ART NOUVEAU

(LESSEON 1)

Started in the late 19th and early 20th century in Belgium.

Aimed to create modern art for the modern age and was characterized by flowing lines, organic shapes,
and ornamental motifs inspired by nature..
Had different names in different countries, such as Jugendstil in Germany, Sezessionstil in Austria,
Modernista in Spain, Glasgow in Scotland and Stile Liberty in Italy.
The phase were in people were transtioning out of the Classical style.
The movement first started in jewelry and furniture later appearing in architecture.

INFLUENCES]
1. Geographical- started in Belgium and later in France
2. Geological- Extensive use of steel and glass
3. Technological- the Industrial Revolution produced machines that easily forms iron and glass into
any form
4. Inspirations:
- Japonism → influence ofJapanese art
- Graphic design and art
- Porcelain
- Furnishings
- Jewelry
- Arts and crafts movement

characteristics]
• Asymetrical Shapes • Exposed iron (Present in the Spanish
• Fluid, curved forms with a whiplash effect Renaissance)
• Curved glass • Ferro vitreous architecture → combination of
• Swirling tendrils or vines → Botanical-like iron and glass
embellishments • Parabolic curves
• Mosaics (Present in the Byzantine Period) • combination of nature and industry
• Stained glass (Gothic Influence)
• Japanese motifs

famous|examples]
1. Hotel Tassel in Belgium by Victor Horta (1892) 5. Metro de Paris by Hector Guimard
2. Home of Jules Lavirotte in Paris, France (1901) 6. Palazzo Castilgioni by Giuseppe Sommaruga
3. Castel Beranger in Paris, France by Hector Guimard 7. Basílica de la Sagrada Família by Antonio Gaudi
4. Casa Battló in Barcelona by Antonio Gaudi (1904)

ART Deco
(LESSEON 2)

An architectural style that began in France during the 1920s and later on reached US and Europe in
the 1930s.
The term “Art Deco” was derived from an international exhibition held in Paris, France in 1925, called
the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes.

INFLUENCES]
1. Other movements such as: Art Nouveau, the Bauhaus and Cubism
2. They were also influenced by the Eygptians and the Classical period
Architectural|Character]
1. Bold geometric forms of Cubism
2. Bright colors of Fauvism
3. Egyptian Architecture
4. Metallic
5. Ziggurat termination
6. Stylized Sunburst motif
7. Chevron, zigzag motif

2|phases]
• Phase 1: Art Deco began as a decorative element that adorned buildings with two-dimensional, flat
representations of the human form, flowers, animals, and geometric and abstract shapes inspired by
cubism.
• Phase 2: In the 1930s, Art Deco evolved to feature more curvilinear and asymmetric streamlined
designs that were used in domestic types of architecture.

famous|examples]
1. Chrysler Building (1930) designed by architect William van Allen
2. Delano (1947) by architect Robert Swartburg
3. Eastern Columbia Building (1930) designed by architect Claud Beelman
4. Guardian Building (1929) Designed by Wirt C. Rowland

STREAMLINE|MODERNE|ART|DECO]
• International style of Art Deco that emerged in the 1930s

Characteristics
1. Round corners
2. Port hole windows
3. Glass blocks
4. Flat roof
5. Stucco in pastel colors
6. Cubism
7. Horizontal elements

ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT

(LESSEON 3)

.Founded in the late 19th century by British artists and social reformers.
Redefined the role of art and craftsmanship.
Emphasized the importance of line, proportion, texture, workmanship, and appropriateness in creating
beauty., which architects believed were key to creating aesthetically pleasing and functional buildings.
The Industrial Revolution resulted in mass production, which led to the creation of "one size fits all"
products. However, these products in this movement were designed to meet society's needs for
manufacturing materials and were intended for human use, despite being produced in factories.

characteristics]
1. Raw, truthful materials with a focus on their natural qualities.
2. Simple forms that hero and celebrate the construction of the object.
3. Designs, motifs, and patterns inspired by nature.
4. Vernacular designs focused on traditional disciplines and techniques

famous|examples]
1. Red House by Philip Webb
2. Church of All Saints by W.R. Lethaby
 20th century “isms”
(LESSEON 4)

Classicism/Neo-Classicism]
Draws inspiration from the classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.
Some Characteristics:
1. Symmetrical shape
2. Tall columns that rise the full height of the building
3. Triangular pediment
4. Domed roof
Types:
1. Temple Style- based on ancient temple design and often features a peristyle
2. Palladian Style- which is inspired by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio and includes
details such as large windows with a central arched section and two narrow rectangular sections
3. Classical Block Style- which features a rectangular or square plan, a flat roof, and
multiple levels with repeated classical patterns such as arches and columns.
Examples:
1. Manila City Hall
2. National Museum
3. Mapua Univeristy

Eclecticism].
An architectural style that involves borrowing various styles from different regions and eras and
combining them in one composition, with no strict guidelines for past styles, allowing for architectural
freedom and fanciful ideas to create unique buildings.
Eclectic architecture often involves reinterpreting historical styles and adding new elements.
The movement was born because of railroads and steam boats that made transportation easier.
Though structures included different styles, the architects still managed to make them work together
to be aesthetically pleasing.
Examples:
1. New York Palace in Hungary
2. Communications Palace in Spain

modernism].
A generic term
Prioritizes function and specific needs.
Buildings are viewed as volumes of space enclosed by light, thin curtain walls and slender piers.
- Curtain walls → A wall that doesn’t carry weight and is purely for enclosure
The visual aesthetic of modern architecture was influenced by the machine, as well as abstract painting
and sculpture.

Follows the Vitruvian theory

Can be characterized by:
1. An adoption of the principle that the materials and functional requirements determine the result
an adoption of the machine aesthetic
2. An emphasis of horizontal and vertical lines
3. A creation of ornament using the structure and theme of the building, or a rejection of
ornamentation.
 4. A simplification of form and elimination of "unnecessary detail"
5. An adoption of expressed structure
6. Form follows function

a. Brutalism:
• Emphasizes the use of raw materials
• Characterized by:
- Common features include:
- Precast concrete slabs
- Rough, unfinished surfaces
- Exposed steel beams
- Massive, sculptural shapes
• Started by Le Corbuseir or Charles Edouard Jeanerret
• Came form the term "Béton Brut" meaning raw concrete
• Response to the curtain walls of Mies Van der Rohe
• The heaviness of the building is contransted by openings and window
• Leandro Locsin is a famous Filipino Brutalist architect whose works include: PICC, CCP complex,
Cultural Centerr, etc.

b. International:
• Developed in Europe and the U.S. in the 1920s and '30s and dominated Western architecture in
the mid-20th century.
• Characterized by rectilinear forms, open interior spaces, large expanses of glass, steel, and
reinforced-concrete construction, and light, taut plane surfaces devoid of applied ornamentation.
• Examples include the Seagram Building and Villa Savoye
Seagram building Villa Savoye

c. Minimalism:
• Involves Van der Rohe’s philosophy “Less is More”
• Characteristics:
- Common features include:
- Only includes the essential elements
- An open plan (no interior walls)
- Play on lighting for a dramatic effect
- Negative spaces are part of the design

d. functionalism:
• “Form ever follows function” or function dictate the form
• Functionalists design utilitarian structures where the interior program determines the outward
form, without considering traditional design elements such as axial symmetry and classical
proportions.
• Functionalists believe that if functional aspects are fulfilled, architectural beauty will naturally
follow.

e. futurism:
• Futurist architecture was a form of architecture in early-20th century Italy that rejected historical
styles.
 • It was characterized by strong use of color, long dynamic lines, and a suggestion of speed, motion,
urgency, and lyricism.
• Founded by poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced the movement's first manifesto in 1909.
• The Futurists had a cult of the machine age and glorified war and violence, which led some
prominent futurists to volunteer for World War I and ultimately die in combat.
• Architect Antonio Sant'Elia was a member of the Futurist movement who translated the futurist
vision into an urban form, though he built little.

f. constructivism:
• Emerged in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s as a response to societal upheaval and
a desire for a new aesthetic in line with Communist philosophy and goals.
• A sturdy Brutalist style but used for political propaganda
• The style was characterized by an emphasis on functionality, modern technology, and engineering,
as well as an avowedly Communist social purpose.
• Example: Tatlin’s Tower

g. expressionism:
• Developed during the early 20th century, alongside the expressionist visual and performing arts.
• The movement was characterized by an early-modernist adoption of novel materials, formal
innovation, and unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms and sometimes
by new technical possibilities such as mass-produced brick, steel, and glass.
• The movement emphasized the integration of buildings into their natural surroundings and the use
of organic, flowing forms.
• Examples: The works of Calatrava, Sydney Opera House

h. Post-modernism:
• Combination of the modern style with classical styles like columns or colonnades
• Postmodernism emerged from a global decline in confidence in the international Modern
Movement and a recognition of its shortcomings, including a lack of historical reference that could
provide a sense of continuity.
• Modernist architecture with ornaments
• Emphasizes ornamentation, historical allusion, and a playful use of forms and materials.
• Postmodernism challenges the notion of a single, objective truth and embraces multiple
interpretations and viewpoints.
• Examples: Sony building, Staatsgalerie Extension

i. deconstructivism:
• Seeks new forms of expression by rejecting traditional structural constraints, functional hierarchies,
and thematic norms.
• Features non-rectangular, fantastical, and seemingly disjointed designs, with forms that challenge
traditional notions of symmetry and order.
• Twisted or crumpled building designs
• Introduced the use of titanium
• Examples: The works of Frank Gehry