Transportation Engineering (TE) The application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation, and management of infrastructure for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, environmentally compatible movement of people and goods. An infrastructure which serves to move people and good is known as transportation system
2 Introduction April 17, 2022
TE… Components of Transportation system
3. Control component: highway administration, local
TE… Mode of transportation o Land : highway, rail o Air: domestic, international o Water: inland, coastal, ocean o Pipelines: oil, gas, other o Belt conveyors o Ropeways o etc Highways are the most dominant mode of transport in most countries of the world including Ethiopia. Highways are vitally important for economic growth of a country especially for developing countries like Ethiopia. 4 Introduction April 17, 2022 Highway Engineering Engineering discipline branching from civil engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods.
5 Introduction April 17, 2022
Areas of highway transportation engineering
Planning of streets and highways
Geometric design of road facilities
Traffic operations and control
Traffic safety
Maintenance of road facilities and controls
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Highway Engineering Division
Basically divided into four parts, namely
o Geometry of highway
o Pavement engineering
o Highway maintenance
o Transportation planning
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Geometry of Highways The dimensions and layout of visible features of the highway It includes: o Road cross-sections o Horizontal alignment o Vertical alignment o Intersections o Interchanges o Earthwork estimations o Drainage structures o Sight distance o etc
8 Introduction April 17, 2022
Pavement Engineering The design and maintenance of the surface and foundation layers of any part of a roadway It includes: o Material design • Material selection • Material testing (material quality) o Thickness design • Selection of layer type & thicknesses (SC & traffic load) • Architecture of roadway (user information) o Material survey • Search for quarry site 9 Introduction April 17, 2022 Highway Construction, Operation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation Construction-construction of roadway systems Operation-the construction of any part of the authorized works which will involve interference with a highway or the traffic in a highway Maintenance-the action of keeping a road or highway in a state of good repair Rehabilitation-needed to restore the pavement surface to the required level of service
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Transportation Planning Planning required in the operation, provision and management of facilities and services for the modes of transport It includes effective use of transportation system, determination of overall level of service (LOS)& mathematical solution using optimization techniques
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History of Highway/Road Engineering Traces of early roads have been found since the recorded history of the man kind. The first and oldest mode of travel is obviously was foot path. Before the invention of wheel, people used to move on foot, thus creating foot paths. Men and material must have been transported either on backs of men or animals. The historical road development can be divided into the following era: o Ancient roads o Roman roads o French roads o British roads o Modern roads
12 Introduction April 17, 2022
Ancient Roads The first mode of transport was by foot. The next major mode of transport was animals for transporting both men and materials. Because of the loaded animals require more horizontal and vertical clearances than the walking man, track ways emerged. The invention of wheel in Mesopotamian civilization led to the development of animal drawn vehicles. Then it became necessary that the road surface should be capable of carrying greater loads. These have led to the development of foot-paths.
13 Introduction April 17, 2022
Roman Roads 1. The roads were straight and durable, built on hard stratum. 2. Total thickness was as high as 0.75-1.2 m 3. They mixed lime and volcanic pozzolona to make mortar & they added gravel to this mortar to make concrete. 4. Concrete was a major Roman road making innovation. 5. Roman are a pioneer of road construction. 6. The applon way was constructed for 580km length
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French Roads Occurred during the regime of Napoleon. Piere-Tresaguet developed in France in 1964 Thickness of construction was 30cm. Sub-grade prepared by hand laying large foundation stones. Submerged kerb stones were given. Broken stones were filled at the center and compacted. Top wearing course was smaller stones for 5cm at edge and increasing at center. Slope 1:45 was provide for drainage. Shoulders with crown drain.
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British Roads John Macadam in England in 1827. Sub-grade drainage was improved. Heavy foundation was not necessary. Cross slope 1:36 Total thickness is 25cm. Uniform thickness for subbase and base course
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Modern Road In 18th century, improved construction methods for road again began to develop. Mr. Pierre Tresaquet developed an improved method of construction in 1764 in France. At the time when Mr. Pierre Tresaquet was busy in developing his construction method, Mr. John Metcalf was engaged in his development in England. Metcalf constructed about 290km road in Northern region of England. Since Metcalf was blind, his work was not recorded and thus got lost. Telford and Macadam were the pioneers in road development in England. Telford believed in using heavy foundation stones over the soil subgrade, while Macadam advocated the use of compacted crushed aggregate layer at the bottom. Macadam’s method of road construction is still in use and is named after his name.
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Cont’d.… The famous road designers in 18th century o Pierre Tresaquet o John Metcalf o Thomas Telford o John Macadam
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Road in Ethiopia Ancient period (17th and 18th century) o Traditional shoulder porter age o There were a number of small roads trails 2nd Italian occupation period (1896-1936) o Eritria to Addis Ababa road (1903) o Addis to Addis-Alem road o 1st asphalt road in Addis o Total road built 6500km in length and 2500km of them are single asphalt surface treatment (after 5 year occupation) o Drainage structures o Stone masonry o Three tunnels Free Ethiopia (1947 onwards) o ERA establishment (1951)
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Cont’d… Paved and gravel road (2009) oAsphalt: 90,336km ogravel,: 11,023km 1st expressway (2006) oAddis Ababa ring road • Four lane limited access divided highway 2nd expressway (2014) oAddis to Adama oSix lane limited access divided highway oLength 80km and width 30m 3rd expressway (currently under construction) oMojo-Hawassa
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Classification of Highways Depending on legal control oPrivate road oPublic road oCombined road Depending on surface types oPaved oUnpaved Depending on geometric design oDivided oUndivided
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Cont’d… Depending on service function o Freeways and arterials o Local roads o Collector roads Depending on traffic volumes o high and low o Freeways and arterials o Local and collector Depending on Location o Urban highway o Rural highways
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ERA road classification Depending on function and AADT o A Class: Trunk Roads o B Class: Link Roads o C Class: Main Access Roads o D Class: Collector Roads o E Class: Feeder Roads. Other considerations o Demography, o Agriculture including livestock, mines and quarries, o Industry and international borders