General Concepts and STS Historical Developments Intellectual Revolutions that Defined SocietyGeneral Concepts and STS Historical Developments Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Identify intellectual revolutions that defined society 2. Identify the paradigm shifts in history 3. Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technologyIntroduction on Intellectual Revolutions What is ‘Intellectual Revolution’? Intellectual revolutions can be defined as the historical changes in the thougnNts, beliefs and social institutions due to new ideas and principles. When science and technology are the center of an intellectual revolution, it can be called a Scientific revolution. (Note: ‘Scientific revolution’ may also refer to the historical period when science became more important and influential during the Middle Ages.)Introduction on Intellectual Revolutions In human history, there were three intellectuals who significantly changed the views about the world and humanity. They were Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud.Intellectual Revolution S Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Copernicus was a Polish astronomer and mathematician. His heliocentric model of the universe proposed that the sun is the center of the universe. It opposed the geocentric model, which said that the Earth is the center of the universe, as proposed by Ptolemy and Aristotle and supported by the Church. iBleensedunoeceoyIntellectual Revolution Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Heliocentric Model The heliocentric model states that the Sun is the center of the universe and the Earth is just one of the planets revolving around it. Although Copernicus’ work lacked mathematical and physical explanations and evidences, it was still considered significant for two reasons.SSE Se a ee SS Intellectual Revolution us (1473-1543) Nicholaus Coperi Geocentric Model First, before and during the time of Copernicus, astrology is more important than astronomy. We know today that astrology is not a real science. In astrology, the Earth was considered a powerful, extraordinary celestial body that is, the center of the universe. This was supported by the geocentric model of Ptolemy and Aristotle.Intellectual Revolution Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Also, astrologers at that time needed to cast horoscopes and do other astrological activities in order to gain acceptance and support from the society and the Church. The society was dependent on horoscopes and astrological outputs. When Copernicus’ heliocentric theory gained acceptance, society started to change.Intellectual Revolution Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Heliocentric Model Copernicus questioned the ideas of Ptolemy and Aristotle. His model suggested that the Earth is equal to the other planets and they all revolve around the Sun. This debunked the astrological view. People at that time began to question astrology and started to embrace more the science of astronomy.sree ‘Science, Technology and Society "Pert ceneal Gongrets ad STs Hits _ Intellectual Revolutions that Defined society Intellectual Revolution Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543) The second significance of Copernicus’ work is that it laid the foundation for succeeding scientists to do revolutionary things. His successors were Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. These scientists made it possible to understand and explain many phenomena in the universe in a mathematical way.TSoN2 ‘Science, Technalogy and Society Ea ‘Intellectual Revolution« that Defined Socioty Intellectual Revolution Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543) The findings of Copernicus, along with his successors, changed the society's view about astronomy. It became more acceptable. Galileo’s work made the telescope popular even for non-astronomers. This marked the beginnings of popular science and science fictionIntellectual Revolution Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Charles Darwin was an English scientist whose works, Origin of Species and Decent of Man, discussed his ideas on the evolution 4 of species and mankind. Darwin's works were controversial especially to creationists and to the religious.Intellectual Revolution Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Darwin's works suggested that humans are natural and are subject to the laws of science. During Darwin's time, humans. were treated as very special beings as compared to other organisms. It was as if humans were supernatural creations. ‘The hote by Et and iyi eenaduder BY‘srsouz Technology and: (Par Caneral Concepts and STS Historical Incetlectual Revolutions that Defined Society ‘Science, Technology and Society "3 = Intellectual Revolution Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Darwin's works also proposed that natural selection is the main rational behind humans' current existence and attributes. He suggested that humans evolved from pre-existing organisms as opposed to the creationist view that God created humans. a SETKIntellectual Revolution Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Third, Darwin's works suggested that humans are not so different versus other organisms - that humans, crabs, dogs, trees, worms and other 4 organisms are equal. They are all ms species. From this new thinking, Charles Darwin changed how society viewed humanity.Intellectual Revolution Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Even though Darwin's works were controversial, his supporters increased across the world, even among religious personalities. Later, studies by other scientists supported or revised Darwin's theory of evolution. Tody, Charles Darwin is recognized as the pioneer of the field of evolutionary biology.Intellectual Revolution Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist whose works in psychology are considered revolutionary. He was credited for psychoanalysis, theory on psychosexual development, dream interpretation and the id, ego and superego.Intellectual Revolution Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Freud proposed psychoanalysis as a scientific method to understand the mind. Although today, many scientists consider Freud's works as pseudoscience because of insufficient evidence and failure to be proven accurately. However, he is still considered revolutionary because he changed how society viewed the human self. Tyephataby cot lncaeleeradunderIntellectual Revolution Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Freud rejected the idea from ‘Enlightenment’ that humans are rational and can control his emotions and drives through reasoning. Freud suggested otherwise, saying that humans have a subconscious and unconscious mind which may control emotions, drives and behavior. He believed that humans have the tendency to be unaware of their behaviors and their emotions, making them irrational.eS a Intellectual Revolution Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Another field of work of Freud is the interpretation of dreams. For Freud, dreams are connected to one’s experiences. They are somehow products of the unconscious mind that are based on unfulfilled wishes.Other Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Meso-America Meso-America covers most of the present-day Central America. There were important scientific and technological developments in Meso- America primarily done by the Maya, Inca and Aztec civilizations. THis ho by Unicon Asters eened under CCBOther Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Meso-America The Maya Civilization is known for its early studies in astronomy, and engineering. They have know-how on paper making and have their own writing system, the Maya hieroglyphics.Other Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Meso-America The Inea Civilization is known for their paved roads, irrigation systems, and quipo, a record system using knotted ropes. Machu Picchu Quipo = ‘ “hs Phataby Ponce seenedunder EY This thetby Unknown autor seemed under c= BYOther Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Meso-America Ruins of aztec ci The Aztec civilization is known for the mandatory education of their children. They are also known for their chinampas, a way of farming in canals.Other Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Asia Indian steel works The Indian civilization is known for steel works. They are also known for their system of traditional medicine known as Ayurveda. ‘hie Dhoto by abe Racine leared und COBYOther Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Asia A Candi in Indonesia 7 The Indonesians learned to construct Candis in the 8th century. Candis are religious structures with both Buddhist and Hindu heritage, mostly built from the 8" to 15th centuries.Other Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Asia One of the techniques in Kampo The Japanese developed the traditional kampo medicine which had Chinese origins. "ote otang teeterOther Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Middle East and Africa Ibn al-Haytham Ibn al-Haytham is considered the ‘Father of Optics’ due his studies on light. ‘mic heey Spina eenOther Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Middle East and Africa Jabir ibn Hayyan Jabir ibn Hayyan is known for his early works in alchemy and metallurgy.Other Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Middle East and Africa Ibn Sina + Ibn Sina is known for his works in Medicine especially in the area of infectious diseases and pharmacology. “ose ncnOther Revolutions Intellectual Revolution in Middle East and Africa In Africa, Egyptian civilization was the most advanced. The city of Alexandria was an intellectual and scientific center during the Middle Ages. In the rest of Africa, metallurgy was well-developed. This is mainly due to the region's rich deposits of minerals like gold, copper and iron. resent-day Egyptian pyramids Gold coins of the Royal Afican Company “This eta Unownbthoris enn under CC “Tie toby Unum audorcSenaad under BYOther Revolutions Information Revolution Information Revolution refers to the change in the social, economic and political role of information. The generation and use of information has led to important developments in modern science. Information Revolution affected all aspects of the ee ee society: from individual lives to local and global economies and governments.a e Other Revolutions Information Revolution The start of the information revolution was made possible by the invention of language, writing and printing.ea pe Other Revolutions Information Revolution Language is one of the factors that differentiates humans from its evolutionary ancestors. It is also a unifying factor for humanity. All humans use language to communicate or to exchange information.Other Revolutions 3 Information Revolution The rise of civilizations in the Middle East is coupled with the invention of writing. Writing enabled the documentation of early events, norms, social and political activities, among others. It was able to preserve information into a form that could be passed on to future generations.Other Revolutions Information Revolution Printing is important in the rise of modern civilizations. The invention of printing enabled the distribution of important scientific, religious and historical texts such as Copernicus’ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and the Bible.Other Revolutions Information Revolution Computers allowed the processing and calculation of digital information. The invention of storage devices enabled the storing and sharing of information or data. Optical communication allowed the establishment of communication networks and Internet technology. oe = aggerrmemaee spn ns arseOther Revolutions Information Revolution Information revolution had profound impact to economies, governments and societies. Today, fundamental access to information is one of the goals of nations for development. ePhotoby hari anan|Other Revolutions Information Revolution In politics and government, information revolution made possible the increase in government transparency, development of online campaigning and automated elections, among others. Local grass root and global e-commerce are now possible through the use of mobile devices and the internet.ha Se le Other Revolutions Information Revolution In the work environment, information revolution decreased the ‘distance’ between employees and employers by enabling telecommuting. Telecommuting refers to working from home, using the Internet, telephone or email. It is now possible for workers to stay with their families while working, do part-time jobs, and have some flexibility in terms of work schedule.EES ee ee Other Revolutions Information Revolution Information revolution has both positive and negative impact to society. It actually made it easier for people to access information and to communicate. However, sometimes this is abused and some people are spreading irrelevant or incorrect information. This leads to misinformation which is very dangerous for the society.‘Seience,Tectnoogy ana ceety ‘art: General Concepts ang STs Hitec! Intellectual Reveutions that Defined Society ‘Senisenene © summary Scientific revolutions have changed society's thoughts, beliefs and behaviors through new ideas and principles. In history, there are four main scientific revolutions: Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian and Information Revolutions. Every part of the world like Meso-America, Asia, Middle East and Africa have their unique contributions to the development of science and technology based on the resources available and on the needs of society. In turn, the discoveries in science and technology have changed society's way of thinking and way of living. Moreover, they are always two sides on the impact of science and technology to society, the positive and/or the negative.THANK YOU!