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    52 STRUCTURAL DESIGN Beam Formulas Bending moment, vertical shear, and deflection of beams of uniform cross section under various conditions of loading. Nomenclature = modulus of elasticity, Ibvin2 (Nim? = Pa) area moment of inertia, in (m*) = location of load, fraction of length f Tength of beam, in. (m) ‘maximum bending moment, Ib-in. (N-m) bending moment at any section, Ib-in. (N-m) concentrated loads, 1b (N) reactions, Ib (N) ‘maximum vertical shear, tb (N) vertical shear at any section, Ib (N) uniformly distributed load per unit length, Ib/in. (N/m) total oad on beam, Ib (N) distance from support to any section, in. (m) ‘maximum deflection, in. (m) WH SE SSRUEETTT ‘Simple Beam—Uniformly Distributed Load R=R=> el ¥, w! + v u : wt Shear] - iam he a Moment diagram ‘The beam formulas appearing on pages 5-25-10 are from Handbook of Engineering Fun damentals, 3ed Edition, pages $18-520, by O. W. Eshbach and M, Souders. Copyright © 1976, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York. Reprinted by permission of John R. Eshbach ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN 53 Beam Formulas, continued ‘Simple Beam—Concentrated Load at Any Point Pu-k e ~k Pk Ry (when x < KI) Seok (when x > kl) = My = Px(l—k) (when x < kd) ‘shear P(x) (when x > kl) ‘diagram i PAIL —k) (at point of load) Pe 3E7 Moment diagram 2 1,\8 a-o(3e-He)) tent 05 P24(5)) tet <0 R=m=2 2 a weve ps 1 . mea (aims!) zy -§ pun) 1 cor Ta M, Coe deo Set = (vss) 2 ' et Pi 1 wast unt (wren 5) Moment iagram So = ggey (at comter of span) Ba ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Beam Formulas, continued ‘Simple Beam—Two Equal Concentrated Loads at Equal Distances from Supports for AC for CD for DB for AC for CD for DB yer" - 4) (at center of span) Pe 1-40) cer (at points C und D) Moment diagram ‘Simple Beam—Load Increasing Linearly from Supports to Center of Span b a i u Moment diagram we SET (at center of span) ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN 55 Beam Formulas, continued Cantilever Beam—Load Concentrated at Free End i -—,-- M,=~PU-») Shear diagram M =—PI (whenx =0) ' pe ; 1 _ ET —=T)-" Moment diagram Simple Beam—Load Increasing Linearly from Center to Supports i) (om) ! coNY M= (at center of span) Moment diagram y (at center of span) 56 STRUCTURAL DESIGN Beam Formulas, continued Cantilever Beam—Uniformly Distributed Load Wen! R=W=wl -w =) Vis—wl (when x : i 1 wt M,= wd =x ‘Shear, a ‘diagram | - : : WE Cohen x Sal z Dal 2 we Moment diagram >= 3Er ‘Simple Beam—Load Increasing Linearly from One ‘Support to the Other 7 v=-2W cohen 3 2 "Heae\] - 20 Sea -3 We io w=” ( ‘ \ [s 2 Moment diagram Ma ORM (when y= 2014 > Gwhen x = 0.5193) ED STRUCTURAL DESIGN 87 Beam Formulas, continued Cantilever Beam—Load Increasing Linearly from Free End to Support — -W_ (when. x =0) wd-» Shear diagram 3 °F 4 i wi : AF (when x = 0) 3 we Moment diagram . ISET Fixed Beam—Conventrated Load at Center of Span EA se T st ear diagram feet ~f 3 2 (at center of span) ‘Moment diagram Pe 19267 58 ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Beam Formulas, continued Fixed Beam—Uniformly Distributed Load wl Ww Rak=TaT wl Yay awx eS w Shear] ‘aragram Moment diagram 384ET Simple Beam—Uniformly Distributed Load over Part of Beam whe +b) BT wo(2a+d) Ba wht2e+ b) vy = ESO ie a) V=R) (whena e) SEED tora = Rix 22 orc = Ral =x) ford whQc + b)[4al + b(2c + b)] BP ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN 59 Beam Formulas, continued Beam Supported at One End, Fixed at Other—Concentrated Load at Any Point Por +a) P i= sap—b R=P-R % Ry (when x a) Pbx@l +a) +9 oben a) Pab*(2i +a) = FS when =a) Pab(l +a) — Peat t®) Gomen x =) Fixed Beam—Concentrated Load at Any Point y= PO +2) 3 Rea Pa*(! + 2b) —a— PB Ve= Ri (whens a) V2 = Rp Mak wea en 22E ons 0) Pah = Rill —x) = - (when x > a) 2Patb? Mine = EE Pab* Meise, = - 7a Pab Moegstive, = >. 2Pab® ~3ETGa +P 5410 STRUCTURAL DESIGN Beam Formulas, continued Beam Supported at One End, Fixed at Other—Uniformly Distributed Load monl-3) Swi? sive = 3 ot Mreeuve = 0.005414 {at 0.42151 from Ry a ) Torsion Formulas—Solid and Tubular Sections fe = shear stress, Ibfin2 (Nim?) (formulas for f, apply for stress not exceeding the shear yield strength) timate shear strength, Ibfin.? (Nim?) shear modulus of elasticity, Ibfin? (Nim?) o= a A J = torsion constant,* in. (m*) Tength of section along torsion axis, in. (i) T =torque, in-Ib (N-m) T, = approximate ultimate torque, in-Ib (N-m) 6. = angular defiection “The torsion constant J is a measure ofthe stifiness of a member in pure twisting. ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Bat Torsion Formulas—Solid and Tubular Sections, continued Maximum f, = 22, at boundary th aR Fa Maximum b= at boundary 1p = LR BF 1 =F (Ri - 3) 2 Thin-walled sections should be checked for buckling. fee] Note: Formulas for C, are not given i this tale because, for these eross sections, C, is neaiibly sll in comparison 0 J 512 ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Torsion Formulas—Solid and Tubular Sections, continued Moxon = 2 (1062) mii nis i te) t 1\5 ots 02(5) | (approximately b1°/3 for narrow rectangles) 7 2ibd Tr b. For sides with thickness 11, average f. i For sides with thickness f, average inbd 4 8 Ty = Dba Fou (oun = fy 0€ 2, whichever is smaller) wae I= aw u + jons should be checked for buckling. Note: Formulas for, Incomparion to reno given inthis able because for these cross setons.C isnealiibly smal, Torsion Formulas—Thin-Walled Open Sections A = total area of section, Ar (mm?) area of one flange, n.? (m?) jorsion-bending constant, in (m®) ‘moment of inertia of flange number I about ¥ axis, in (m!) moment of inertia of flange number 2 about ¥ axis, in (m') of inertia of section about ¥ axis, in (m*) torsion constant,” in.* (m*) "The torsion constant J is a measure ofthe slifness of a member in pure twisting. The {orsion-bending constant C, is a measure of the resistance to rotation that aFses because of restraint of warping of the cross section, STRUCTURAL DESIGN 543 Torsion Formulas—Thin-Walled Open Sections, continued J F(2br} +a) #ly G néh Flange. ae Ba poly oe a, (but + boo} +48) Tenis e ot _@hb mae oa anh hr Eno 4 ee “Tee J= (01) +x) G=0 re 320} +de) ou tle 14 STRUCTURAL DESIGN Position of Flexural Center Q for Different Sections Form of section Position of @ ‘Any narrow section symmeti ‘el about the x axis, (Centroid atx +30 fxrae THe fra For narrow triangle (with » = 0.25), = 0.1874 For any equilateral wiangle, e=0 Sector of thin circular tube f Py 2R ‘ tem ltt — M088 + sind] oO 4 GO sindeosd For compete tube split along element (@ = 0}, e=2R Semicicular area 8 a44y (s TEE)R istorightorcenoiay For sector of solid or hollow circular area Ansle i Leg t= rectangle wih; teg2 = rectangle wks : Tr amen of nes oe aout Tana xs eee 1 momen of ners of eg 2 aout Yea x) ue 42 7 «=ih(74z) be (For use xy and central axes) ay 1 (4 ona(nin) 0 (practically) and Ie wy and wae small, Oisatd. (continued) The Position of Flexural Center Q for Different Sections table appearing on pages S-14— 5-16 is from Formulas for Stress and Strain, &th Edition, pages 142 and 143, by R. J. Roark. Copyright ©1965, McGraw-Hill, New York. Reproduced with permission of The McGraw-Hill Companies. STRUCTURAL DESIGN 515 n of Flexural Center Q for Different Sections, continued Form of setion Postion of @ Channet o=i(t) ern : ST oduct of inertia of the half section ob respect taxes X and ¥ and J, = Tobl* moment of inertia of whole section with respect 0 bot Xnis yt IF tis uniform, Pree ee = aay) Fora beam of ordinary proportions, Q may be assu- {with unequal Banges and thin ; (ctx) of fo see Ll? | elements about the X axis (.e., Q is at the centroid of (continued) 516 STRUCTURAL DESIGN Position of Flexural Center Q for Different Sections, continued Form of seation Position of O Values of ef Lipped channel (rsmatl) Wg ok 06 oda? 0 0430 0330 0236 0.141 0.055 ol 0477 0380 0.280 0.183 0.087 02 05% 0425 0325 0222 O15 03 0575 0470 0365 0.258 0.138 oa 0610 0503 0394 0.280 0.135 os 0621 0517 0405 0.290 0.161 Values of ef aN to 08 08 0a 0 0.430 0330 0.236 0.141 0.055 ol 0464 0367 0.270 0.173 0.080 02 0377 0280 0.182 0080 03 1453 0358 0.265 0.172 0085 oa 4100320 0.235 0.150 0072 05 1355 0275 0.196 0123 0056 06 0225 0185 0.085 0.040 Values of WA me ois 2 ss 05 —— —— 10 O80 O65 0370 0500 048s 06 = —— —— 0910 0712 0.588 0.408 0434 0.386 07 dow OBI Most 0.525 0483 0.384 0338 os 0.910 0.770 0.590 0.473 0400 0.345 0.305 09 0880 0.710 91840 0430 0360 0.310 0275, 1) LO 0800 662 4.500 0.400 0330 1.285 0.250 12 O05 0.715 0.525 0.380 0.301 285 0.244 0215, 16 0365 0388 47S 0345 0.270 0.221 0.190 165, 20 0660 0897 040 0245 0.220 WISI OSS 0.135, 300500 0.368 0.285 0.200 0.185 0.125 1.106 0091 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 5417 Buckling and Stress ‘Shear-Buckling Curves for Sheet Materials ron of OE) 50 B «0 VK,» Shear-buckling constant § b = Short side of rectangular panel =. t=Sheet thickness % E__=Modulus of elasticity g s ‘Curves are minimum 2 20 Quaranteed and are 5 for room - temperature 3 use only. 3 $10 6 o ° 0 =620COssCiaS SC b NK AaMS 011 Biss type301 12 Had CIISTBALC 0440 = t £0289 in DIVIS TALC, O12 =f = 0039in. 2026-181 ALC, 1 = 0063 in F224 TSI ALC 1 = 0.063in. Gooel-ts 15 0250in. H2MKT3 ALC. 006s s+ 20249. 1010 = ¢ = 0062 in 1 = 0083 in KAZIBHM | 0016 <1 =0250in ‘Source: The charts appearing on pages 5-17-5-19 are from Vought Aerospace Corporation handbook. Copyright © Northrop Grumman, Los Angeles, Reproduced with permission cof Northrop Grurmman, 518 ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Buckling and Stress, continued Allowable Shear Flow—7075-T6 Clad Web Excessive wrinkling and oil canning, z14 6000 1} Web thickness (1), In. 000 Ft t=. 156 7 4000 125 102 508 ost N Or; 8 3 | 1500 4 —— 1000 ‘Shear flow (q), Ib/in. TTR 3 500 400 300 Lee Stitfener Spacing (d), in. STRUCTURAL DESIGN 519 Buckling and Stress, continued ‘Shear-Buckling Constant (VK,) « s s sfF205]s «(> 2zo]e s[t 220 ]s co 36 Fp |_| amtong side a4 | | &=Clamped 5 Simple support 520 ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Buckling and Stress, continued ‘Beam Diagonal Tension Nomenclature = cross-sectional area, in? (m?) spacing of uprights, in. (m) shear flow (shear force per unit length), Ib per in, (Nim) thickness, in. (m) (when used without subscript, signifies thickness of web) = diagonal-tension factor depth of beam. in. (m) length of upright (measured between centroids of upright-to-flange rivet patterns), in, (m) = normal stress, Ibfin? (Nim? = shear stress, Ib/in.? = psi (Nim? ‘od = flange flexibility factor @ angle between neutral axis of beams and direction of diagonal tension, deg Subseripis, DT_ = diagonal tension IDT. = incomplete diagonal tension PDT = pure diagonal tension U = upright & effective Maximum Stress to Average Stress in Web Stiffener For curved webs: for rings, read abscissa as d//; for stringers, read abscissa as hyd. Source: The diagonal tension material appearing on pages $-20 and 5-21 is from Summary (of Diagonal Tension, Part I, NSCA-TN-2661 ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Buckling and Stress, continued ‘Angle Factor C, 12 \ 0 \ 08 “4 + 02 Cc tan a Stress-Concentration Factors C, and C, (2-0 fest 12 10 , and C of compression flange. ‘of tension flange. te I= 621 522 STRUCTURAL DESIGN Buckling and Stress, continued Diagonal-Tension Analysis Chart 1 Aue at STRUCTURAL DESIGN 523 Buckling and Stress, continued ‘Angle of Diagonal Tension (Pure) 48 por 32 28 528 ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Columns Interaction of Column Failure with Local Failure (Crippling) ‘The method of analysis of columns subject to local failure can be summarized as follows: 1) Setons having four comers OLcu Dy Seton avng vo comes tached => to sheets along both anges 1 {Sexton having only so comer bt Testud apts coun are tt LETT nth comes (Amow epesents devin alum 3) Sesion baving recom tached > > hash along ne tp ange Le For local fling stress (upper limit of column curve) use crippling stress F, (3 note) * porestaininany diecto LE rE (Arrow represents direction of clamn failure) 5 Sections having only wocornes. a lTtT (Arrow eprosets direction of eoluon future) For local filing stess (upper limit of column curve) use local buckling sess F,, (see ote) Column curve For columns that fil by Euler buckling, select the proper column curve and de ‘mine the allowable ultimate stress Fe Note: The caleulations for F and F,, should be made by reference to sources ot included in this handbook, Source: Nomhrop Grumman Structures Manu. Copyright © Northrop Grumman Corporation, Las Angeles Reproduced with permission of Northrop Gruman, STRUCTURAL DESIGN 5.25 Columns, continued ‘Comparison of Different Column Curves 70,000 -— Fue f 60,000) T je) Reduces +_¥ modulus cur Wolo (a) Euler column curve 50,000] ”_, (e) Straight- 40,000 vation a & s0.000 Sh (d) Johnson's’ parabola | 20.000 10,000 Note: al curves drawn assuming 10,£ = 10 tin? 20 sama ieen 0 gre cO een 00 meen 120 Lip Euler Column Formula where Pe = critical column load and C = end fixity coefficient (pin end = 1.0, restrained = 4.0), The eritcal column stress ris CE (L/pP where p = radius of gyration = /T7A. ‘The graph and text appearing on pages 5-25 and 5-26 are from Weight Engineers Handbook Revised 1976, Copyright © 1976, the Society of Allied Weight Engineers, La Mesa, CA. Used with permission of the Society of Allied Weight Engineers 5:26 ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Columns, continued Reduced Modulus Curve The L/p corresponding to the critical stress 03. in the short columa range is fee where tangent modulus Tangent Modulus Curve (@), Johnson Parabolic Formula The Johnson equation gives the critical short column stress 6, is oR(LioF aoe Straight Line Equation oe <0) Lohse) ve where oe, and VC are chosen to give est agreement with experimental dat, ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN 527 Columns, continued Column Curves for Aluminum Alloys—Based on Tangent Modulus For thick sections-no local crippling Curves are based upon "B” values in MIL-HDBK‘S tables aluenn bucking sess, 1000 psi 20 0 200 60 80 100-120 equivalent pin-end column length ‘section radius of gyration where 1" =1/G = equivalent pi-end column length end fixity coeflicient Source: Nonhrop Grumman structures manual. Copyright © Nosthrop Grumman Corpo: ton, Los Angeles. Reproduced with permission of Northrop Grumman 5.28 ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Columns, continued End Fixity Coefficients Endy Colun tape ad en conitions octet iG Ff Uriormcotunn, aly ate Pinned ends le P 7 t E.Uiomstnn.axay a lp — + t sito clu, xia Minced feed one en pinned lp Uniform column, axially loaded, ‘one end fixed, one end free (continued) STRUCTURAL DESIGN 529 Columns, continued a Cuma shape arden coins aes 7 be b Uniform column, distributed eee oan tp fneend ise mT be c=187 i nif column, distributed ' axl loa pinned ene som Ip ve “5 YL Uniform cotunn, dstaed i ‘ila, ie ends + FL Uniform column, distributed fT “atta one end ae, fone end pinned 530 Column Stress for ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Columns, continued Aluminum Alloy Columns ” EN 2 5 Stein ess. | r~ ue Formals © (rey | r—~ SS —~ rs ee Column Stress for Magnesium Alloy Columns Lieve) STRUCTURAL DESIGN 531 Columns, continued Column Stress for Steel Columns & L. i 0 = 4 > TET A ees Column Stress for Titanium Alloy Columns. == ars Bie Sse we 7 See |

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