TCP
TCP is a connection-oriented
protocol
TCP incurs additional
overhead to gain functions.
Additional functions specified by
TCP are same-order delivery,
reliable delivery, and flow control
Each TCP segment has 20 bytes of
overhead in the header
encapsulating the application layer
data
Web browsers , E-mail ,
File transfers
RING Topology:
Advantages
Ring networks offer high performance
for a small number of workstations or
for larger networks where each
station has a similar workload.
Ring networks can span longer
distances than other types of
networks.
Ring networks are easily extendable.
Unlike Bus topology, there is no signal Adding or removing computers can
loss in Ring topology because the
tokens are data packets that are
re-generated at each node.
UDP
UDP is a simple, connectionless
protocol
The segments of communication in
UDP are called datagrams. UDP
sends datagrams as “best effort.”
each UDP segment has only 8
bytes of overhead
Domain Name System(DNS),Video
streaming ,Voice over IP (VoIP)
Disadvantages
Relatively expensive and difficult to
install.
Failure of one computer on the network
can affect the whole network.
It is difficult to find fault in a ring network
disrupt the network
MESH Topology Advantages Disadvantages

Point-to-point link makes fault The amount of cabling required is

isolation easy. high.
Network problems are easier to A large number of I/O
diagnose (input/output) ports are required.
Privacy between computers is
maintained as messages travel
along dedicated path.
Yield the greatest amount of
redundancy in the event that one
of the nodes fails where network
traffic can be redirected to another
node.

Single-Mode Multi mode

Small glass core: 8-10 microns Larger core: 50 + microns , can be
glass or plastic
Less dispersion of light Greater dispersion (loss of light )

Longer distance: Up to about 100 Shorter distance: Up to 2 km

km
Uses lasers as light source Uses LEDs as light source on
shorter runs
Difference Between Router and Switch
What are the Three Methods of Switching that are used by the Switch?
Ans.???

What are the differences between the applications thatuses TCP and UDP?

TCP UDP
When should you enable TCP UDP is best suited for transferring a
data transfer? Most data steady flow of live data. This allows
transfers automatically use the many users to access data easily
best protocol option. But in and quickly, if not in perfect
certain circumstances — such as condition. A good example is
when using a VPN — you may playing an online game. UDP can
need to choose a protocol to keep the action moving in spite of
optimize your browsing potential errors or data loss. Here
experience. Enable TCP for the are a few applications of UDP in
following activities: real life.
• Email and text • Online gaming
messaging • Multicasting
• Streaming pre- • Video
recorded content on chatting/conferencing
sites like Netflix, • VoIP (in-app voice
Hulu, or HBO Max calling)
• Transferring files • Domain Name
between apps and Systems (which
devices translates domain
• General web names into IP
browsing addresses)
• Remote device or
network
administration
Advantages of Static Routing
Easily implemented in a small
network like LAN
It provides more security no
advertisement send with data as
like dynamic routing
It is very predictable, as the
route to the destination is
always the same
No complex algorithm is
required
Required no mechanism for
updating
Require no extra resources like
CPU and memory etc.
Advantages of dynamic routing
Suitable in all topologies where many
routers are required
Easily used in a large network
Mostly independent to network size
Failure of one link cannot affect the
whole network
It supports more complex routing
algorithm
Disadvantages of Static Routing
Only suitable for the small network
cannot work for a large network
Complexity automatically increased
when the network grows
Managing static configuration in the
large network become very complex
and very time taking
If one link fails it affects the whole
network
In the failure of one link in static, it
cannot route traffic
It cannot support complex routing
algorithm
Disadvantages of dynamic Routing
More complex in implementation
Less secure than static routing
because of a multicast routing
change
An additional configuration setting
is required such as a routing
protocol, passive interfaces to
increase security
Required additional resources like
memory CPU and link bandwidth
 BUS Topology
Advantage Disadvantage
Simple to install If main is damaged , the whole
network will fail
Cheap to install As more workstations are
connected to the network , the
network performance will become
slower
Less cable is used compare to any Every workstation can access all
other topologies the data on the network (Security
Issues )

Network bandwidth vs. throughput: What's the difference?

Bandwidth and throughput both indicate network performance.
The terms are often used together, but bandwidth refers to
capacity, while throughput details how much data actually
transmits

The difference between goodput and throughput is that

throughput is the measurement of all data flowing through a link
whether it is useful data or not, while goodput is focused on
useful data only Throughput measurements, such as those reported by
router interface statistics, cannot distinguish the nature of the data
flowing through the interface — merely that bits have gone
past. Throughput is not the same as goodput because throughput can
include undesirable data such as data retransmissions, or overhead data
such as protocol wrappers
 STAR Topology
Advantages Disadvantages

It is more reliable It is expensive to install as it

(if one connection fails, it does requires more cable, it costs more
not affect others) to cable a star network because
all network cables must be pulled
to one central point
It has good performance Central node dependency, if
central hub fails, the whole
network fails to operate
The center of a star network is a Many star networks require a
good place to diagnose network device at the central point to
faults and if one computer fails rebroadcast or switch the
whole network is not disturbed. network traffic
Hub
It is easy to replace, install or
remove hosts or other of the
network
by simply running a new line
from the computer to the central
location and plugging it to the
hub

A collision domain is a network segment connected by a shared

medium or through repeaters where simultaneous data
transmissions collide with one another. The collision domain
applies particularly in wireless networks, but also affected early
versions of Ethernet
DNS Hierarchy
DNS uses a hierarchical system to create a name
database to provide name resolution. The hierarchy looks
like an inverted tree with the root at the top and branches
below. At the top of the hierarchy, the root servers
maintain records about how to reach the top level domain
servers, which in turn have records that point to the
secondary-level domain servers and so on. The different
top-level domains represent either the type of
organization or the country of origin.
The following are examples of top-level domains are:
■ .au: Australia
■ .co: Colombia
■ .com: A business or industry
■ .jp: Japan
■ .org: A nonprofit organization