bbK 22.11873 79 Baumecpdaceuo Minicmepemeon aceinu i uarku Yepainu aw uGuaronni nocionuk dan Cmydenmik mexnisiux 1 mEXnoaocinner CNeYiaToHOCMeE! GIAYUN HAGMATHUN 3uKIGNEe Penensenti: JE ® Bapanan, wep tpis-sar. nays, spo; BO. Mapreuve, sat, dbiscmat, nays (Flonrauepxnit ten iter): B. 6. Promuyosui, scp dbisonari uayk. npod. (XMembuMUDKHL TeXionEr, int) JyGoonx BH, 1Opme 1.1. 79” Buuta sacremarnga: Hans, nocion. — K.: A.C.K., 2005, ~~ 648 in. — BiGniorp.: ¢. 632-633.-—~ (Yuinepeurer. 6-Ka) ISBN 966-539-320-0. Y nociéunky posrusnyro untanns 3 TaKux powtinin Brmol sarematie Ku, 1K BeKTOpHA wreGpa fi ARULiTINUEA Feomerpin: Wnpepemutiwiette it iwver- parpne were; pynentit Oararsox ainsi: suepenuiayren pinnaunes; Dasuit: Kpariti, Kpiseortiniiini Ta HOnepxnesi inrerpanit TeoperHanuit Matepian nintonitae HaBsauiemit mporpami s Kypey Biutot MaTeMATHKIC i CYNPOBOAYCTLC LOCTATMbOIO KiABKICTIO NpHALiN | KUL OcoGsnay yaary npnaixeno npuksaaniit i npaxtiaiit cipastonatocri xypcy Alia ctymentis rexuivnux i Textionoriwny cenianpioercit wim a= paarbMx daKmatie BBK 22.118073 Hasiaiwue sudan Yutinepeurercpka GiGstioreKa AYBOBHK Borosunmp Hanacouns JOPHK Ian Inanonuy BHUIA MATEMATHKA Bameepdoiceno Minicmepemsom oceinu i napku Yxpaiiue aK wastatoiudl nocibuux dax cmydcumis MEXHTMUN § MCNUOABEIUUN CHEUIEAHHOCINCH GUQUX HESYAIDNUN cK TOIS Penaxrop €. Bondapuys Niguneano 20 xpyky 07.06.05. Dopmar 60x84 1/16. Manip opeernnii. fIpy oipeevinsti apnirypa stirepatypaa. Yaouu.-upyk. apx, 37,66. Tupax 10 000 (2-11 sano 4000) 3am, 4-688. “A.C.K.", 03057, Kuiu-57. sya. Merpa Heerepona, 3, kopu. | Cainonrso DepaKominpopmy Yxpainn AK Ne 66 vin 29.05.2000 Buchosox acpxaunol cauivapno-enistemionoriuol excneprirn! Minictepcrea oxoponn saopos's Yepaii Ne 5,03.02-04/4843 pia 12.02.04 BAT aflonivpadsumray, 03057, Kuiv-57, wy. Jlowaenea, 3 ISBN 966-539-320-0 © BLN, jlydonux, 1.1 1Opux, 2001 © «A.C.K», 2005BCTYIL MatematHxa — ojua 3 HaliqaBHiliHx HayK, WO sapogunacb Ha cBi- taaky uuBinisayii. Bona noctitvo s6arayysanaca, yac Big Yacy icrorHo oHoBsioBasaca i Bce Oibule yTRepAKyBalach AK 3aci6 NisHaHHA 3AaKoHO- mipuocreii HaBkormumboro cBity. Posmupioiow i sMinmoro¥n cBoi 6a- ratTorpaHHi 3B’A3KK 3 IpaKTHKOIO, MaTeMaTHKa JoloMarae JOACTBY Bil- KpueaTH i BHKOpHCTOByBaTH 3aKOKM mpupogu i € y Halu Yac MoryTHim py- uiem po3BHTKy HaykH i TeXHIKH. Came Halllomy Yacy BugaloTbCA Oco6.1HBO cCHiBsByYHHMH Mpopo4i C10Ba senukoro JIeoHapzo 2a Binui mpo Te, uo HisKi MogebKi AOcAiWKeHHA HE MOKHA Ha3BaTH CIpaBKHbOW HayKOIO, AKULO BOHH He Npolitutn vepes ma- TeMaTHuHi JOBeqeHHA. Ilo % Take MatemaTHka? Bignosicru Ha We 3anuTaHHA AaeKo He Mpc- cro, i 3a7@KHO Big piBHa MaTeMaTHYHHX 3HaHb BignoBigi SyayTe AyxKe pisnumu. Bunycknuk cepegubot wkoAM c0BOM «MaTeMaTHKa» KOpHcTy- eTbCa AK 3OiPHHM TepMiHOM WIA NOSHayeHHA apHdMeTHKH, asre6pH Ta T0- uatkis aHadisy i reomerpii. Crygeut texniynoro Bysy gisnaeTpcs, uo ic- uytiots fi inmi poszia MaTeMaTHKH, Hampuksax anaaituuaa reomerpia, JuabepeniianbHe Ta interpaabHe YncnenHsa, AMepentianbui piBnAnHA TO- mo. [laa cnenianicra-matemaTHKa “cao TakHx posaiaiB carae KiMbKOX accarkis. Tpxyomy KiabkicTb WA 3 Yacom spoctae, ToMy IO po3BHTOK cy- YacHOl MATEMATHKH CYMPOROWKYETHCA BUHHKHEHHAM HOBHX posgiais. B oc- tannifi Tperani 20-ro cr. y MaremaTuui ccbopmyBasioca ye mona 250 Ha- npamis. [pore nepenik ix we BitMopizae na MocTaBeHe sannTaHna. 3aratbionpHiHAtoro O3HaveHHA MpegMeta MaTeMaTHKH uomae. Y MH- HYsIOMY MaTeMaTHKY BBaKAaTH HayKoI npo BuMipHi BeAWYHHH aOo UNCa. \lisuime BHHHKO O3HaYeHHA MaTeMaTHKH AK HayKH Tpo HeckinueHHi Be- a munn. Y cyyacuuit nepiog mix MaTemaTnkolo po3yMiloTh HayKy Tipo Ma- vemaTHuni erpyktypH. Taky Touky sopy 3anoyaTKyBata rpyna ppanitysi- KUX MaTeMaTHKiB, iKa Bijoma Ni. KoTeKTHBHHM MceBOHimMom H. Byp6a- xi (3] Cai 3a3naanTH, Wo MaTemaTHuHi crpykTypH — ne AoBiabHi TBOpinuA posymy, a BinGuTra o6’exruBHoro cBiTy, Hexait HepiaKo HaBiTh y Ay2Ke adcTpakTHoMy Buraiaai. MaTemaTHKa BHBYae MOHATTA, OLepxKani UWIAXOM adcrpakuii Bi ABUL pearbuoro cBiTy, a Tako adcTpakuil Biy MonepeaHix 3a6ctpakuii. AGerpaxtuicrb y Mavematuui He BiqpuBae nisnanna Biz qife Horo cBiTy, a Jae 3mMory nisHatH foro rau6we i nosHime. A6crpakuil BHHKAIOTh 3 peabHO! Aifichocti i Tomy 3 HeIO TicHO MoB’s3aHi. To cyti, Came We 3yMOBJIO€ NpHAATHICTh MaTeMaTHUHHX pesystbTaTiB No ONHcyBal- fia pisHOMaHiTHHX HaBKOAHUNHIX ABUL, ycnix Toro Mponecy, AK MH CbO- roudi cnocrepiraemo i AKHA OLepxaB Ha3By MaTeMaTHaatlit 3iadb. Mate- MaTHunuil pesysprat Mae TY BulacTHBicT, Uo Bilt SacTocoBAMi He TiDKH pH BHBYeHH! Akoroch OAHOTO ABHULa UH MPoUecy, a MoxKe BHKOPHCTOBY- BaTHCb i B GaratTbox iHWIHX, AKi CyTTeBO BiAPi3HAIOTbCA CBOEIO disHdHoIo npupogow. Hanpukaag, ogue fi Te came qn:pepenuianbne pisnanna yo = ky onucye Xapaktep pagioakTHBioro posnagy, WBHAKiCcTb posMHOXKeH- na Gaktepii, 3Miny armocibepHoro THCKy, MIpotec onpicuenua posunHy, sminy TemmepatypH pewosHun, xia ximivnoi peakuil Touo. Icropito posBHTkKy MaTeMaTHKH Moxa YMOBHO MOMiHTH Ha YOTHPH Te- pioan Tepuuit nepiod PosBUTKy MaTeMaTHKH — Mepiod sapcm KeHHA Mare: MaTHKH 9K caMocrifinol qucuHminn — movanca B ranOuni rucayonitHbot ictopii mogersa i rpHsas mpHOnusHo qo 6—5 cr. go Hu. e. Y wei mepion (bopmyBaancb MonsTra wisoro sHcaa i pallionanbHoro Apoby, BizcTaHi, mowi, O6’emMy, CrBOpioBaiHch NpaBiaa iii 3 4McaaMu Ta HalinpocTimi Tpapuaa o6uncsienHa nou ciryp i o6’emis tia. Tak HakonHuyBaBca Ma- repiaa, Ha 6a3i AKOrO 3apOAHJIHCb apHipMeTHKa Ta atre6pa. Bumipiopan- HA nou i O6’emiB cHpHato posBHTKy reomeTpil, a B 3B’ASKy 3 3anHTaMH acTpoHoMil BHHHKAH M1ouaTKH TpHroHomerpii. Ouwak y wel nepioy mate- MaTHKa He MaJla te POpMI AeLYKTHBHO! HAYKH, BOHA ABAAA Cco6OW 36ip- KY MpaBHa A18 pose’ s3yBaHHA OKpemMuXx NpakTHYHHX Sanat. Apyeuti nepiod —nepio, eaementapnoi maremaTuku — TpuBaB Bia 6—5 cr. go H. @. qo cepequin 17 cr. Y ueli mepioy MaremaTuKa cTae Ca- MocTifHol0 HayKolo 3 cBOEpiAHHM, YiTKO BUPAxKeHHM MeTOsoM i CHCTeMOIO ocHOBHHX MoHATL. B [yzii Sy10 crBopeno AecATKOBY CHCTeMy YHCAeHHA, B Kurai 3naiiqeno meTog poss’ s3ypanna ainifinux pipuaub, a 3anpomono- Bani cTapoaBHimH rpekamu cnoci6é BukKsaqy enemenTapHoi reomerpii na 6a3i cHcremH akciom cTaB 3pa3KOM AeAyKTHBHO! NOSyyoBH MaTeMaTHUHO! teopii Ha 6arato croaits. Y 15—16 cr. samictb rpomisykoro cs1oBecHoro OmHcaHHA apHwerHyHAX git Ta anreSpatwnnx Bupasin movamH 3acToco- BYBaTH 3HaKH JoqaBanHa, BiqHiMaHHS, 3Haku creneHiB, KopeHiB, AyKKH, OyKeH JWIA MO3HAYeHHA 3aaHHX Ta HeBINOMUX Be/IHYHH TOILO. Beauke 3Ha¥eHHA B PO3BTKy eeMeHTapHol MatemaTHKH Bixirpann mpaui rpempkux pueHux @aveca, Midparopa, Eskasina, Apximena, inqii- cbkoro MaTemaTHka i actpoHoma Apia6xaTTn, KuTaitcbKoro MaTemaTHKa Uxan [lana, itanificokux matemaraxis Kapgano i Peppapi, dbpanuyse- koro MatemaTHKa Bieta ta 6araTbox inWwHx BYeRHX. Tpemit nepiod —nepion crsopeHHa MaTeMaTHKH 3MiHHUX BeTHUnE (cepequna 17 — novarox 20 cr.). pupogosnascrso i texuika qictaaH Ho- BHit MeTO BHBYeHHA pyxy i 3MiHH cTaHy peyoBuH — AucepentiatbHe Ta 4interpatbue HceHHA. CTBOpHBCH px HOBHX MaTeMaTHUHHX HayK — TeO- pia auepenniansnux pisianb, teopin dyuKuilt, audepenyianpua reo- metpia Ta inwi. Bypxumpyii possuTok MaTemaTHKH B TO nepiog m0B’a3a- unit 3 imenamu cppannyspKuXx BueHHX P. Jlexapra, I]. Pepa, XK. Jlarpan- ‘a, aursilicbkax MatemaTHKis JK. Banaica, 1. Hpiotona, HimelbKHX matemaTukis B. JleHOuina, K. Axo6i, K. Betepmtpacca Ta Garatbox ix- WX yUeHHX. Suauny poslb y posBHTKy MaTeMaTHKH 3MiHHHX BeJIM4YHH sigirpaa npaui M. B. Octporpagcekoro, I. JI. Ue6uwesa ta inwux pocilicbkux Ta yKpaincbKux ByeHHx [2]. Ha Yxpaini 8 wel mepiog Bigkputo yuisepcutetu B Xapxosi (1805), Kuesi (1834) ta Oneci (1865), B AKHX Gy MaTemaTHuHi BinyineHHa 4H cbakyasterH. Yemeepmutt nepiod — nepiog cy4acHoi MaTemaTHKH — xapakTepu3y- eThc# Hal3BHGaiHO WHPOKHM 3aCTOCyBaHHAM MaTeMaTHKH JO 3aqa4, WO ix BHcyBae MmpHpoxosHascrso i TexHika. Ha 6asi ixnix 3annTip BHHHKae i GypXJMBO POSBHBAeTHCA PAT HOBUX MATeEMATHYHX AUCHMMIN i HaNpAMiB: (pynkuionatpHHit anaai3, Teopia MHoxuH, Teopia fmoBipHoctell, Teopia irop ta ini. Y possuTky MaTeMaTHKH boro Nepiogy 3HauHYy powtb Bi, rpaaH po6otu imewbKux MavemaTuKiB JI. Tiap6eptail. Kautopa, ppax- uysbKkoro matematuka A. JleGera, ykpaincbkux Ta pociiickKux mate- matikis IT. C. Anexcanyposa, M. M. BorosioGosa, A. M. Kosmoroposa, B. M. Payurkosa, M. IT. Kpasuyxa, fO. O. Matponospcpkoro Ta 6araTbox intuMx. Creopenua BcepeguHi Haluoro CTOMITTA eeKTPOHHHX OOYHCMOBAbHUX Maui (EOM) sHaqHo posmmpwe Moxaupocti MatemaruKu. 3aggaKn EOM MaTeMaTHYHi MeTOZH 3acTOcoBytoTbcA HHH He TIbKH B TaKHX Tpaqunilt- HX HaykaXx, #K Mexanika, bi3HKa, acrpouomis, a iB xiMii, Gionorii, ncH- xoaorii, conionorii, mequunni, ainrsicrmi ta in. y nociOnuKy ayMmepauia pucyHKis i dopmya Ja€TbCAH ABTOHOMHO B Me- KaX KOMKHO! r1aBH. Campo O i @ B Texcri O3Hay¥aloTb BiqnoBiAHO To- uatoK i Kiellb JopeyeHHA Teopemu 4H posB’s3aHHA saqadi. [na cKopo- venta 3amucy 3aMictb cris cichye, «18 JoBimbHOrO» i «cmiqye» BuKOpH- crosylorbed BiqmoBigno Taxi norigni cHMBosH: 3, V, >.Taasal EJIEMEHTH JITATMHO! AJITEBPH Tepmin canre6pa> noxogHTb Bik Ha3BH TBOpy «Anb~KeOp a/lb-MyKa6a- slay y36eubkoro MaTemaTHKa Myxammega asb-Xopesmi. [le rBip Mic- THTb METOM PO3B’AZYBAHHA 3alay, WO SBOAATHCA NO PiBHAHHb Mepuloro i apyroro crenenis. Aare6paiuna cumposixa Oya crBopeHa B OCHOBHOMY B 16—17 er. Tep- IMM 3acTocyBaB OykBeHHi NOSHAYeHHA 1K WA HeBiQOMHX, TAK i 19 3aya- HHX B 3alayi BemHunH, PpaHuysbKuit MatemaTHK ®. Bier. Zo cepequun 18 cr. anre6pa cknanaca npH6O1u3HO B Tomy 06’emi, AKHH HHHi Ha3MBalOTb eMeMeHTapHOIo asreOpow. Oguieio 3 ocHoBHHX 3aya4 initio; anreOpH € po3B'a3yBanHA CHCTeEM ainifinux anreOpaiuux pisnaub. Y 3B’a3ky 3 BUBYeHHSM IHX CHCTeM BHHUKIH NOHATTA BH3HaIHUKa Ta MaTpHui. obyAony 3araabHoi Teopii cuc- tem JliniitHux pisHanb Gyno 3aBeplreno B 19 cr. § 1. BH3SHAYHAKH 1, Bu3anauHuKH apyroro i Tperboro nopsaKis ta ixni BaactHBocti Bupas A Ape A= 114gq— % 94m a) Ay Ang HaSHBaeTBCA BUSHaUKUKOM (JemepMinanmom) Opyeozo nopadKy. Tlonsatta «Bu3HawHHk» (Bi aTHHCbKoro determino — Bu3Ha4alo) BBIB B. Jleit6niu. Bupas 11 422Qgq “- Ayr Ag2% pg + ByaAyy4.g) — Ayg% 9% — = By2q10g3 — Fog Ayala (2) Ha3HBaeTbca GusHauHuKoM (OemepMinaHmom) mpembozo nopsdKy. CHMBOdH @;; Ha3HBalOThCA eeMeHTaMH BHSHAYHHKA, HPHYOMy mepuink ingekc i MoKasye Homep psiaKa, a ApyrHi ingexe j — nomep cTosnuys, Ha 6SYA neperHui AKHX CTOfTh RaHHA enemenT. Tak, eeMeHT Gy CTOITS y Apyromy paaxy i tperbomy crosnui. EnemeuTH @11, Qo9 Y BUSHAaHHKY (1) i 3, Gea, 3 Y BHSRayHHKY (2) cksaqatoTh TONOBHY Miarovadb BUSHAYHHKA, a EHeMCHTH Ayz, Gq) i Qys, oo, Qq, B THX CaMHX BH3HAaYHHKAaX — nodiuny Aiaronaap. Zlaa o6uncnenns BH3HAadHHKa Apyroro NopagKy norpi6uo Big Ao6yTKy evlemMeHTiB, KIO CTOATS Ha rosoBHiti Aiaronani, BiNHATH AOSyTOK enemeHTiB, posMimenHux Ha noGiwnitt giaronani. BuswaqHuk Tperboro NopsayKy OOuNcmOeTCA 3a MpaBHsIOM TPHKYTHH- kis (pu. 1.1): nepmi tp 7oxaHKH B MpaBilt yacrHHi opmyan (2) e 2o6yT- KaMH ejeMeRTIB, ILO CTOATD Ha rooBHii Riaronani i B BeplHHax BBOX TPHKYTHHKiB, Y AKUX ONHa CTOpoHa NapanenbHa ronoBHitt Aiaronani. Ana- AOTI4HO YTBOPIOWTECA DOAAHKH 3i 3HaKOM MinYyc, Ne 3a OCHOBy Geperbca noSiwa piaronan. 3ayBaxKumo, Ilo eeMeHTAMH BU3HAYHHKa MOXKYTb OYTH He TiMbKH YHC- aa, a i anre6patuni uu TpuronomeTpH4yni Bupasi, byHKuil Too. Puce. 1.1 Tpunaad OsunennTs suonaanusn: 2-4 sa sina, ie »|3 sl 3 aang y fs —2 af. —sina cosa eg © 3a dopystamu (1) i (2) maewo: a) i 2.5—(—4)-3= 22; 0) | £084 SIM A) costa} sinta— 3 sina cosa 2 34 p)}5 —2 1]/=2-(—2)-345-2-443- 1 23 x2—-3-5.3=—10. @ PosraaHemo (Ha MpHkazi BH3HaYHHKIB TpeTboro NopAAKy) ocnosni enacmusocmi eusHainuKia. 1°, BusHayHHk He 3MinHTECA, AKWO Koro paqkH 3aMiHHTH BianoBiqnH- MH CTOBITILAMH: 1-1. (—2) -4—1.2x A Us Us My Oy Oa Ay, Meg Ags) = 1412 Aen Aga) - 9 Fn ay 3 45 ag[a saactusicth HoBoAUTECA GesmocepeqHbo nepeBipKolo: LocTaTHbo po3- KpuTH OGHABA BASHAYHHKH 3a (popMysto10 (2). Baactusicts 1° scranosaioe pisxonpasnicrb palkis i crosmuis BUsHauHMKa. Tomy Bci NogasbUIi 8 Tupocti cnpasegnusi i 249 paaKis i yas cropnuis. JosoxaTeca Bonn, aK i BulacTuBicth 1°, nepesipKow. 2°. Sikio mepectaBHTH MicliMH ABa pAAKH (cTOBNU' nominse 3nak. Hanpukaag, , TO BH3HAQHHK % U2 As A, Ay As 4 A, Gag) = —|4a2 Aa Gas] Ay sq ag Ts. Ay Aggy Akmo ofnH 3 pagkis (crosnuis) BHsHaYHHKa CK/aqaeTDCA TiIbKH nyJis, TO BH3HAYHHK YopiBHioe Hys0. Hanpnuknag, My My Al [Ay ayy 0 0 0 0 f=la, a, 0 a 4°, SIKINO BHSHAYHHK Mae ABA OAHAKOBHX payKH (ctoBmui), To BIH Jo- pipuice nyo. Hanpukasag, %, 2 Us aa ay a b cl=|b 6 a,,|= Ope. CC Aggy 5°. CimbHnit MHOMKHUK, Ho MicTHTbCH B ycix eeMeHTaxX OmHOrO pAJ- ka (cTosnusi), MOxKHAa BHHECTH 8a 3Hak BusHaYHHKa. Hanpukaag, A, yy heyy Ay A, As Gy Ay gg] =k] On gy Aya) - G3, Age hiss Gx Any Ang 6°. SIkio y BH3HaYHHKY elexeHTH 2BOX pAKiB (croumuiB) nponopuiA- Hi, TO BH3HAYRHK JOpiBuioe Hyw0. 7°. AKulo KoxKeH emeMeHT f-TO pAAKa (f-ro CTOBMIA) € CyMa JBOX JO- Aankis, To TakHii BH3HAdHHK Jopisuioe cymi ABOX BU3HaYHHKiB, y OANOTO 3 AKAX n-ii pagoK (n-ii cToBMenb) ckKsagaeTbCA 8 MepUTNX JoNalKiB, a Y Apyroro — 3 apyrux; inmi enement ycix Tpbox BH3HaYHHKiB oAHaKoBi. Hanpukaag, My Aye by Ms] [A Ge Me] [an bie as yy Ag + 0g 3) = }F21 Faz Fag| + |r, Poe Gea) Qs, gg tbsp Aga! 14a1 %2 Aas] | sr Os Aas 8°. BusHagHuk He 3MiNHTbCR, AKNLO JO eeMeHTIB OHOFO PAAKa (cTOBN- us) gogath BiqnoBigui enemeHTH intoro paaKa (cTosnus), nomHoxeHi 8Ha ofHe ff Te came dHcn0, Hanpukaag, My M2 sl [Aut Rays My ths Ag, gq ag) [day + ROgy gy 5) - Qs, sq Gan] | Qgn + ROgg Ong gp 1.2, Posksay BH3Ha4HHKa 3a eneMeHTaMH payKa a6o cTOBnUA Hexai 3aqavo BH3HaYHHK TpeTboro NOpsxAKy My Ap Ns A=|dy dy Ms) - 3) A Am Aye Minopom M;; enementa ay BUSHAYHHKa Ha3MBaeTbCA BUSHAYHHK, Aku YTBOPIOETECA 3 AaHOTO BH3HaYHHKa B PesyAbTaTi BHKpecseHHA i-ro pAayKa ta j-ro cropnua. Hanpuknal, qaa BH3HaYHHKa (3) Minopamu enemenTiB Qyg i Azy € Taki BHSHAYHHKH: an Ay 3 sy a A 4, ag AneeGpainnum Oonosrennam Ajj enemeHnta a; HasHBaeTbCA foro MiKop, s3aTHit 3i sHaKom (—I)‘+/, to6To May = > Mp = Ay =(— DY! My. (4) 01 —2 ati |! —2 Hanpukaag, axmjo A=|]2 3 —1], to Ay =(— I) geet |ton 54 —3 =—5. Tenep ccbopmysioemo i 2oBeeMo TeopeMH Mpo po3klaq BHSHAYHHKa 3a eemeHTaMH payka (cToBmus). Teopema 1. Busnaunux Oopientoe cymi Oo6ymkie eaemenmia aKozo-He- Gy0v prdka (cmoenysn) na ixni anee6paiuni Oonosnenna. O Moxaxkemo, mo yia BHSHawHHKa (3) BHKOHYyIoTBCA Taki piBHocTi: A= ay Ant Ay tis) A= Any + Onda t anAni A = dy Aa + GaaAag + Oasys A = OieAre + Onn + dead’ A = Ay Ag, + paAag + aeAggi A = ays4is + Oran + As04yx (5) Tloseyemo, Hanpukaay, neplly 3 Hux. PoskpHBaiown BHsHaTHHK (3) 3a bopmyao1 (2) i rpymyiown nomaHKH, WO MiCTATS eseMeHTH MepHoro pAAKa, MaeMO A = G4 (AgeG453 — F529) + yy (F148 — Bras) + 19 (221432 — ByaCba1)-3a cbopmy.tow (4) Bupasu, Wo cTosTs y AyaKKAaX, BignoBI AHO AopiBHio- iOTb asire6paiwHHM JONOBHEHHAM Ay), Ays, Ay3, TOMY A= a, Ayy + OA + QeAre Auanoridvo Xopozateca ft inuti pisxocti. @ Sanne BusHadnuKa 3a Gyqb-AKOIO 3 copys (5) Ha3HBalOTh posKzadom eusHaunuka 3a eNeMeHTaMit BiqnoBiqHOrO pAAKa 4H CTOBNUA. Mpunaad 1 23 OsuncantH pusnauink A= 0 1 2], posknanaioux fioro sa exemenTamH The 3-1 4 Toro pala. © 3a Tpersow 3 hopmya (5) maemo 23 13 12 =3(—1)4 — yt? — ts A=3(—1) l alt ¢ )(-) lo alee Iy lo i| Taxnit camuli pesyasrat zac popmy.a (2). @ Teopema 2. Cyma dobymxis eaemenmis 6yOb-AKo20 pada (cmoenyn) eusHa4KuKa Ha anee6paiuni Gonosnenna eiGnosidHux enemenmie inwozo padxa (cmosnys) dopienice nyato. © Posrasnnemo, Hanpukaad, cymy Jo6yTkKis enemenTis neploro pal Ka BH3HayHHKa (3) Ha anreOpaiuni JOMOBHeHHA etemMeHTiB Apyroro psKa: Typ ys a, hs Ag, + 24a + M3423 = — ay 12 Qs, sg Gg, Fag a, yy = = Ay (212493 — A13%2) + B12 (211499 — i841) — — As Gs, Aan = M3 (014g — yg) = 0. @ 1.3, Honatra npo BH3HaYHHKH BHULHX NopsayKiB Teopema | dae 3Mory BBeCTH O3HaYeHHA BH3HAYHHKa AoBinbHOTO No- pagky. 3a o3HaveHHAM BH3Ha4HHK N-ro MopAaKy Aopisuioe cymi Zo6yTKis eneMeHTiB Oyb-Akoro pAqKa (crosnys) Ha ixni anre6paiuni onosHenHa, Moxna yosectH, wo Bci posriaHyTi Bue BIacTHBOCTi BUSHaYHHKIB Tpe- ThOrO NOpALKY ChpaBsPKylOTeCA WA BHSHAYHHKiB Gyqb-AKOrO MOpAAKy. Posraavemo, HamipHksafz, BH3HaYHHK YeTBepTOrO NOpAAKY %, G2 As Us Ax|%m Fe Ms Fag Fey Fan ag Mp es 10Lei BusHauHHK MowKHa POsKTaCTH 3a eneMeHTaMH 6yAb-AKOTO pALKa, Hanpukalag mepworo: A= ay Ay + QAra + QaAis+ OAs 6) Ockisxu Bei atre6paiyni Zonopnenun Ay; y bopmyai (6) € BHsHayHH- KH TpeTboro NopaAKy, TO wielo PopMysow MOMKHA KOPHCTYBATHCh WIA O6- UHCIEHHA BHSHAYHHKa YeTBepToro NopsAKy. Ase Takuit cnoci6 o6uncreHHA TpoMisakHit: AKULO AVIA SHAXOKEHHA BHSHAYHHKA YeTBepTOrO Nopaaky Tpe6a O6uHCMOBaTH YOTHPH BH3HAYHHKH TpeTboro MOpAAKY, TO AA 3Ha- XOJVKCHHA BH3HAYHHKa N’ATOrO NoparKy BxKe MpHiiyeTecA OOuncMOBaTH ABaQUATh BH3HAYHHKiB TpeTboro NopszKy! Tomy Ha npakruui cnoyaTky 3a JOMOMOroIO BlacTHBOCT 8° MepeTBOPIOOTh BHSHAYHHK Tak, W06 y LeAko- MY paaky 4H cToBnMi Bci eneMeHTH, KpiM oHOTO, cTanH HyAAMH. PosKmta- alow TOMI BHSHAYHHK 3riQHO 3 TeopeMOlO 3a eeMeHTAaMH Wboro pAgKa, AicraneMo Ti7bKH ORHH ROAaHOK, Tomy uio Bci inmi Zo_aHKH e AOyTKaMH aare6paiuHux JOMOBHeHb Ha HYWIb. Hpuraadu O6unenutH Busnaunuxn: 278 4 5 yea Tees eaeetrorade DA= eee oe tea ; r=]_1 3 9 of) 2 4=[—2 —5 7 —6 —11]- Paar 4241 7 9 Ges seOanueHEaT © 1) ¥ nepuromy paaxy neperaopumo aci enementH, xpim neputoro, wa nyal. Has usoro, 2amHitlaouH nepinii i apyTHA cToBnui Gea amin, Lo TpeTboro xonaMo NepumMa, a Jo verBeproro — nepumal, nomwomennii Ha (—2). Tosi 10 0 9 A= 12 —t —2 : —13-1 4 21 1 —! Poskaasw uel BHSHaIHHK 3a exeMenTamH mepmioro paaKa, AictaHeno 2-1 —2 dr=1-(—)'1]3 -1 0 4} —21. yoa-1 2) ¥ mepiomy crosnmi nepersopumo scl enement#, xpim apyroro, wa ayai. Taw uboro, saHillaiowH apyrHil paqoK Ges smi, Jo mepuloro palka oLaMo ApyrHfi, NoMHO- xxeanit Ha (—2), 20 Tpetsoro — nepumil, qo uerBeproro — nepuinit, noMHOKeHH Ha (—2), a go n’atoro — uersepruit, nomHoxent wa (—2). MaTamemo 0 1-5 oOo 1 1 Osea eee eta 42=/0 2 20 —2 —6]- 0-12 —5 -1 -1 o-1 4 -6 ~7 aPosksagemo uell nitaiainnXx 9a eneMewTaMH nepuloro crosmun i RHHECeMO 3a 3HaK BugnaMMKa cHisbunh mMoxKkHux 23 1persoro pagka i (—I) a YerBeptoro: (besseeesl Setter ieee | O00 Mea PH 2D i s ; 7 it % ; i -1 4-6 ~7 6 —31 —6 —7 Poskxapwm eh BHsHaVHHK ga enemenTaM tlepuloro pagka, aicraHeMo 4-5 —1 4-5 -1 A=2-(-it- {Mw tl=—2] 1 5 0] =0@ 6 —3) —6 —18 ~1 0 Bannauha Raa CAMOKONTPOTH Ilo Hasusaeteca BHaHayHHKOM Apyroro nopaaKy? ; Ilo HasHBacTEca BHSHAERKOM TpeTboro HOpmAKY? . ChopMymosaTa ocHoBHi BiactHBocTi BHsHaNHUKis. |. Hilo Haanpaersca Minopom i anre6paianum ZonoBiensiam? - Chopmysiopath i ROBECTH TeOpeMy MPO posKNal BHSHAYHHKa ga eseMeHTaMH panxa (croanus). Yomy zopinuioe cywa noOyrKis exementis oaworo paaKa (crosnit) Ha aignopigni anreOpaiuni aonopuenna iuuioro paxKa (crosnus)? 6. Ak oSquemoiorecd BUSHAYKMKH BAMEX (CeTBepTOrO, M’aroro i T. 2.) NOpARKIB? 7. O6unenutH BusHawinKH: oe eNe |i - 9 | ' 1 pence | cary : s ay a ‘ a) y : 44 ee sin®B cost B ee 6303 Siero itis cee 4421 pier ee sn rie} a] —2 1]: 91) 44 oft Ol s 5 —3 ole ‘ 7785 2 6 —5 3 8. Poss'nsamm pisusnnn: 249 a 32 ale 2 3f—0 of* 11 Pid Dieta 9. Poss’asatn nepisnocri: 201 x ale 1 3l occ os 8 minopia ene nopaaky I puxaad Suatira paur marpaut =640, =| #0, a sci Midopi tperboro nopsgky Jopiaiior Hyao, To r(A) = 2, @ 18Bxka3annii Mero 3HaxoqKeHHA paHry MaTpHni He SaBKaAN 3pysHHA, TOMY IO HOB’si3aHHii 3 OOYHCEHHAM 3HAYHOrO YuCa BUSHAMHHKiB. TIpo- crim MeTox rpyHTyeTbCaA Ha TOMY, UO paHr MaTpHui He 3MinioeTECA, AKULO HaX MATPHUe! BHKOHATH Tak 3BaHi eslemeHTapHi TlepeTBOpeHHA, a came [1]: a) nepecraByTH Miclamy Apa pagKu (cTosmul); 6) MOMHOKUTH KOXKeH eeMeHT pxAKa (CTOBMILA) Ha OAMH i TOR camHit BIAMIHHMM Bia HYIA MHOMKHHK; B) JonaTH yo evemenTis pagka (cropnus) BiqnoBigHi enemeHTH Apyro- To payka (cToBnusa), NOMHOKeHi Ha ogHe i Te came 4HCAO. H puraad Suaitta pane matpuui I nae o~!l 3—1 4-2 4 A=l5 310 8 2 1-5 0-2 6 © Buxonyioun exemenrapai nepersopemia, maemo: t 2 2 6-1 1 2 2 o~1 3-1 4-2 4 0 —7 —2 -2 7 ee Bestia coors 7 co eg 1—5 0 ~—2 6 0 —7 —2 -—2 7 1 0 0 00 100 00 ee 0 —7 —2 -27 a Oe 14 ay 0 ~7 0 8 7 o10d —41 oO ~7 —-2 —-27 ort tt 10 oO 00 10 0 oo 1000 0 He ol 1 11 sy ot 0 00 a 01000 00-1 —5 0 00-1 -5 0 001007" 00 0 oo 00 0 00 00000 r(Ay=3. (Snax ~ mix marpunsmn noKasye, wo BOHM yTROpIOTECA OHA 3 Apyrol eneMeHTapHHMK Repetsopentiamn i, ODKe, MaioT omMH 1 TOR caMHA aur). © SaegaHan ANS CAaMOKOHTPOND 1, Lo wasusaereca Marpunero? 2, Ak BHsHavalTscs: cya XBOX MaTpHUlb, AOGyTOK MaTpHII Ha HUCHO, pisHHUs 72 A06yTOK BOX MaTpULLL? 3. Io wasHpaeteca OSepHenoi maTpHitero? 4. Chhopmyaionara i zonectu Teopemy mpo ichyBanns o6epHerol marpHui. 5, Mo wasnpaetsca Pawrom matpaul? SIK anaxogureca panr?6. SIxi nepernopenia Han MaTpHUSMH HasTBaloTECA eneMenTapAHMH? 7. Tepecniquurien, 10 BHOM gaye ues 26 tig HHoD 123aif2 orfafiu—-1 8}. ~—1 0 2/\3 -)1 5 ~4 ~1 8. Suaiita oGepneny Matpnuo A—! go marpuui 3 5 ~2 A=[1 ~3 2 6 7 ~3 9. Suara panr marpHup: ge Woke 4={30 60); e={7~'° ? ! 5 0 10 0 Racer tise —1 4 12 0 ~5 1 4 Bidnosidi. 8. A 15 3 —8 J. 9. r(Ay=1, r(B) 3 9 —14 § 3. CHCTEMH JIHIMHUX PIBHAHb 3.1. Ochosui osHa4enna Cucremovo m stinitux piBHab 3. HEBIJOMUMH X,, Xp, -... X, HASHBa- eTbca cucTeMa BHAY Oy Xy + AyQXy bors + Ainkn = by; Ag Xy + An ty + +++ + AenXn (9) Omi Xy + mak, Foes Ann Xn = Om. Gncena ay, i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., 2 Gian HeBiZOMHX Ha3sHBa- yoTbeA Koepinicntamu, a 4Hcsa b, — BinbHHMH SmeHaMH cHcTemH (9) Cucrema pisusnh (9) HasHBaeTca odKopiOxoW, AKO BCi BidIbHi Ye- HH JopisHiowTb Hymo, i KeodHopidno!0, AKIO XO¥ OHH 3 HHX BIAMinHHA Bia Hyas. MuoxHta YHCeT @,, dy, ..., Gy HA3HBAETECA BNOPAOKOBANOID, AKULO BKa- 3aHO MOpANOK cifysannA WHX 4HNCeM, TOOTO BKa3saHo, AKe 3 HHX € Nep- WHM, SKe IpyrHM, ake Tpetim i 7. 2. HampuKsag, AKIO BNOpAAKOBaHAa tpifika ucen, To B 3anHcy a, b, c wHCIO a BRaKaETECR MepulHM, 6 — Apy- rum, ¢ — TpeTiM, B 3anucy b, a, c nepmum e NCO b, ApyrHM — YHC.IO a i tperim — yncno c. 20Ynopaqkosannit na6ip n uncer 0, on, x) Ha3HBaeTbCA p036"AS- kom cucmemu (9), AKWO MpH MigctaHoBui UMxX YMCeT 3aMictTb HEBiAOMHX X4y Xgy oy Xq YCi PiBHAHHA CHCTEMH MepeTBoproroTECsA B TOTORHOCTI. TaKy CHCTeMy YHCedl HaSHBalOTh TakOx N-6umipNuM Bexmopom, AO TOUKOIO N-BH- Mipuoro mpoctopy (auB. nm. 2.6, ra. 2). Cuctema pisiinb wasupaeroen cysicnor, AKLKO BOHA Mae XouA 6 ORWH poss'a30K, i HecyMicHOW, AKLLO BOHa He Mae *KOAHOTO poss’ #SKy. Cymicha cncrema Ha3HBaeTbCA BusNaueHO?O, AKUIO ROH Mae equHHh pos- B’a30K, TOOTO icHye TibKH OUR Habip n yncen 4,38, 24, a8, aKHI mepe- TBopioe Bci piBHaHHA CucTemH (9) B TOTO*KHOCTI. Cymicua cHcTeMa Ha3MBaeTbCA HesUsHaYeNO!0, AKIO BOHa Mae GisbUIe, Hi2k OAH posB’A30K. 7si cucremu ainifuux pisusanb HasuBaloTbCA eXeisarenmnuMU, AKULO BOHH MaloTb OAHY & Ty K MHOokAHY poss’ askis. ExpipanenTui cuctemn yi- CTaloTb, 30KpeMa, BHaCMIJOK eneMeHTapHUX NepeTBopeH AaHoi CHCTeMH. Evementapui nepersopeuHs cucremn winifmnx pipdanb BiqnoBinaoTh ene- MeHTapHHM MepeTBopeHHam MaTpuui (nm. 2.4) 3a yMoBH, Ilo BOHH BUKOHY- JoTbCA IHWe Hak paakaMH MaTpuui. 3.2. Poss’ a3ysaHHa cHcTeM ainitnMx pinnae 3a dhopmyaamu Kpamepa Hexait saqato cucremy aBox “iniiinux pisnaNb 3 4BOMa HeBiJOMHMH xigt Ay X + yay = by (10) yy X + gay = Bg. Bukowaemo taki enementapHi mepersopena cucremu (10): cnowaTKy TOMHOXHMO Nepule piBHAHHA HAA, Apyre — Ha —dy,, a MOTIM CKNaKeMo ix; micas uboro nepiue piBHAHAA MOMHOXKUMO Ha Qy1, a Apyre — Ha ~ay, i cxnagemo ix. Ticranemo cucremy [zene ~ Oy1043) = Dg — Pats «h Y (A194 — Aq A2) = yyy -- by Agr Cneremy (11) MoxkHa 3anvcaTH 3a JONOMOrOW BHSHaYHHKIB: x A=A,; 12) ana : ze ay, 4, by a. ay 6 ba [tn Aes soa[% Mal: ay alt Gy np by Op Gy by Busnaunux A, cknagenni 3 Koepinientis cucremu (10), HasHBaeTDCA eusHaunuKom cucmemu. BusnayunKn A, Ta Ay yTBOpIOIOTECA 3 BHSHAYHHKA 4 Bignosigno saMinoio cropnuis Np HeBiJOMHX x Ta y BibHHMH 4JleHaMH. 2Tipu pose’a3ysanui pisnanb (12) Moxy OyTH Taki BaNagKH. 1) A 0, Toni cucrema (10) mae equnnil poss’ asoK: 4, eae ya te. (13) @opmy.m (13) snepure BuBis K. Kpamep i Bown HasHBaroTEca qopmy- aanu Kpamepa. 2) A = 0; A, 0 a6o A, = 0, toni cucrema (10) He Mae poss’ a3Kis, To6TO € HecyMicHON. 3) A= A, = Ay=0, Tomi cuctema (10) 3B0qHTbCA Xo OgHOro piB- HAHHA i Mae Ge3ni4d poss’ a3Kis, TOGTO € HeEBH3HaYeHOIO. Posrasnemo Temep cuctemy Tpbox sinifinux piBHaAHb 3 Tpboma Hesi- HOMUMH X,Y, 2: Oy X + ayy + 432 = by yk + Aggy + Ogg? = bys (14) Ay X + Aggy + Age? = by O6uncauMo BH3HauHHKH: MAM, Ay3 MQ 3 Gs A=ldq Gy. a5); A, qq Ags | 5 3) + 93, Asn Os5 G5 ag 3 SAKWIO BH3HAYHHK cucTeMH A = 0, To cHcTea (14) Mae enMHHii poss’ sA- 30K, AKHH sHaxoqHTbcA 3a dopmyviamn Kpamepa: A. 4 4A. ca, y=, z=. (15) Tlosenemo, HanpuKaag, Apyry 3 dopmya (15). Momnoxknmo nepue, Apyre i tpere pisnaHua cuctemn (14) ua anreOpaiuni JonoBHeHHA Bigno- BiQHHX KoeinieHTiB mpH y, TOOTO Ha Ayg, Age, Aga, a MOTIM CKMapeMo Ix: (Aga + OqpAge + gga) + Y (Qi2A2 + Gpa4on + GsxA ea) + 12 (QyAq2 + O9gAea + ass) = brAra + bez + bsA2- 3a Teopemoro 2 BupasH B AyKKax npHxizsB uih piBHocti ZopiBHtoloTs Hy- su0, a 3a Teopemoio | BHpa3 B Ay2KKaX MpH y i Mpawa YacTHHa AOpiBMooTD signosiquo 4 i Ay, To6tTo Ay = A+ y. 22AxanorivHo JoBoxateca cbopmyau Kpamepa aa 3HaxomKeHHA HeBi- womux x iz. Akio 3afaHo n qiniftwux pisHAHb 3 n HeBiqoMHMH (n > 3) yy + QyyXy bo ve + dinky = by Gay Xy + Aggy tov + ontn = by (16) Any Xy + AnoXy + +++ 4 AanX_ = bn i BH3HadHAK CHcTemH A = 0, To Taka CHCTeMa Mae ELHHHH po3B’ 30K, AKHH BHaXOLuTbCA 3a copmyamH Kpamepa, avasoriuHHMH Jo dopmy.s (13) i (15): : A, 4 A, ye, yet Boe tn Sa (17) Y sunagky, Kon su3Ha4HHK cuctemH (14) 4H (16) JopiBHtoe HymMOo, cop- mya Kpamepa (15) i (17) He Matorb amicry. Taki cucremu, a TakoxK cHc- TeMH, Y AKHX 4HCMO HeBiJOMHX He JopiBHioe uNcay piBHAHD i JO AKHX, ouesHaHo, popMyau Kpamepa Tek He MOKHA 3acTOCyBaTH, po3srviAHeMo Bu. 3.5. UM puraad Poss’asatH cuctemu sa dopmy.tamn Kpamepa: 0) (x—y+z2=0; Utyte=5 Yy—2=3, : ay sy=7; © a) Bnaxogumo susHawHuxn A, Ay, Ay: 2-1 o-—l 20 = =7; = =7, = =14, . I; 3 as=|, 3 | Sy l; Fl M4 3a dopmynamn (13) xo tz wD a1, y= tv att A 7 A 7 6) Poss'asox aictanemo 3a dopuyaamn (15). Maeno 1-14 o- 1 a=(2 1 Ife—1a=]5 1 1 101 1-1 0 4y=|2 5 1]=—-2 a,=|2 1 y=2, z=lLe 233.3. Matpaunud sanvc cactemy ainiiuax pisuanb ii] poss’ssysanna _ Hexaii sagavo cucremy (16), aka MicraTb 1 ainiftmax pisnane n 3 He BiJOMHMH. Bsexemo marpuui My M2 +++ On 4 Az[4 M --» am |, xual *], Ant Ang +++ Ann, Xn, Matpumo A, cknayeny 3 Koeinientis cuctemn (16), Ha3HBaloTh mam- puyero a6o ocHosHoIn Mampuyer cucTeMU, MaTpHILO X — Matputyer 3 He- BiJOMHX, a Marpaiwo B — matpuuelo 3 BinbHUX WieHis. Togi 3rigqHo 3 npa- BHJIOM MHOKCHHA MaTPHIb cucremy (16) MoxkHa 3anMcaTH OHM MaTpH4- HHM PiBHAHHAM 3 HEeBiZOMOIO MaTpHueIO X: AX =B. (18) TIpunycrumo, to Matpuus A cuctemu (16) mae oSepHeny matpuuo A~'; TOMHOKHMO O6HgBi YacTHHH piBHocrTi (18) Ha AM snipa: AAX = AB. Ockiapku AA = Ei EX = X, 10 X=A™"B. (19) Orxe, 1106 poss’ A3aTH cucTemy pisnsaHy (16), gocTaTHLO sHalTH MaTpHno, oGepHeny 10 MaTpuui cuctemn, i momHoxkuTH ii cnpaba Ha MaTpHWo 3 Binb- HHX WieHiB. ®opmyay (19) HasHBaloTh mampuunum sanucom pose’asKy cucmemu (16) aGo pose’ asKom mampuunozo pienanna (18). ayBaxHMO, 10 po3B’A30K CHCTeMH piBHAHD y MaTpHunih popmi Moxk- aMBHH ane Toi, KOH MaTpHUA CHCTeMH HeEBHPOMKeHa. UM puraad Posp’ssatH cuctemy pibuaHn xb dy = xp y+ = 5; Bx-2=—2. Maeno (nip. mpaxnag n. 2.3) ° ( 1p a 2 47 1 20 x 3 Pipe o ete: aera pees (ea eee Seeaeaecae | eee gas eee erred eee A4=(-1 1 2) X=ly}; 8=(5 |i 4 wo oa 3 01 Zz, —2, Hee 2 ate 6b 6S 5 24