Seen Passage-1

Nelson Mandela guided South Africa from the shackles of apartheid to a multi-racial democracy, as an
icon of peace and reconciliation who came to embody the struggle for justice around the world.
Imprisoned for nearly three decades for his fight against white minority rule, Mandela never lost his resolve
to fight for his people's emancipation. He was determined to bring down apartheid while avoiding a civil
war. His prestige and charisma helped him win the support of the world. "I hate race discrimination most
intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I will fight it now, and will do so until
the end of my days," Mandela said in his acceptance speech on becoming South Africa's first black
president in 1994, ... "The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms
that divide us has come."

"We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation."

In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, an honor he shared with F.W. de Klerk, the white
African leader who had freed him from prison three years earlier and negotiated the end of apartheid.

Mandela went on to play a prominent role on the world stage as an advocate of human dignity in the face
of challenges ranging from political repression to AIDS.
 Seen Passage-1
He formally left public life in June 2004 before his 86th birthday, telling his adoring countrymen: "Don't
call me. I'll call you." But he remained one of the world's most revered public figures, combining
celebrity sparkle with an unwavering message of freedom, respect and human rights.
"He is at the epicenter of our time, ours in South Africa, and yours, wherever you are," Nadine
Gordimer, the South African writer and Nobel Laureate for Literature, once remarked.
The years Mandela spent behind bars made him the world's most celebrated political prisoner and a
leader of mythic stature for millions of black South Africans and other oppressed people far beyond
his country's borders charged with capital offences in the 1963 Rivonia Trial, his statement from the
dock was his political testimony.

"During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought
against white domination, and I have fought against black domination.

"I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in
harmony and with equal opportunities," he told the court.
"It is an ideal I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to
die."
 Poll Question-01

❑ “Mandela went on to play a prominent role on the world stage as an advocate

of human dignity.” The underlined word “on” is a/an __________.
(a) Adjective
(b) Adverb
(c) Preposition
(d) Conjunction
 Poll Question-02

❑ “But he remained one of the world's most revered public figures.” The underlined
word “one” is a/an _______.
(a) Noun
(b) Pronoun
(c) Adjective
(d) Adverb
 Seen Passage-1
❖ Choose the correct answer from the alternatives
(a) The word ‘Racism’ is closely related to -
(i) colorism (ii) discrimination (iii) stereotype (iv) prejudice

(b) "We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation." – is a

(i) Simple Sentence (ii) Compound Sentence
(iii) Complex Sentence (iv) Compound Complex Sentence

(c) Synonym of the word ‘NEGOTIATE’ –

(i) settle (ii) bargain (iii) quash (iv) transact

(d) The word chasm refers to

(i) cleft (ii) top (iii) hatred (iv) border

(e) Mandela dreamt of a society.

(i) democratic (ii) autocratic (iii) racist (iv) fascist
 Seen Passage-1

Word & Meaning Synonym Antonym

Shackle (n) বন্ধ; ‍a‍situation‍or‍factor‍ Chain, restriction Freedom, liberty, openness
that restrains or restricts someone
Apartheid (n) জাতিতবদ্বেষ; discrimination Bias, favoritism, inequity, Righteousness, justice, impartiality
among the races injustice, disproportion
Racial (adj) জাতি সম্পতকিি, জাতিগি, Ethnic, ethnical, national, nonracial
সাম্প্রদাতিক; happening or existing tribal
between people of different races
Icon (n) প্রিীক; a person or thing Image, symbol, idol, -
regarded as a representative symbol emblem, model
Reconciliation (n) পুনতমিলন, সমন্বিসাধান; Reunion, settlement, Separation, division, partition
the process of making consistent or resolution, conclusion,
compatible bringing together
 Seen Passage-1

Word & Meaning Synonym Antonym

Embody (v.t) মূ িি করা, বাস্তব রূপ দান করা, Exemplify, reify, realize, Obscure, disembody, exclude
সংগতিি করা; to give a concrete form to; illustrate, epitomize,
organize typlify
Imprisoned (adj) কারারূপ; to confine in Locked up, jailed, captive, Liberated, free, unbound
or as if in prison enslaved
Decade (n) দশক; a period of ten years Decennial
Minority (n) সংখ্যালঘু; ‍a‍small‍group‍ The outnumbered, less Majority, greater part, bulk, mass
within a community or country that is than half, the few
different because of race, religion, lowness
language, etc.
 Seen Passage-1

Word & Meaning Synonym Antonym

Resolve (n) দৃ ঢ়সংকল্প; firm
determination to do something
Emancipation (n) মুতি, বন্ধনমুতি; the
state or fact of being liberated
Prestige (n) সম্মান; respect and
admiration given to someone
Resolution, steadfastness, Doubt, incertitude.
tenacity, firmness Indetermination, uncertainty
liberation, unrestraint, Imprisonment, confinement
freedom, deliverance
Status, stature humility, lowliness
 Seen Passage-2 (H.W)

Valentina Tereshkova
Valentina Tereshkova was born in the village Maslennikovo, Tutayevsky District, in Central
Russia. Tereshkova's father was a tractor driver and her mother worked in a textile plant.
Tereshkova began school in 1945 at the age of eight, but left school in 1953 and continued
her education through distance learning. She became interested in parachuting from a
young age, and trained in skydiving at the local Aeroclub, making her first jump at age 22 on
21 May 1959. At that time she was employed as a textile worker in a local factory. It was her
expertise in skydiving that led to her selection as a cosmonaut.
 Seen Passage-2 (H.W)
After the flight of Yuri Gagarin (the first human being to travel to outer space in 1961), the Soviet
Union decided to send a woman in space. On 16 February 1962, 'proletaria' Valentina Tereshkova
was selected for this project from among more than four hundred applicants. Tereshkova had to
undergo a series of training that included weightless flights, isolation tests, centrifuge tests, rocket
theory, spacecraft engineering, 120 parachute jumps and pilot training in MiG-15UTI jet fighters.
Since the successful launch of the spacecraft Vostok-5 on 14 June 1963, Tereshkova began
preparing for her own flight. On the morning of 16 June 1963, Tereshkova and her back-up
cosmonaut Solovyova were dressed in space-suits and taken to the space shuttle launch pad by a
bus. After completing her communication and life support checks, she was sealed inside Vostok 6.
Finishing a two-hour countdown, Vostok-6 launched faultlessly.
 Seen Passage-2 (H.W)
Although Tereshkova experienced nausea and physical discomfort for much of the flight, she orbited
the earth 48 times and spent almost three days in space. With a single flight, she logged more flight
time than the combined times of all American astronauts who had flown before that date. Tereshkova
also maintained a flight log and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to identify
aerosol layers within the atmosphere.

Vostok-6 was the final Vostok flight and was launched two days after Vostok-5, which carried Valary
Bykovsy into a similar orbit for five days, landing three hours after Tereshkova. The two vessels
approached each other within 5 kilometres at one point, and from space Tereshkova communicated
with Bykovsky and the Soviet leader Khrushchev by radio.
Much later, in 1977 Tereshkova earned a doctorate in Engineering from Zhukovsky Air Force
Academy. Afterwards she turned to politics. During the Soviet regime she became one of the
presidium members of the Supreme Soviet. Now this living legend is a member in the lower house of
the Russian legislature. On her 70th birthday when she was invited by the Russian Prime Minister
Vladimir Putin, she expressed her desire to fly to Mars, even if for a one-way trip.
 Seen Passage-2 (H.W)
Kalpana Chawla (17 March 1962 - 1 February 2003)
Chawla was born in Karnal, India. She completed her earlier schooling at Tagore Baal Niketan Senior
Secondary School, Kamal. She is the first Indian-born woman and the second person in space from
this subcontinent. After graduating in Aeronautical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College,
India, in 1982, Chawla moved to the United States the same year. She obtained her Master's degree
in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas in 1984. Later she did her Ph.D. in Aerospace
Engineering in 1988 from the University of Colorado.

Determined to become an astronaut even in the face of the Challenger disaster 1986 that broke apart
after 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members, Chawla joined NASA
in 1988. She began working as a Vice President where she did Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
research on vertical take-off and landing. In 1991 she got U.S. citizenship and started her career as a
NASA astronaut in 1995. She was selected for her first flight in 1996. She spoke the following words
while travelling in the weightlessness of space, "You are just your intelligence." She had travelled
10.67 million miles, as many as 252 times around the Earth.
 Seen Passage-2 (H.W)
Her first space mission (Mission STS 87) began on 19 November 1997 with six other astronauts on
the Space Shuttle Columbia. On her first mission that lasted for 15 days, 16 hours, 34 minutes and 4
seconds, she travelled 6.5 million miles. She was responsible for deploying the Spartan Satellite
which however malfunctioned, necessitating a spacewalk by Winston Scott and Tako Doi, two of her
fellow astronauts, to retrieve the satellite.

In 2000 she was selected for her second space mission STS 107. This mission was repeatedly
delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems. On 16 January 2003, Kalpana Chawla
finally started her new mission with six other space crew on the ill-fated space shuttle Columbia. She
was one of the mission specialists. Chawla’s responsibilities included the microgravity experiments,
for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science, advanced
technology development, and astronaut health and safety.
 Seen Passage-2 (H.W)
After a 16 day scientific mission in space, on 1 February 2003, Columbia disintegrated over Texas
during its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. All the crew in Columbia including Chawla died only
16 minutes prior to their scheduled landing. Investigation shows that this fatal accident happened due
to a damage in one of Columbia's wings caused by a piece of insulating foam from the external fuel
tank peeling off during the launch. During the intense heat of re-entry, hot gases penetrated the
interior of the wing, destroying the support structure and causing the rest of the shuttle to break down.
 Seen Passage-2
Word & Meaning Synonym Antonym
Textile (adj) বস্ত্রবিন সংক্রান্ত, বস্তুতশল্প; fabric, cloth, yard goods -
any cloth or goods produced by
weaving, knitting, or felting
Expertise (n) তবদ্বশষ জ্ঞান ও দক্ষিা; ability, competence, know ignorance, inability,
expert skill or knowledge how, proficiency, aptness stupidity, inanity
Cosmonaut (n) নদ্ব াচারী; a Russian or pilot, rocket scientist, space -
soviet astronaut person
Undergo (v.t) ককাদ্বনাতকছু র অত জ্ঞিা লা endure, go through, sustain, discontinue, refuse,
করা, ক াগ করা বা সওিা; to be put up with surrender, execule
subjected to, experience, pass
through
 Seen Passage-2
Word & Meaning Synonym Antonym
Isolation (n) তবতিন্নকরণ, পৃথককরণ; separation, seclusion desolation, enclosure, insertion,
the sate of being isolated remoteness, solitude, aloneness, inclusion
aloofness, exile
Centrifuge (n) িরল পদাদ্বথি extractor, ultracentrifuge, -
বস্তুকতণকাদ্বক ঘূ ণিন গতির োরা পরস্পর separator
কথদ্বক পৃথক করার কাদ্বজ বযবহৃি যন্ত্র; an
apparatus that uses centrifugal
force to separate particles from a
suspension
Space-suit (n) মহাকাশ ভ্রমদ্বণ বযবহৃি
কপাষাক; a suit worn by astronauts
or cosmonauts
 Seen Passage-2 (H.W)
❖ Choose the correct answer from the alternatives-
(a) The word ‘Textile’ mentioned in the passage is -
(i) noun (ii) pronoun (iii) adjective (iv) adverb

(b) Valentina Tereshkova was born in -

(i) 21st century (ii) 19th century (iii) 20th century (iv) 2000s

(c) The word ‘legislature’ means–

(i) executive (ii) judiciary (iii) parliament (iv) secretariate

(d) The word ‘Through’ mentioned in the passage is -

(i) adverb (ii) adjective (iii) preposition (iv) conjunction

(e) Antonym of the word ‘isolation’

(i) separation (ii) contact (iii) detachment (iv) quarantine
 Noun

Classification on Sensibility
Position

Noun

Suffix
Classification on Counting
 Noun
❖ Detection of Noun by Suffixes:

-ure -ness -y
-iour -hood
-ance -dom
-ship
-age
-ety
-ar Verb Adjective
-ity
-er
-ism
-or Noun
-cy
-ce
-tion
-sion
-ment
-e
-ce -al
-th -ence
 Noun & its position

SUBJECT
DIRECT OBJECT
INDIRECT OBJECT
Position of Noun
OBJECT OF PREPOSITON

PREDICATE
OBJECT COMPLEMENT
APPOSITIVES
 Noun & its position
1. Noun acts as subject. A subject tells us whom or what a sentence is about.
The students happily studied grammar.

2. Noun acts as direct object. A direct object receives the action of transitive active
verbs.
The students happily studied grammar.

3. Noun acts indirect object. An indirect objects tells us to whom or for whom the action
of the verb is done.
They taught their friends grammar.
 Noun & its position
4. Noun acts as object of preposition. Objects of prepositions are nouns that come after
prepositions in prepositional phrase.
Their friends smiled with glee.

5. Noun can be used as predicate. Predicate nouns are nouns that come after linking verbs.
They rename the subject of the sentence.
They were grammar champion!

6. Noun can be object complement. Objective complements are nouns that complete the direct
object.
They elected my uncle mayor.

7. Noun can be appositives. An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames other nouns
right beside them.
My friend Marianne likes cupcakes.
 Noun

Name of anything like person, animal, place, thing, abstract, idea, action, state or quality is called Noun.
কযদ্বকান বযাতি, প্রাণী, বস্তু, াব, াবনা, কাজ, অবস্থান, কদাষ-গুণ, ইিযাতদর নামদ্বক Noun বদ্বল।
Examples:
Maria, Girl, Dhaka, Book, Teacher, Water, Honesty, Happiness, Family, Sleep, Death, etc.
In Sentence: (Bold words are noun)
- A boy is coming towards us.
- Sarah is a pretty girl.
- The sun shines in daytime.
- Education removes darkness.
- Poverty is curse.

▪ Function of Noun:
Noun plays the role in a sentence as subject of a verb or object of a verb or both subject and object of a verb.
 Classification of Nouns

❖ Noun can be classified into five categories:

1. Proper noun
2. Common noun
3. Collective noun
4. Abstract noun
5. Material noun
 Classification

Basis on Sensibility (2 types)

Proper Common Collective Abstract

✓ Concrete

✓ Abstract

Noun
✓ Uncountable Material Abstract

✓ Countable Proper Common Collective

Basis on Counting (2 types)

 Classification of Nouns

i. Proper Noun:
Proper noun is the name of some particular person, place or thing.
Example:- Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. ( Dhaka is the name of a particular capital)
- Sunny is a smart boy. ( Sunny is the name of a particular boy)
- Rimi is a clever girl. (Rimi is the name of a particular girl)
Proper noun always starts with capital letter.
 Classification of Nouns
ii. Common Noun:
Common noun is a noun that is not the name of a particular thing or class but that represents
one or all of the members of that class or thing.
A common noun can be preceded by articles (a, the).
Examples:
- Sunny is a smart boy. (Here boy is common noun while Sunny is a proper noun)
- Rimi is a clever girl. (Here girl is common noun while Rimi is a proper noun)
Examples without sentence:
- People: boy, girl, mother, father, baby, child, teacher, student, man, woman, etc.
- Things: book, table, computer, pen, pencil, etc.
- Animals: bird, dog, cat, cow, goat, wolf, tiger, etc.
- Place: city, country, state, capital, beach, forest, etc.
 Classification of Nouns

iii. Collective Noun:

A collective noun is the name of a collection or number or group of things or persons
taken together and considered of as one whole.
Example:
- The navy is ready for the voyage.
- Public was not aware of the incident.
- The proposal was approved by the cabinet.
Example without sentence:
Crowd, class, army, mob, gang, team, jury, family, herd, committee, audience, council, public,
navy, cabinet, group, company, society, troupe, corporation, senate, faculty, board, etc.
 Classification of Nouns

iv. Abstract Noun:

An Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action, state or concept.
Abstract nouns are the names of such things that can’t be touched, tested, smelt or heard.
Such as:
Quality- honesty, beauty, bravery, wisdom, heroism, stupidity, darkness, kindness, goodness,
brightness, etc.
Action- Judgment, movement, laughter, hatred, theft, etc.
State- Childhood, boyhood, youth, death, poverty, slavery, sickness, sleep, etc.
The names of Arts and Science such as grammar, chemistry, physics, music, etc. are also abstract
noun.
 Classification of Nouns

v. Material Noun:
A material noun is the name of material, substance or ingredient of something.
Such as iron, steel, copper, gold, coal, silver, milk, water, tea, sugar, wheat, etc.
Example:
- The necklace is made of gold.
- The cow gives us milk.
- Give me a cup of tea.
 Poll Question-03

❑ Which one is Abstract Noun?

(a) Happy

(b) cute

(c) sweet

(d) height
 Poll Question-04

❑ “The mother I saw in her was stronger than that of any other mother in the
world.”
In the above line, the word ‘mother’ is used respectively as___
(a) Common, Abstract
(b) Abstract, Common
(c) Common, Common
(d) Common, Material
 Poll Question-05

❑ “Is she well enough to travel?” In the above line, the word ‘well’ is used
respectively as___.
(a) Noun
(b) Adjective
(c) Adverb
(d) None of these
Blank space