ORIGINAL ARTICLE

A retrospective chart review of clinical profile of

patients utilizing telepsychiatry services during
COVID‑19 pandemic at a tertiary care centre
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/inpj by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW

A B S T R A C T
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/24/2024

Kalyani A. Raidurg,
Gaurav P. Wadgaonkar,
Smita N. Panse,
Manjeet S. Santre,
Jyoti B. More,
Arvind V. Karad
Department of Psychiatry,
PCMC’s PGI YCM Hospital,
Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Manjeet S. Santre,
Department of Psychiatry,
PCMC’s PGI YCM Hospital,
Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra,
India.
E‑mail: drmanjitsantre@gmail.
com
Received: 24 November 2021
Revised: 29 March 2022
Accepted: 20 April 2022
Published: 04 January 2023
Background: Telepsychiatry as a vehicle for delivering mental health services
became evident due to outburst of mental health issues during coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic and it was found useful in providing mental health care
while maintaining social distancing norms and lockdown guidelines. Aim: To study
clinical profile and sociodemographic profile of patients utilizing telepsychiatry services
during COVID‑19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Total 70 old follow‑up and 42 new
patients were consulted on telepsychiatry, as per Indian Telepsychiatry Operational
Guidelines 2020 given by NIMHANS, during 1st and 2nd wave of COVID‑19 pandemic
from June 2020 to May 2021. Sociodemographic and clinical data was extracted from
all patients who utilized our telepsychiatry services in a semi‑structured proforma for
retrospective analysis using frequency tables. Results: A total of 102 patients benefitted
from our telepsychiatry services. Out of which, 66.7% were adults between 21 and
40 years, with slight female preponderance (55.9%) and majority (78.4%) participants
living in urban areas. About 70.6% were graduates with 41.2% participants belonging
to either private or public service. One‑third of the participants were IT professionals.
Around 59.8% participants had past history of psychiatric illness and 40.2% had new
onset illness. The diagnostic distribution included depressive disorder (28.4%), anxiety
disorder (26.4%), psychotic disorder (21.6%) and obsessive compulsive disorder (9.8%)
and others (13.8). Conclusion: Telepsychiatry has emerged as an important consultation
modality in this COVID‑19 pandemic. Its future use seems promising, which will require
mental health practitioners to develop their skills while interacting digitally, conducting
assessments, and therapy.
Keywords: COVID‑19, mental health, retrospective, telepsychiatry

T elepsychiatry, the application of telemedicine in

the field of psychiatry, is defined as the use of
electronic communication and information technologies
Factors Study, and it is estimated to affect about one in
every seven individuals.[4]

to provide or support clinical psychiatric care from a
distance.[1] Importance of telepsychiatry as a vehicle
for delivering mental health services is becoming
increasingly relevant as the burden of psychiatric
illnesses is increasing [2] and human resources are
consistently inadequate to handle the same.[3] Psychiatric
illness is the second leading cause of disease burden
in the recent Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk
Access this article online
Quick Response Code:
Epidemiological studies in India, report prevalence rates of
mental disorders to be 13.7%, with only 0.75 Psychiatrists
per 1,00,000 populations.[5] About 83% of patients do
not receive basic evaluation and treatment for any mental
disorder in India.[4] Apart from scarcity of mental health
professionals, other possible reason can be inadequately
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License,
which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially,
as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under
the identical terms.

Website: www.industrialpsychiatry.org For reprints contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com

How to cite this article: Raidurg KA, Wadgaonkar GP, Panse SN,
Santre MS, More JB, Karad AV. A retrospective chart review of clinical
DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_241_21
profile of patients utilizing telepsychiatry services during COVID-19
pandemic at a tertiary care centre. Ind Psychiatry J 2023;32:37-42.

 37 © 2023 Industrial Psychiatry Journal | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow

 Raidurg, et al.: Telepsychiatry during COVID‑19 pandemic
trained primary healthcare professionals, who seem
reluctant or unable to evaluate, diagnose, or treat common
mental health disorders. Thus, telepsychiatry seems like a
promising approach especially for a developing country
like India, with limited resources.
Telepsychiatry, both in synchronous and asynchronous
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/inpj by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW
m o d a l i t i e s , c a n h e l p i n r e d u c i n g p a t i e n t ’s
symptomatology, increasing regular follow‑up and
improving patient’s adherence to treatment, given
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/24/2024
the chronicity of mental illnesses. Its covert and
confidential nature also aids to overcome stigma and
discrimination about mental disorders. Studies have
shown telepsychiatry to be similar to face‑to‑face care
with no difference in accuracy or satisfaction between
the two modalities. [6]
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19)
pandemic, mental health of individualshas been as much
affected as physical health, if not more, possibly because
of the unexpected arrival of the illness, its explosive
and rapidly spreading nature and most importantly
uncertainty about the treatment and prognosis.
Also, psychiatric patients were more likely to report
moderate to severe worries about their physical health
due to the concern that they might have unknowingly
contracted the virus and perhaps less effective coping
strategies.[7] In spite of the escalation of mental health
issues, mental health care was immensely affected at the
start of COVID‑19 pandemic due to strict lockdown,
fear of acquiring infection from visiting hospitals and
mainly because maximum health resources were being
directed towards treating COVID‑19 affected patients.
The paucity of mental health care was direly felt during
these times. Thus, COVID‑19 has served as a catalyst,
accelerating the adoption of telepsychiatry across the
country. [8] The commonest telepsychiatry services
provided during the COVID‑19 pandemic were mainly
the psychological first aid, identification of mental health
issues, screening of psychological symptoms, and their
management.[9]
As our entire hospital was converted to a dedicated
COVID‑19 hospital (DCH), following the guidelines given
by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare for COVID‑19
dedicated facilities,[10] routine psychiatric OPD services
were withheld with immediate effect from 1st April 2020.
As the pandemic continued to run its long course with
increasing mental health issues of old and new cases,
a need for alternative psychiatric services was felt and
hence Telepsychiatry services were started from June 2020
onwards. Here we present the findings of our retrospective
study of the patients availing telepsychiatry services during
COVID‑19 Pandemic. This chart review elaborates the
Volume 32 | Issue 1 | January-June 2023
clinical profile of beneficiaries of telepsychiatry services
at a tertiary care centre during the COVID‑19 pandemic
period.
METHODOLOGY
Study design
One year retrospective chart review.
Study sample
All new and old follow‑up patients who utilized our
telepsychiatry services from June 2020 to May 2021, during
both 1st and 2nd waves of COVID‑19 pandemic, at a tertiary
care centre.
Study tools
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders -
5th edition.
Semi structured proforma for sociodemographic and
clinical data.
Modified Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic scale.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The COVID‑19 Hospital Psychosocial Help Centre
and telemedicine helpline run by the local municipal
corporation were the referral channels through which
patients having mental health problems were referred
to telepsychiatry on‑call psychiatrist. As per Indian
Telepsychiatry Operational Guidelines 2020[11] given by
NIMHANS, both old follow‑up and new patients were
consulted on video/audio call by the psychiatrist as per
the requirement. Identity of patients was confirmed with
Aadhar card copy. Verbal informed consent was obtained
as per the guidelines. Sociodemographic data, clinical
history details, MSE findings, and old documents wherever
available were collected. Provisional diagnosis was given as
per DSM‑5 diagnostic criteria[12] and standard treatment
was prescribed. Prescriptions were provided on WhatsApp
messaging application.
The documented data was extracted and filled in a
semi‑structured proforma for this study with Ethics
Committee approval (YCMH/IEC/KAVI/1/67/2021),
while maintaining confidentiality of the patients.
Socioeconomic strata was calculated using modified
Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic scale.[13] The collected
data was analyzed using frequency tables. The database
managed in our study did not include any identifier or
personal data that could be related to the identity of the
patients.
38 Industrial Psychiatry Journal
 Raidurg, et al.: Telepsychiatry during COVID‑19 pandemic

Statistical analysis
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.
The descriptive statistics are presented as percentages.
RESULTS
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/inpj by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW
patients who were taking treatment from our OPD
on follow‑up basis, rest thirty‑two participants had
newly approached to our facility. Forty‑two participants
belonged to either private or public service (41.2%),
out of which, around 1/3 rd were IT professionals.
Twenty two out of all the IT professionals were working
from home at the time of evaluation. The commonest

A total of 102 patients benefitted from our services with

their sociodemographic and clinical profile as tabulated diagnosis among those working from home was anxiety
below in Tables 1 and 2. Out of which, 66.7% were adults disorder (40.9%) and depressive disorder (36.36%). Sixty
between 21 and 40 years, with female preponderance one participants had past history of psychiatric illness
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/24/2024

of 55.9% and 78.4% participants living in urban areas. and positive Family history of psychiatric illness was
Among the participants majority (70.6%) were graduates found in (11.7%) participants, predisposing them to
and employed (46.1%). Maximum female participants current illness with 3 of them having depressive (25%)
were homemakers (39.2%). Seventy participants were and anxiety disorders (25%). Twenty‑two participants
had comorbid medical illness, diabetes mellitus and
Table 1: Sociodemographic profile of participants
hypertension being the contributing illnesses. Around
nine participants out of 102, had tested positive for
Demographic profile Number of patients Percentage (%)
COVID‑19 at the time of their evaluation.
Total patients 102 100
Age group
The principal diagnostic categories found were of
≤20 1 1
depressive disorder (28.4%), followed by anxiety
21‑40 68 66.7
41‑60 16 15.7
disorder (26.4%), psychotic disorder (21.6%) and
>60 17 16.7
obsessive compulsive disorder (9.8%). While other
Gender diagnosis was of dementia, alcohol dependence syndrome,
Male 45 44.1 erectile dysfunction, etc., There was one interesting case
Female 57 55.9 belonging to a newer diagnostic entity of novel specific
Marital Status phobia‑ ‘Corona phobia’. While, three cases of anxiety
Married 74 72.5 disorder were particularly related to COVID‑19 being
Unmarried 20 19.6 the precipitating factor. Comorbid addiction was present
Divorced 2 2 in (n = 10; 9.8%) of individuals, commonest being
Widow/widower 6 5.9 tobacco [Figure 1].
Residence
Rural 22 21.6
Table 2: Clinical profile of participants
Urban 80 78.4
Education Clinical profile Number of patients Percentage (%)
Primary 6 5.8 Past history of
Middle school 3 2.9 psychiatric illness
High school 21 20.6 Absent 41 40.2
Graduate 72 70.6 Present 61 59.8
Occupation Family history of
psychiatric illness
Homemaker 40 39.2
Absent 90 88.2
Service 42 41.2
Present 12 11.7
Self‑employed 5 4.9
Self COVID‑19 status
Retired 9 8.8
Positive 9 8.8
Unemployed 6 5.9
Negative 93 91.2
IT professionals (Work
from home) Family COVID‑19 status
Yes 22 64.7 Positive 11 10.8
No 12 35.2 Negative 91 89.2
Total IT professionals 34 100 Medical comorbidity
Socioeconomic status* Present 22 21.6
Upper 50 49 Absent 80 78.4
Upper middle 30 29.4 Comorbid addiction
Lower middle 22 21.6 Present 10 9.8
Total patients 102 100 Absent 92 90.2
Total patients 102 100
*: As per modified Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic scale

Industrial Psychiatry Journal  39 Volume 32 | Issue 1 | January-June 2023

 Raidurg, et al.: Telepsychiatry during COVID‑19 pandemic
1%
9.8%
Depressive disorder
13.7% 28.4% Anxiety disorder
Psychotic disorder
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/inpj by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW
Others
21.6% OCD
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/24/2024
26.4% Coronaphobia
Figure 1: Diagnostic categories. *: As per DSM‑5 diagnostic manual
DISCUSSION
To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first
studies in Indian context to describe the clinical profile of
patients using telepsychiatry services during COVID‑19
pandemic as per literature review. We found that, our
telepsychiatry services were mainly utilized by adult
age group of 21‑60 years (82.3%) with slight female
preponderance (55.9%). Services were also utilized by
older adults above 60 years, but in a lesser amount (16.7%).
The possible explanation could be that older adults may
have lower cognitive and digital abilities needed to use
technology, limited access to smartphones and internet,
which is the basic necessity of telepsychiatry. Females are
more vocal about their feelings and are more comfortable
expressing their vulnerability.[14] This could be the rationale
behind higher number of female participants in our study.
A similar Carribean study done in Dominican Republic
by Peralta and Taveras[15] also found that, about 77.8%
participants were between the ages of 18 and 59 years
and 67.3% of the interventions were requested by women.
Forty‑six percent of the interventions were requested by
people living in the local province of Santo Domingo. Our
hospital belonging to urban conditions also had maximum
participants from urban areas (78.4%). It can be because
of greater probability of access to communication and
information.
A nationwide survey done during COVID‑19 pandemic
in Austria by Traunmüller et al.[16] in general population
found that, women and unemployed population experience
elevated psychological symptoms, whereas self‑employed
individuals experienced less psychological impact.
Similar to these findings our study had higher number
of female patients and less number of people who were
self‑employed. This finding regarding employment could
possibly be explained by the fact that self‑employed
Volume 32 | Issue 1 | January-June 2023
individuals are routinely confronted with uncertainties in
their business and have learnt to cope with it. They have
also found that higher level of education was associated
with higher psychological distress, similar to our study
which had dominance of graduated individuals (70.6%).
This preponderance of graduated participants can be
attributed their knowledge and awareness about available
facilities and having the resources and ability to use it.
Around 1/3rd of all the participants (33.3%) were IT
professionals, for which the most likely explanation is
having easier access to technology and internet facilities.
These findings are similar to a study done in China by Xiao
et al.[17] who found overall decreased physical and mental
well‑being status and an increased number of physical
and mental health issues following the transition to work
from home (WFH). The extended stay at home mandates
during the pandemic may contribute to general depressed
and anxious feelings, often leading to changes in routines
and eating habits. These changes in physical activities and
food intake can interact with other stress related to WFH
that together will likely directly impact physical and mental
well‑being.
The commonest diagnoses in our study, among those
working from home were anxiety disorder in nine and
depressive disorder in eight participants. Depressive
disorder was predominantly seen in seven out of ten
females working from home. Our finding aligns with
another recent survey conducted in Japan by Sato et al.[18]
which noted, that female workers have a higher risk of
depression while working from home during the pandemic.
This could be because working from home may be more
challenging for women, since females tend to be more
responsible for household chores and other home activities,
and working mothers can feel double the pressure at home
due to lack of support with home schooling and taking
care of children.[17]
A systematic review done by Banerjee et al.[19] in South Asian
countries shows an increased prevalence of nonpsychotic
depression, anxiety, somatic concerns, insomnia, and
alcohol use disorders in the general population as an impact
of COVID‑19 and lockdown, mainly due to social isolation,
misinformation, social media exposure, fear of infection,
Xenophobia and stigma and uncertainty. Our study sample
also reflects similar findings with commonest diagnosis
of depressive disorder, followed by anxiety disorder,
psychotic disorder, OCD and others [Figure 1]. Among
anxiety disorders, three patients had ‘Post COVID anxiety’
symptoms and one patient was a case of ‘Coronaphobia’,
a novel specific phobia. These findings are similar with
a cohort study conducted in China by Huang et al.[20]
who followed post‑COVID patients over a period of six
40 Industrial Psychiatry Journal
 Raidurg, et al.: Telepsychiatry during COVID‑19 pandemic
months and found that most patients endorsed at least
one symptom, particularly fatigue or muscle weakness,
sleep difficulties, and anxiety or depression, severity of
which could be correlated with severity of COVID‑19
infection. The underlying mechanism of the psychiatric
consequences of COVID‑19 is likely to be multifactorial
and might include the direct effects of viral infection, the
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/inpj by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW
immunological response, corticosteroid therapy, ICU stay,
social isolation, and stigma.
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/24/2024
Even though substance use disorders are one of the major
diagnoses in routine OPD in India, there were only three
patients who sought telepsychiatry treatment for Alcohol
use disorder. A population survey of active drinkers in the
UK identified that 21% increased alcohol consumption
during the lockdown, while 35% reduced their alcohol
intake.[21] Lockdown has caused different behavioural
changes on alcohol intake. Although psychosocial distress
has been well recognized as a risk of relapse and increased
alcohol consumption, the reduction might be associated
with decreased financial ability and the decreased availability
of on‑site alcohol areas (e.g., pubs or bars).[20]
In our study, patients having past history of psychiatric
illness (59.8%) were found to be more in number as
compared to newly diagnosed individuals. Similar results
were found in a review article published by Li et al.[22]
which suggests that due to traffic restrictions and isolation
measures, patients with severe mental illness faced
difficulties to receive maintenance treatment, and ended
up in relapse and uncontrollable behavior. Hao et al.[7] in
China, also found that psychiatric patients were at a higher
risk of displaying higher levels of symptoms of PTSD,
depression, anxiety, stress and insomnia, worries about
physical health, anger and irritability and suicidal ideation
as compared to healthy controls.
Strengths
Our study focused on telepsychiatry, an upcoming modality,
and is one of the first studies to describe the findings of
telepsychiatry services. The study highlights common
disorders encountered in telepsychiatry practice and gives
an idea about the accessibility of telepsychiatry services
across the population. It conveys the possibility of mental
health consequences of WFH in IT professionals, as an
effect of the COVID‑19 pandemic.
Limitations
Our study being a descriptive retrospective chart review,
mainly focused on patient details from a diagnostic and
treatment point of view, which could have led to missing
out on other important associations. We did not measure
severity of disorders using any rating scales. An analytical
prospective study design with a larger sample size and
Industrial Psychiatry Journal 
predefined objective parameters regarding usefulness of
telepsychiatry services can be done in future.
Implications
The clinical and sociodemographic findings of the study
can help psychiatrists identify their target population and
extend availability of mental health care to rural areas.
The study can also be a useful guide for mental health
professionals for setting up further telepsychiatry units
across the country.
CONCLUSION
A total of 102 patients benefitted from our services.
Telepsychiatry services were more approached by young
adults, having higher education, belonging to higher
socioeconomic status, residing at urban areas and working
in IT profession. Thus, it has emerged as an important
consultation modality in this COVID‑19 pandemic.
Commonest psychiatric disorders treated were depressive
and anxiety disorders with significant effect on mental
health care of patients with pre‑existing mental illness.
Telepsychiatry can also have application in the future, to
provide consultation to those, who are unable to avail the
in‑person services (rural population, old patients, etc.) or
when services are needed on a large scale. In a developing
country like India, there will be challenges on the path
ahead. Mental health practitioners will have to develop their
skills while interacting digitally, conducting assessments,
and therapy.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES
1. Perera SR, Gambheera H, Williams SS. “Telepsychiatry” in
the time of COVID‑19: Overcoming the challenges. Indian J
Psychiatry 2020;62:S391‑4.
2. Gururaj G, Varghese M, Benegal V, Rao GN, Pathak K,
Singh LK, et al. National Mental Health Survey of India,
2015–16 Prevalence, Pattern and Outcomes. Bengaluru:
NIMHANS; 2017.
3. Math SB, Gowda GS, Basavaraju V, Manjunatha N, Kumar CN,
Enara A, et al. Cost estimation for the implementation of
the Mental Healthcare Act 2017. Indian J Psychiatry
2019;61:S650‑9.
4. Naik SS, Manjunatha N, Kumar CN, Math SB, Moirangthem S.
Patient’s perspectives of telepsychiatry: The Past, Present and
Future. Indian J Psychol Med 2020;42 (5_Suppl):102S‑7S.
5. Garg K, Kumar CN, Chandra PS. Number of psychiatrists in
India: Baby steps forward, but a long way to go. Indian J
Psychiatry 2019;61:104‑5.
41 Volume 32 | Issue 1 | January-June 2023
 Raidurg, et al.: Telepsychiatry during COVID‑19 pandemic
6. Dalal PK, Roy D, Choudhary P, Kar SK, Tripathi A. Emerging
mental health issues during the COVID‑19 pandemic: An
Indian perspective. Indian J Psychiatry 2020;62:S354‑64.
7. Hao F, Tan W, Jiang L, Zhang L, Zhao X, Zou Y, et al.
Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric
symptoms during COVID‑19 pandemic and lockdown? A
case‑control study with service and research implications for
immunopsychiatry. Brain Behav Immun 2020;87:100‑6.
8. Yellowlees P, Nakagawa K, Pakyurek M, Hanson A, Elder J,
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/inpj by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW
Kales HC. Rapid conversion of an outpatient psychiatric
clinic to a 100% virtual telepsychiatry clinic in response to
COVID‑19. Psychiatr Serv 2020;71:749‑52.
9. El Hayek S, Nofal M, Abdelrahman D, Adra A, Al Harthi M,
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/24/2024
Al Shamli S, et al. Telepsychiatry in the Arab world:
A viewpoint before and during COVID‑19. Neuropsychiatr Dis
Treat 2020;16:2805‑15.
10. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India,
Guidance document on appropriate management of suspect/
confirmed case of COVID‑19‑Types of COVID‑19 dedicated
facilities, 2020.
11. Telepsychiatry Operational Guidelines – 2020 by Indian
Psychiatric Society, & Telemedicine Society of India,
Math SB, Manjunatha N, Kumar CN, Basavarajappa C,
Gangadhar BN, et al., 2020.
12. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA:
American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
13. Wani RT. Socioeconomic status scales‑modified Kuppuswamy
and UdaiPareekh’s scale updated for 2019. J Family Med
Prim Care 2019;8:1846‑9.
14. Sharma R, Sharma SC, Sharma P, Pradhan SN, Chalise P,
Regmee J, et al. Effect of lockdown on mental health during
the COVID‑19 pandemic among individuals attending services
Volume 32 | Issue 1 | January-June 2023
at a tertiary care center. Indian J Psychiatry 2020;62:S431‑7.
15. Peralta EA, Taveras M. Effectiveness of teleconsultation use
in access to mental health services during the coronavirus
disease 2019 pandemic in the Dominican Republic. Indian J
Psychiatry 2020;62:S492‑4.
16. Traunmüller C, Stefitz R, Gaisbachgrabner K, Schwerdtfeger A.
Psychological correlates of COVID‑19 pandemic in the
Austrian population. BMC Public Health 2020;20:1395.
17. Xiao Y, Becerik‑Gerber B, Lucas G, Roll SC. Impacts of
working from home during COVID‑19 pandemic on physical
and mental well‑being of office workstation users. J Occup
Environ Med 2021;63:181‑90.
18. Sato K, Sakata R, Murayama C, Yamaguchi M, Matsuoka Y,
Kondo N. Working from home and lifestyle changes associated
with risk of depression during the COVID‑19 pandemic:
An observational study of health app (CALO Mama) users.
Occup Environ Med 2021;78:632‑7.
19. Banerjee D, Vaishnav M, Rao TS, Raju MS, Dalal PK,
Javed A, et al. Impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on
psychosocial health and well‑being in South‑Asian (World
Psychiatric Association Zone 16) countries: A systematic and
advocacy review from the Indian Psychiatric Society. Indian J
Psychiatry 2020;62:S343‑53.
20. Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. 6‑month
consequences of COVID‑19 in patients discharged from
hospital: A cohort study. Lancet 2021;397:220‑32.
21. Kim JU, Majid A, Judge R, Crook P, Nathwani R, Selvapatt N,
et al. Effect of COVID‑19 lockdown on alcohol consumption
in patients with pre‑existing alcohol use disorder. Lancet
Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:886‑7.
22. Li W, Yang Y, Liu ZH, Zhao YJ, Zhang Q, Zhang L, et al.
Progression of mental health services during the COVID‑19
outbreak in China. Int J Biol Sci 2020;16:1732‑8.
42 Industrial Psychiatry Journal