Goi “ae mtn tough sorcies characters ae oggrpbical ted {o appear soisunve for (gto ine ting) The onan of aie Seine oo uk ochre wd phones, and href the ‘aly Ine unto! etfeene between stem af ring wed Hei roe ets an ta edn Ot Japenese et, wich were writen excuse Tinos excel with phonogrims. Asin Ol apne wig (napa) {payphone principle lgety is fect one md these ye maybe fended yl sigs (eh cera sles ed Yo be writen with the er to sips) wand teste gn may ao heed ars portico Inport spn. aio. the Jpnee reading cresponding logo ‘Sage shrctermay be ed phonetic “Toe emer vars n both he vil shape of ign an he rceence fr cera ie dening one andthe sue Slate depending on ‘he banwrting an pena peeences of se “Take Taste Sle tans ht ew fn ede eons, wh ee tntlieriton. The al sah forms of he os een sigs the Han prove text song with the pit dash form em which hese Sens td re presenta Append 2 2. PHONOLOGY vi posible o elite flloning phenolic system on the basi ofthe hove wing em a dareRa Acer Rama @ ® o ® : 5 & > 3 z & wee Be RS Fae Fo.8012 Writing and Phonology Table? Chan of eonsnans Vokes oe a fe owed anes w 23.1 Consonants “he language of Caspase ross a theese so in Table 2. “Foe mune of coment phonanes fas nt doble compared o Od ape, dete Bat nut of Chines lower no the lnpge which ‘he invodne the cout fetwetn plied ad or gulaized phones "Tecoma ens exhale Chinese abet th Inge i ‘Eine only nthe potion before he back vowel fo and There iS moc before re wows a ad consonants before thes owes ‘nil sbseqcny be teed av aera! phonemes, aout of ‘he potty were ponte pallid “Retin fhe somone fs. 23.11 Stops ‘bibl vie son, panty pony a prenie ) epecally in ted ese eset ial and med potion ete all vowel {il pson Hs sed moti Cin unwed eg Psat Bodi- Sova Bnd “ype of hase’ nate, Bow “c's De oly tative ‘ord wih nl 6 ecring nthe ten ace seed ps Toninnmtiv mode ob cl ramet mst ve alle Thal vied pantie op, ool possibly «prema! W, ‘eyeily medal poston. ese nial poston before ie ove fr ated exchaelym Chis amvor The atid i eed Ty combination of ragone sien UB ps Nragana ig VA: We BIVA [Wot The tantra convoton fr armel a forthe ther paltalized {enna whe thy os Str owe a or) the eter combination {tp Exner se: ou sre ‘Byki Glace nae. "tl wicks pecs mala nel poston ete a sow Examples wert ime oto lan lod iting and Phonology 13 to “fo. In Chinese anwar ws a pone aan iptv stop fina peniion, shou ranted a to = enering sl apo spelings and, xa: var gona game Tt dena voi pulataied sop. Kec nin and ei postons {efire vel andere ya combo frag gn pl Uagane sens YA and YO. 4 TIVA (Ea, a TIVO [to] and by {contain of agon sign Tl ls Argun sign 3 U% 3 THU). Te ‘ruler onventon fer) well fore oer planet conan ‘teeter crioson TY bere vowel sn] rT bef vowel) Exam pie: tanapn mii council’ aceon "a dena vied sop hones poly 3 penal [espa n ned poston oui nl and ea pet fr ome In al Pion is ates rcv Chie leuwerdh ef aa ele Sra ‘al ri eg Earp te ate mrs Soden ade 'witou pin ake oop [] "i dena ve aan sp phoney psy 4 premalied (, special medal Poston I eae n Chins leaned The al {aed /6 tere vowels i a! dete bya combination of Kaan sigh 1B DI pls hrouns sens ® YA and F YO: 5 DIVA [es], BF DIO {go} ad by combion of hragona sign % DI lus Mragone sign 3 ‘$5 DU fou) Toe easier ceoenton for (ax wall fr the ter salle consonants the eter combate DY tlre vowels a df DI before vowel fu Examples: dapat aed amoun’, dopa “msc nye y worse dpa ofa bv TW lar woceln tp acer nial and mein posto befor all owes Examples: holo ee ar "oes ef "oy Ae In Chase Jnemwon war aa pote a a pls tp in Fal pion ough ‘rales aso, rndeng te acl Mason spelings < and ok yal] gos Ta vel yosets plate tp occurs in iil and mail positons tefore vowel af nd and only Chinese lamer, The paatalied |B blr ome gp sete by combina ragane im & KL hs Nragane signs VA and & YO: 2° KIVA (i, 8 KIVO (eo) and ya combintion of Rrapana sien © KI pls vegans nn 3 Us #9 KIU (K). The arson conven fo 5 wel sf the te plata cana ee Ite conbiston KY before vowel a) and] and KD efor vow! a: Examples: agus’ tine’ etn "i (eu fw! bossa voles pH oss aly Chee lemons Before oes ad le! hres ne expe th scree tlre!) The Jahovelr before eel denoted the combination of aan pt ‘CRU and $2 WA, td bore vowel! by the comnation of hirpon spe KU and & WE: Examples: Awan “fic fw “ype of fone pou lipemic venta flv: f Bala14 Writing and Phonology (nvr voied sop, ptonesally possibly» pense spec in ‘we potion cna ala mesa potons ttre all Owes Inn Frate fatal cachshely in Chines Tonwords eat “Clown Prince's ut tol tail’ geo lower cn Buahit er), Exim vet inoue wot dg bow fp ble Aa sal "ig velar voted plate stp, pone possibly » presse special neal posto, oar nl Chinese louwors foe vowels (Wana pled Sete vowels a Sense y coin ‘not hragae sgn # i pls hragone vine © YA and & YO" 8° GIVA igay #4 G1V0 [gol The rantitenton coment fo [5 well a forthe ‘her pulled stoma the eter sombiatoa GY. Example: gait Sten uss gt cm fpr putt boar refs polar joe pvilon "gabon voce top phoney pou «penalize ee cial in mel poston rena enly ty Chines Torment ire owe. ‘The iorel pe eee vowel denoted by he cmbaton 9 Mragona Siew € Gand WA Example: vatigwat non van eae Fabian soos inal sd medal psn bef al vowel, samples mt eam" of mas In Cine Tomo sas pom i fil prion wheres elt the apone Sow © MUnd AN Examples ome] uo om [oun “babi ps palatal tp cere a nd medial pions in Chine ond eae ve! Apa foe vowel a dented tr combaton organ ig 2M ps Kggane ig VA, ample: motel num mw of courer he ith nko bight mea sl stop resis ial a rl ponens before al owes samples naan uma evang' neeatane met Chinese oa ‘rots alo pes eal pion whee rene byte hago {lan N- Examples wn request Awan sear har "i bl nl pale pI osu al and ntl pions Chinese lonmwon fefre vel fol. A plasiaed I before vows a owt ty te combina igo sip f= NI pas rapa tan YO. ‘amples yb fel tan, wore! "Taaea Tela sop. occur el i Chtese Faron ia wana syle tn pion I etd he hapa vowel tes 3 Uand Uh, ‘hs ersing tat ambipty is es sne te pe od and yn ‘Ginse loanerds te so writen by th same hrapora ses 3 U and ‘Ge w= Nie Cipse few ‘hip Examples: you ve] "ew sip’ pcre’ gma (ape) "gong (os member feria ai 2342 Fricaives (bail voce ene, ocala vowel ino atv eaten {nd Chins bard, bt ely ital poron a etymological media writing and Phonology 15, counterpart al aedy shifted © fw Gee 234.1 below). Eames: fs "wie Fi’ fap’ fst oa ‘has ps Te abl sacle pala ate occurs nly efor vowel inl poston md ony In Chinese Toamwords. A plized before vowel ti dented By the combination of hrepuna sgn DF ps Aragon ses {© YA. Examples flu “hundred nb “mnisry of mary ata wi bil YocedFeaive. Hock ia Beth inital and mel positions io ative pace and Booed Chinese vost ne eer xs Tatton Imonoatrt ad ine monogatar) ws pose bef vowels i Ve nd [at hoever ihe ner texts Hamamatsu chonagan monary i ey te peered ely before and a Soe 234 Blow). Bamps: soma in ware onto we pit’ Wt we adel sins in wave Japanese and borowed Cie vesbary. Examples: pula “eter igre “dling at, aye mar, soa "fering satura ehery bas! 1S voles dena plained hshing ative ecu enly in Chinese loanword oth iil and mal postions befie vowel 0 Tae lit bere vowels a and eae by th conan a rane fen USI las hragana signs ‘8 YA snd & YO: L'PSIVA ra). LE SNO. {se} However etre vowel palatal an be wee sh WO WHYS Une he ter plaid eomoman can be ented ot nly bya cob ‘ton of kragane sign U SI ps hiraana vgn 3 U: L3 SIU(su) bat ao ‘ya combintn of raganasgn UI pr Mrazone in PB YU: CIB S¥U {Fs The weaiteraion convention fr he eter combation SY before ‘vowel [ad fo and Sho SY before vowel fo. Examples: sa ie saw ‘rh’ Supa “Cefn sco sia "ntl poe gen congraal ‘on, elhwishin’ wgyaus “Budi sete her sya mast 90 "oa ous elgenmen| fet ce eal Pet ising Kine! hls poly pee salsed [epost ail postion It coxa Slr all wel ba Chinese loads snd rte Japanese vocabulary. but in te Ie rested the mail poston, whe nh farmer an acar nbth i “nd medi posto, Emp ware ded rac "pobaby does ot ko ‘acai ot poe winds “a ea sat “prea os "sea ofan honoured pene fit’ 2eda evs enero "2 ved deal plaid using fete H ecu nln Chines falas 2 ere vowel fl ad dence by the combination of ‘apo sign 21 pas Rogan ign‘ YA, Oy and YU. U'® ZIVA [eas E& Z1¥0 (20), LX ZIVU (2), Nae ta uk he maoiy of ther Paltalizod consonants there tno eens im neton for plained