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    Tobira 2

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    TOBIRA BEGINNING JAPANESE ) th BA A é8 re c. tds AMES = fe Hitt Mayumi Oka nko Kondo) Michio Tatu Rbk RHNT WR BARBS RAST YuaMod 7 Yoshimi Sahahiban Ayaha Spade Monee Yasuo B H_Hesgkoe EK BAW Fe : e+] go Fe @ OR Fs Bw fe a Bd 5 Fe ke «| | x bon - em) 8a : E L fe ss je 8 e<| XI p=ewbcpareefeceurerSeseus et ce ae — 2 L | oXaGnSeuam Ebr : “| should (ot) have Voc" @~Lir~te» “nothing nobody but ~; only~" “be planning to V; be going to V intend to V" “wie” BREF GOUT IECAD. 21 Won't you let me help out around the shop? Paty mes loots adore pent o. toni niccctsCecace nmesonoess: ‘Ask and answer questions about new experiences and discoveries. BUOBBPRRICIUT, PORDSARDTSS. Talk about your future goals in detail. BRORROBMICDT. ALCBTTENTSS. as O~OT (Reason) On~tow @Causatve forms of verbs and ED~EWw EF “would be good i=, wouldnt?” ‘causative sentences D~ EWA THM “hope (that) ~" @~M (25M) (Embodied queston mana] © ~f= I= (Purpose) @~E [Condtona conjunction DVS “unt. and VE CK “by the time. V" APATHBSLAW! 778 WEBTLALBAL, 281 Do what you like. Talk about times when you were forced to do somethi di @ Secremecmasccaveeece mses Tak about unexpected occurences and express your feelings about FAUT RERE THNSOMNDEELECENTES Encourage people close to you and show empathy towards them. Oe Beading comprehension: Understand essays about personal experiences by connecting then BR BOMRERUHIT AMREMNT SCENTED, Vemasu in spte ofthe fact that ~; even though ~ 45 [€xpectaton antcpation) usatve-passive sentenc RILJ=K Gikeokch) BRMOMEMOTHES 516 FARIS CARSEAT D'. a7 What story will you be telling tomorrow? be Introduce yourselt appropriately in a formal setting 72-2 BBE CARN RS, Use keigo to ask questions politely to someone of a higher status or someone you are meeting for the first time BLOAPMBTROR < RBS RTMMTSTEN TRS, a Faniiarize yoursel wit pole ofes and oer conmon phrasing invlvng humble expressions SuueeonconemMacans Understand common public announcements and signs that contain keigo. BROGATORBORAPLRERMT SIENTSS, Reading comprehension: Identity the characters, sting, and storyline ofa rakugo story and enjoy the humor in reagan ee a BM RBOABERML. BBOSULSCERLOTENTES. introduction to keigo Hononite expressions ®)Couneous expressions @Humble expressions OCLs 3m arog utr BV C280 B/EVNC ED g “Wout you please V7" i IR /—F [lwpage i) Keigoforms of nouns and adjectives 346 E Ey BIE. TAD SESS SO? 353 What's everyone doing next? BAOMRPHAORL. PRC OUTRFCEN TRS, Discuss briefly how you can do your part to make the world a better place. HAICMICMIICSEABTESLRSUI, MMB ITEDTES, Reading comprehension: Understand and enjoy the expressions and characteristics of Japanese poems. BM GEHOMORMPHMEBMUT. RLOLENTES. a O~T “even” @~ 15 (Conetiona conunetion} QvEdKwS “come to @~TL 29 /EBP (Confecture] QVZEKTS “decide to V' and VE EICL TUS “make ita practice/rule to V" HRTF [etpnean) 125, €,18,and BS 380 ' ‘Talk about your personal growth, changes in society andthe future to come. 5 s mme HER i 2am okanil) Qa) + In each lesson, 19 new kanji are introduced, fora total * MMR 20S COIR, WALAMOWFI 19 of 190 characters. In each lesson, we link the new kanji ‘and new vocabulary to each other whenever possible. ‘© Furigana (hiragana pronunciation guides) are presented ‘long with unleamed kanji and new kanji for the lesson, ‘with two exceptions: [No furigana are given for new kanji in the kanji practice and reading practice sections + Furigana are provided for all kanji explanation example sentences. the grammar PEMA FSET WENILTHDET. RFE MOM: WMBBE TRB ZL ETS © RMORFIALVEAOSET. HMRFRTOMOM, PRELIM AVEN TOE A, EAL [MCB FIIE THEA CHET i FQ |&Revnce RATS wcdeneiw vor) omy by shen) BB) O|RS.seciowach (4) EA chenasom vowing lL Jaca |% re I Fees) [BAB orewhle BAZ orton Ofrosee:towotenO1 AA BF ERT — @ Index number las © Handwritten character FREE ‘Allthe kanji from Lesson 11 through Lesson 20 have index numbers. MRP SH 20 ROMP BSH CHET. The kanj as it should be written by hand. FREDERAOLETH. “HWAIGOL #50 8} mo © Mincho font —Gne of the most common font styles in Japanese, Mincho is @ ‘a of fonts ARIA bh ‘equivalent to Roman alphabet serif fonts such as Times New Roman. HEE Times New Roman DE 2(=. BAECS CGRDNS77~ F t. ® Gothic font ‘Another common Japanese font style, Gothic is a font family tha fonds to Ayy7 74h oman alphabet sans-sert fonts such as Arial IED Nil DEI, ASMCERDNS77“ HOPS © Onreading “Areading borrowed from Chinese, as such, itis written here in kalakana. All readings ERs {o.be memorized for the current lesson are highlighted. EDP CRTENET. BRTMABRABIIENLT 1 HEUTE ET: © Kurreading ‘A reading native to Japanese; as such, itis written here in hhiragana. All readings to ma be memayzed forthe current lesson are highlighted. © English meaning DSM CRUTHUET. SITRASRABIEI IT LTS! “The kanjis basic meaning in Engish. = REDKAA TERIRE CM CHU ET. © Vocabulary list ‘Alist of frequently used words in which the Kanji appears. All words to be memorized MIYZ {or the current lesson are highlight } RFERCECEDNSMMOUANCT, SCRASMEEEL NTI 1 HUT e aust. © Stroke order ‘The order in which the strokes that make up the kanji are to ‘be written. Following this een ‘order will help you write the character neatly and with good proportions. REMC SRAM MEST L THN ST. LOWER ER PRENUCRET. esammy "© The explanation for each grammar point includes the ‘grammar point’s function, an English equivalent or ‘equivalents, the sentence structure it is used in, and ‘example sentences. Each grammar point is also clearly linked to an item on the lesson’s Dekiru List. ‘© The “GID” that sometimes explanations refers to the “Grammar In Depth” supplement provided on the TOBIRA website. fe SCREMRBULS, LED SLIML «BRA - ETE IEAM «EAS W- ALrowoTVET. SLUM (TRBVA H LOAM AT ADSL oTHET © MBLC SGI] ( Grammar in Depth D2 REED CEM T SOOM MD [LOS PRWEB HAH) CHGS TUET. AMD QR SK CHE STEERS ENTERS. appears in grammatical [Abbreviation “615 t [Sasa Meaning “ak L Examples “1 Adj Adjective “S09 KEL (hadjective); rt ADE MOF MARIAM APNIA TEER. Y-Wr: FFTI OW Ce. LyAy I ORFERTHALL ED. Pt a? CHAS? Yor ld. av. In "a DEF ENR > TREO TH TK ES e oe 6 8 S Tlgee SAE 92) YaTe & ETEOUTH A, K—A4 a - OBST ! Ce. RI, (Bs ORFOREBUTATC RI. A UnTe | PA EMER MIARE MC OMLE TH A | es LOBEWALVWBUEOUOTT Aa, Pt YVv eh, TORFORA BARU, = Bee tot Y-wy: FACTION. LHoOKTT. PORT RRS, Ltw™ Contracted forms ~ 4*/% 4: When speaking casually, it is common to use contracted forms. For example, ~~ becomes ~T 4, ~ Cif becomes ~T fe, and 54° becomes 24° or 9 eee, LTS? [92 G@MLTS. Ai toms, Ue Ee HeTRET SN. OnssS SS BESS thing =] DALIT S ye eens o foruey) 6 3 |tomen ) tobe emotionally) touched) — Nol , @ iS shew Pace aay whe DARA) © ofrLy (thick line} (in fine (simple: easy) big tbody shape) small (body shape) {not used or people] zou Lace (ircula; round) (square; box: shaped) s3 La< ircleoval (square; box (ona form)) OF Paces [hing E]F#277F% —[thingyplace =] [place |=] [place HH econ) ey ERT =) (oaive) (Wo get crowded) (Wo reserve) # a (ail foes You TATOS. ee Bele ces [hing ©) pees [place (= thing/person =] [place \=] £ BP IEATS —Uapanesecisine) (223 (o.top by) (wo cary: to anspor) (thing #834 ike (o (come wan) end) (place: areas ae location) ae” yard) Ls | UA. (scenery: FA (nature) ” [clothes/shoes €] #< [thing £] 2% BRERZ/TR DOC ITS tonleot E {6 o) (mee casa han +3) (oruna step) (orca tos ferlre) bane < tbat: oo gil wast 0 ea aS [thing X A= thing ¥ £] 2B (io puvinervsandwich (Y) By i Aotieee (10 put ham between slices of bread) [thing X\= thing ¥ €] DNS 0 spread (¥ on X); todipXin¥) = Be (BF LICL £ IDES (o dip sushi in soy sauce) HrIHV ES (seasoning) eS ) ORBITS Sokinia) [person (= thing ©) HOOUTS (oexplain) (rs; to begin with) (for example) eK ny (next) [sequencer] (example) FTE (Ginaly) [hing X (= thing ¥ EJWAS — [thing &] [thing =) PTH (ope cyindd ene aes wen if ep RS FOG I foe) @ Ex. BYE —XVEWNS VaIKy eA Gees, Goin ra | Genta ra) [thing @] t= t-S (Go warm; to heat up) [thing E] OOF | (o chill: 10 coo! down) fea): 4 € se Ol) pue5c | | | (refrigerator [hing X\= thing ¥ &] OWS (Go pourdrizsesprinkle (reao) nt Se ThUL YY | (microwave) [thing X (= thing ¥ =| DB (eoputX on 0: top) with Y)) C2. Eto ic Ents (toputeeg on lad) > @ ait 3 (10 pour dressing onto salad) s 2 Tt TOY SS eres vay | = ® SUG Fw rics SB (ee) (chicken mead) (beet) | | Led” (EE) See | [kL “(ote ist ime) 2 ¥ONoun (LSAT (ext Noun) (by oneself ‘on one’s own) WTONoun (final Noun; last Noun) | to warm; to heat up [thing ©) a sie By NEE LB wo put (Yin; eects) [Whing X= sing ¥ €) OS to pour/drizzle! sprinkle (¥ onto X) [thing X = thing ¥ 78% to spread (Y on X); to dip (Xin Y) {dhing X= thing ¥ €) ots to put (¥) on OX); to top (X) with (Y) {ohing X= thing ¥ ©) ss RAS — womix [thing €) ote to boil (in water to ook) thing 18 BTS %S ——toget angry BEC to be surprised BRS #8% (come toan)end, (hing 0°) cr DE weat(thing €) Te BE to gererowded lace 5) TATHS BATHS tobe crowded lace 4°) a BK twarive (place t=] ae to take off; (0 remove [clothesshoes ©) aie ES to carry; to transport place t= ‘thingperson ayo to puVinservsandwich (¥) between (X) {thing X= thing ¥ €) URt REF chill; 0 cool down, (ohing &) A AEDES tS Wise 2 PLETE HBTS 2% FzvItsS bake; to broil to grill to toast 0 sear {thing € 0 do [thing €) ore casual than 43) BERS/ torunashop tS BS _—_—_ tw stop by [place tc} BUTS w de moved to be (emotionally) touched (hing 2] WATS twesplan {person \= thing €) | to check (ouvon) [ting €} 2% SeFEATS EFS toorder thing &] | AD waCute 2% LOCTS 2 UR 3 EY Hae 2 230 torelax; to stay for long FOF toresene [thing/place € | | FEAL square; box-shaped KY thick line} big (body shape] fav» thinline}; small [body shape] AWS circular; round MM simple; easy {01 used for people) BB hotwater BE conversation Fm beef $7 chicken (meat) as =a pork EN ee 899 (SLR KOE sock 4 LS RE scenery; view 7 CHT HT forthe first time area. “wusateee “ir fica; to begin with a su BR —_ word; phrase; language a 6 Fer ARIS finally Bik final; last ae TM USKT = ABT dy oneself, HRO~ final Noun; lst Noun ‘on one’s own, 44¥4 ingredient; material 7! ARIE — forexample 92S magazine R RIE next [sequencer] BR sugar 1B CeaRITT Itis done; kis ready (0 eat). % salt soy sauce A square; box (om a form) a — nature G2 — oneself PF —_number [numeral]; digit /EF cog x next 2KO~ next Noun FLY microwave (oven) (cooking) pot a garden; yard 387% place; area; location frying pan a circle; oval XE character, letter [symbol used to write words) me ‘problem; question; issue 8 thew 63 YARD apple 64 a ‘example 65 NEF = «ALM — refrigerator 66 USL = — fof —_Japanese cuisine ay Tostudy BORD CS) hardworking lie fi Siew ne | | $38. {<4 % sop informative; wo each one something a |Ststo tomakeefion (77) 0/8) *) 6 PRB BTS ooh HES wreinorma cos pomriane Ew Dv 2 PEC) |B song 6 sont [teil om of $0) PEP RE PER ee) #47 BEC pormentondsves, BY ATS soarvelomall Zoe Ae Ba 365) [BS opwonccionesadovede vais) BP Aimow ARS wctangelates a6) |Z : a: |B < wane X48 owns fewer tare | = EER ARES [strong — 2 BF oneself GBT by oneself e a2 a2 | Giese Ce eheet an Bt 8 | e48)~C automatically BF % to brag: to doas 28 ef GB freedom AE (%) free AMC freely A PK nature C9). c), Cee Eu phAaae 3B fe KEW 3B puking BIB veoue; meeting pl B eens hers 7 wesuecss moe Be i BDF paca: cation 98-2 case: oceson 3B sensation Tocation 24) 9) 3) 303" I 3 II By ya BPA places seaoesion RPA cial Fades =< Bf lve vs Pr BF anospice HEF noghotns PH less Fh, place place TP OO FP ca % BR BRE omic CR dare KE domino — FEW mown ajesine) FE powders gener AS EE etry at HIE Orpamse) ea ceemony tea SETH RERRE V9 ~ FEB cuisine (Ex BAF BE tpanese cuisine) — JF FB wo cook ead na 28,4 saan wase EA, increta: matenal 3 FE, FF, ttn $A, tecotctume A, # fe yaa he tosnaia) RCE) FB to push oneself oo hard cient Fara Spe PP PER co ze |” ~ JA BE cuisine (Ex. BAS $4 3 Japanese cuisine) 4 FEF B wo cook 3 Bah whe FH SIF vctoly 38M rosmphy AEC impose B MTZ woundertind HEE reason eal |32R ee PPP PRS rH nen Bet MAIR chicken mean a ee Sa AR A FER pork AB bucherstop 5 #9 muscle ER ae BR ey LAAAAR 557 a aiaee al” (ee EY | ore cncten wea) AN sma bed wy) & | 8 on gatata hn sn) big [SRR RERRRRR les ¥a ARB csioat A pots 4, AAS Q S| SAME | $i sh saonge fh stop aaa |. TWh Baller 2 Bsa tats Ah hoe oe RB aa in $2 painting ture; painting: drwing #8 picture book | picture: printing: drawing 87% ph CEE PEAK RRR ER drawing ut Bower Ai| PECID. | HALE or cane example Ga ae Pe 7 XEVYORAY is more than X. S83 region: area : ee Di 9 dwecion HE meted FH beth ideas) 33 BS AB a on ~Zitowio.. (WF tow wwe) ZF eaty evening direction FRGR | [es x Pg Beatin Rute ocomens a | ¢ } ext da JRO Noun vewnoun HOB we nr sn KREK inal; Last AE finally $RBM Nown final Nown, last Noun gan Race BE BB wont as Bt most toe Bas i menty BL nedsioncone BN eos BE es Gai These kanji are used in many other kanji as elements, so you will encounter them frequently as you continue to study Japanese. (EERACEs) [49 words cortaning hs kany as a stand-alone charac E kin nu — tz a. | FAR cooking: cuisine FEIT B wocok | i i wo wee a k a EREE eEaCe7) we words containing this kang as a stand-alone character *# | words contanng ths kary as an element o § A Raving 10 to cometwan)ead 16 per > ane ? : s AN ww expaieae ones Pals RTS wespncnce MEETS w pimnad GRIT% rocomtinue 1B (something) continues Ee 4 FATS omene MK BFS wore ‘thread L2RELE SH ED The following are new readings for kanji that you have already learned. Read each word aloud. DANS 2 ai 3) x ae 988 Ooms Dagyage The following are other new vocabulary in this lesson that contain kanji leaned. Read each word aloud. ‘kanji you have already 1) <9F Ub e a =u: oo mm See CIR ~ GB Find and circle 10 words that contain kanji you have learned so far, then write the words and their readings in the spaces provided. The words may appear either vertically or horizontally. Ree are) yn tee a m2) ¢ ) Sp ey > 4 at ) 5 enanemeea Sete) peer ( ) 7” za > ® ( ) » ¢ ) 10) c ) B Below is a post Lin-san made on social media about how to make Japanese-style curry. Read the post aloud, then write the readings for the underlined words. BRILL RBOY TAL MBUAT. WAIL PROBE TE ok. ARO SKY ULET. SBILAL-FIRAEMVSLK. TOMB HSN7 AIBRERS| WLP KHd, NBER RLEF. zt. ALSRENS THERE! Seg) 92 aoe) } & Special readings You leamed in Lesson 4 that most kanji have both h (native Japanese mi (imported Chinese-style readings), as shown below gam ast A 2 aeemsar. In Ex.1, @ is read as ® © , which is the & On the other hand, in Ex.2, is read as | BA, which is the mi. The is commonly used when you see one kanji alone, while the on-s07 is commonly used for kanji compound words, For many kanji compound words (¢.g., 3%), the reading is a combination of the on-vomi of each of the kanji | (eg, Hand). | ‘Some kanji compound words, however, have a single special reading that is assigned to the word as a whole. One such example is 4-8, the reading of which is neither a combination of the on-yomi nor of the ku-yom! of 4 and B. In cases like these, it is impossible to | assign each kanji in the compound a particular part of the reading. [23] You have already learned the following kanji compound words with special readings. Write the reading for each compound word 1)-3), as well as the reading and meaning ‘of each kanji in it. Can you figure out how the meanings of compound words are created? | Ban RADE HK noe [aaa ce C8 now] ah year ] mau this year Gramn GB o Ancetinte pronaunj “one a Topic WYavit a | wut As for computers, light ones are good. You can use ® in place of a specific noun when what 0 refers to is clear to the listener from the situation or context. In {1}, 0 is used instead of repeating /$/ 3 >, Note that ® cannot be used by itself. It is typically modified by adjectives or noun modification clauses. (See #2 below.) Eas, (1) BIRIRIE FR THL BAAS SCF, As for music ike lively and fm music > GIF TH LW DASEE TT As for music; ike the lively and fn Kind. (2) <4>KRROLAhSYT> As CALE L AUTH AY, What kind of curry do you prefer? Br BEYHS CBODL AUTH, Ipreferacury that isnot very spies HEY DEC BODHU TH Iprefer ome that isnot very spicy The indefinite pronoun 0 is typically used to refer to a specific subgroup of a category, as in (1) and (2). In (1), for example, (c 34TH UL» specifies “interesting and fun” music out of the various types of music. © cannot be used in the following sentence because tf < T4544» simply describes the apples the speaker received and does not refer to a specific subgroup of a larger category (i.e. itis not specifying all ‘of the sweet and delicious apples out of the larger group of all apples). X YATESSUE URE CK TETEBULOOTH. > UYATER HVE LEME TE TEBULOILETH. Someone gave me (lit received) some apples. They are sweet and very delicious apples. ‘Similarly, & cannot be used in B’s line inthe following conversation because here, ET & 14 does not specify a certain type of person among many; it simply describes what kind of person Yamada-san is. As MBS ALEL AEA TH Ys What kind of person is Yomade-san? BX ETHEOVOTH. FETEOUATT. Sheis avery nice person. “The indefinite pronoun 2 is also used to refer to a specific item in a group when the referent is clear from the situation, as in (3) below. Ex. (3) THAR VL—I—E RET CME, Show me hat red sweater plas > LORWDE RUT ERY. Show me that red sweater (lit. that red one), please. ‘When this pronoun comes after the particle 2, the indefinite pronoun 2 drops, as in (4) below. ke. (4) BPXA OLDIE IVTOOTIN, Hh DHLAFOOTS Tanaka-san’s shoes are Halian (lit. Malian ones), but mine are Japanese (lit. Japanese ones), We have already leamed how to modify a noun with another noun or with an adjective, asin (a)(c) below (I PALEY eSNG AORITT. Nyanta isthe Japan House’ cat (ISAK DUUWRITT. Nyama isa cute cat (PARE RRERITH. Nyania isan energetic cat ‘Similarly, you can modify a noun with a clause (i, a sentence within a sentence), as in [2-a ‘Topic ehhlt | FR RYNIREEL TOS ea vein pa) — Nyantaisacatthatlivesinthe pan House, By using noun modification clauses, you ean explain objects, people, places, etc. in a more compact, efficient fashion. For example, you can express the ideas described in two sentences in (d) below ina single sentence, as in (¢), using a noun modification clause. (I CAKERITHS PALEY HY ADAIEATOET. [Nyanta isa cat. Nyana lives inthe Japan House. (wh Klee Sy AO AELTOS(RS ‘Nyantais a at that lives in the Japan House. (The underline and [] indicate the noun modification clause and the modified noun, respectively. The ‘same notations are used in other examples below.) The following are the steps for making a sentence with a noun modification clause: Put the noun modifying clause directly before the noun to be modified. (No relative pronoun, sich ‘as who and which in English, is used between the noun modification clause and the modified noun. ) eA Pe Ay noe TOS TRAIT. (Step 2) Change the predicate in the noun modification clause into the plain form, eA hit Pes no rceetus(RaleT, (2-b] is an example of a noun modification clause with a subject. (20) NP Topic | Noun modification iause ‘Subject plain iM Sree eee oc Thisisacake(tha) baked | Here, the two sentences inf) are combined into one sentence, presented again in (g). (SHEATH. Mik (SOF —% E) IES Ute, Thirts a coke, I baked if (= this cate) () otis Moen [FER], this ira coke hay Iboted (= (2-6) As seen in (g), when a subject is necessary in the noun modification clause, it is marked with #*, Note that {a is used to present the topic of the entire sentence (¢.g., = tut in (g)). bs. (1) SHES SAIC HIS BAG] TT, Mis isa present | will give Mik I£5& L4H 9K TT. Themon ‘Shibuya is the place where Ai met Jean for the first time. re | saw yesterday was interesting. 7 TASMAN TI yhoo KATH. @) HeZ LEFERSTHS[AlEfo> THE TO. 3 1 you ln Oe perso tng plz ver thre? The following sentence patterns present noun modification clauses with an i-adjective, a na-adjective, and ‘@ noun in the predicate position. (2) [ aI NP. | ionciause | Aaiyplin Be | A] ehAasart. The tallest person in the clas is Tom. (li The person who i the tallest inthe ass is Tom.) (24) zai NP T ‘Noun modifcalion dlause i Subject ire) mee | | we |e | at-y Ware oD. ‘What is (the/a} sport you are good at, Ken? / What is {the/a} sport Ken is good at? (22 NP Noun modification lause - Subject N «| Be |o A ieee TD. aa 2c ae ‘Who is a history major? (lit. Whois (the/a) person whose major is history?) ‘The ending forms of noun modification clauses are as follows: 8 aes B (atways pain forms) % a BEC adjectives (atways plain forms) BUL Caboh| ae ENOL SEY Nmadjoctves + = {plain forms except for “) ENOL ee Hoh [HFN] 9 5 Lenn rorsin| ate | sateeeen forms exceptor) | 3s es betior Onirbes cetera ere [Al BABS L oted on [A] bes. (6) BAAS ULRICEARUTS. Zreant to live ina house with a big yard (it. where the yard is bis) ©) BKozrenpss AR SIERRA TK EW. Thess hort Japedee cite ie? (Pleas () W=LA-bERLTOSA THO MRM BOA) E M9) 2 ELM 21 me the sport Japanese ke) 1m looking fora roommate—do you know of anyone whose hobby is cooking?” Note that noun phrases consisting of a noun modification clause and a noun are considered noun equivalents. Therefore, the particles that occur with nouns (e.g., =, €, ete.) can be attached to noun phrases, as in (5)-(7) ex (GID) (vol.2): E. Special topics 3. Noun modification clauses: OS & — eee Gal [= ire clause Anant) =) Main clause (Action 2) i “Vpn non-past_| goes al Hl BAI I< BURZ-YT-ZERMVELKW ae | 8s g Ls : G0) rs Wit | BRIS Thought a kanji T-shirt when I was in (lit, had gone to) Japan, | ROTI IEROA LE ‘You can express ideas like “when I go to Japan” and “when I went to Japan” using 8 with verbs. Because Bf is a noun, the clause immediately preceding it (ie., the time clause in [3-a} and [3-b) is a noun ation clause. Thus, the verb before 8f is always in the plain form. modi In Japanese the tense ofa verb before Bis determined as follows: (Rule) 1f Action 1 in the time clause (B45(= F<) is not completed before Action 2 in the main clause (KEOA—Y7—A EMD) occurs, the non-past form is used. © [Time clause Main clause Action 1 is not completed before ‘Action 2 (at ' (KA02-77-2 4M) Veplainnon-past (4<) + 9 MBA Wh RR0A V7 =A EMOE LA. CBaD Rule 2 If Action | in the tim ause (B4I<4T <) is completed before Action 2 in the main clause (RFOTY +7 © I5) occurs, the past form is used As seen above, regardless of the tense of the main clause, when Action 1 (=the time clause action) is not completed before Action 2 (= the main clause action), the non-past tense is used before Bf, whereas when Action | is completed before Action 2, the past tense is used. i Eas. (1) BIBT BM FFE EROS F. whens goingto cok frst wash my hands (2) eal ahi RAY YIIYEL @) HASAWT-FAB ERD D, KATAOREGC T—FERUSL Since Tom likes cakes. I bought some (cakes) when I was going to his house. (=I bought cakes before ‘going to his house) ) BR: 7 SAE ROHL“ ULTCET, When I started college, I Became homesick. ice ae ia lteter ete cee BREIL BF. When wemect tomorow ill pay you back 6) When the subject of a time clause and that of the main clause are different, the subject in the time clause is ‘marked by 4°, (See #2 Noun modification clauses above.) & 6) 7 EAA ROME E> Tele 7 fet lt, DY SABRE BR RE WRE fh CUR L te, When Wangson come Iwas making dimer ‘You can also use adjectives and nouns before #9. The forms before Bf are the same as those used in noun ‘modification clauses. (See #2 above.) ¥ ‘Afimative Negative tagecives | (7 2ASDBE LANE (2FRH) BELA KB No-adjectves | (HBO ARGH (ERADAEU COR Nouns FRAN KAOR ¢ RO) eta fxs. (7) DERM, ECAP zICI—E- EMTS ST. When I'm free often goto a.café to drink coffee. @® gage. FCAT EMA TH. Mi father was quite cool when he was young. @ Y-PreARROK, BOM EHS LT. Riemann started dying kanjihen he wa in igh pee 29 ERCAYRIL RIAA ERAET, (10) FLA < Ue When I dont want o ook, Foffem eat instant ramen [As in (7410), when the predicate of a 8 clause (i¢., a clause before BY) expresses a state with an eee connate, yo wally wea non-pastfom regardless of the tse af he ies to a BY clause with a state verb such as BB. (9%, and V-fe\, as in main clause, The same rule appl (113). bs. (11) MBAR £¢ Reese sl (12) 72 bog & Urwaeh er tee) u 1 gota headache when Iwas ce es (19) He, fe Luvayis k < BYESTROMERVS LEM BMH SHAD ff a a fe Last year, often bought dinner at the convenience store when I was busy, but | made Toften went to Kyoto when I was in Japan inp lan had es so» (GID) (vol2):A Time expressions 1. Bf vs. BIE E. Special topics 4. Tense in ime clauses Topi N BROTH. coma | sq |? etal pom micas ‘This painting looks like a photograph, Using 47:69 or & 5, you can express the idea that X resembles or is otherwise similar to Y. % f=\° and £5 essentially mean the same thing. The only difference is that 44% is more colloquial than & 3. Note that 4 74° can be directly attached to the preceding noun, while 3 requires 2 after the noun, as in (4 (In this lesson, we mainly practice with 47:6.) bs. (1) <§E> SBT I< RUTT A, BAR OES) TH. M5 really hot today, isn} it? 13 like summer. (@) 2s SATA BEET. FODY27 (ALW/DEI) Eh, ‘Smith-san is good at cooking: its like he sa professional chef, don't you think? ‘As resemblance expressions, 7:4. and 3 are generally used in the affirmative form. Thus, the idea “X §s nt like Y" is not expressed using Y(PEU/OL 5) U #2 UTT. Instead, HIE F “be differen” (L12) is used to express this concept. RRR ARY/OLIVECLWTH, > RAMBLES 2 eBOET. Intended meaning: Nara snot ike Kyoto. Den nee pc fom Kc (4-b) {opie N I SECT 4 (4c) Topie BOTA | RF Mika is as good at singing as a professional singer. Af" and £9 behave like na-adjectives. That is, when they modify nouns, % follows, and when they modify adjectives and verbs, {= follows, as in (4-b] and [4-c] bes. (3) Th {2 AtBMLELTT. J want to marry someone like Tanaka-san. % @ cooky ham (or ara SOL EM TR EF, This robot cam swim like afish SDI ER eUOE ROS T. AS De I} NK (©) Y-PLEAP A yaad y (H: 1 think Riemann is smart like Einstein, NP D Vplain_[ Nominalizer pomp | me [fee | ce | ct __My hobby is making songs. | You can talk about your hobbies, dreams, problems, etc. by using = &. = & is used to change a phrase that ends with a verb, adjective, or other part of speech into a noun phrase, which can be used anywhere a noun would be = © in this use is a grammatical element called a nominalizer. The = & in the experience expression “V-plain.past= © °% %" (L9 #7) and the one in the ability expression “V-plain.non-past= & 4° 3 3” (L10 #7) are also, in fact, instances of this nominalizer. Although the nominalizer = & carries no meaning, itis grammatically a noun. Thus, Y> & in “Xt2¥ 2 & CF" isa type of noun modification structure. Eas (1) OBEY x DIES L ETT. Mr cream isto become a chef (2) ORME BBA WS LTH. The current problem is that we dont have money. «@) Moe SEL RIE E REF SET. Whar ike (doing) tling with my frends ‘The following sentences are ungrammatical. To make them grammatical, = & is necessary. X fh DMKILME (RS t/RETHI. Bi MOMRIBERSI ETH. he tee Eso Intended meaning: My hobby is birdwatching | and 2 & have the both 7 You have previously leamed that @ can also be used as a nominalizer. While same function, which nominalizer is more natural depends on the structure of the sentence. See the GID for more detailed information. = [GID] (012): E, Special topics 5. Nominalzers O vs. < E and, Noun modiicabon cisuses One® O (6) Vite iE ve BMELT | oS | F-AELET. oe | Tim going to play a game afer doing my homework ‘You can express the idea of “after V-ing” using V-te 5 fs. (1) SoS, I-E— EMA TH SMM LST. etek dite ek gis 9 ake Q) BON LA— hid BMY eI-EBUIH SMO ME RET. Every morning my roommate eats breakfast after taking a shower. OD BATSAFERS MRL TH RHE LK. 1 decided which university to study abroad a after consulting with my professor (vol2): D. Sentence patterns 1. Vi-te Ves. Vi-18 5Ve = (ra) NP : N (airet objec) ina 2-4 )o| ae 1% ‘ . si f. fh how to wrteemalls/ athe} way to write emails i a) Ne # NP © coe Veras gtzh |o| we = the way 1 Tao's way of talking ‘You can express the ideas of (1) how to do somethi and (2) the jing, usit Vn Ta ciee wae pay ung (2) the way someone does something, using Attach 7 to the stem of the masw-form, fs B3SF+F-OtR BLest A BLA (Step2) Ha direct object ora subjects involved, change the direct object marker © or the subject marker Bis A-WEBE > 4-108 3H 174) f IAEA > 94 SLOBLE 17) (OD EN eae Therefore, the following forn WEIR K IATL bs. (1) SO7-FOMI SCTE MME, fow to make this cake is very easy) Q) Ho lt2 OFSORUBMAB ETT. iis singer's singing. (lit love the way this singer sings.) QO) YP-AA KS Sb MOTE ROW TMAL ET. Tour guide: fen Se aeiee get fo the art museum now I @ potas RZORY BIRO SEKTUY When I wert to Japan for the frst time, didn know how to wse the buses (It. get on buses) Note that the particle |= cannot be used before the particle 0. Thus, in some situations {= is optionally replaced by the destination particle ~ (see GID (vol.1): B. Particles 1-4, ~), as in (3) In others, {= drops before , as in (4). The following forms are ungrammatical: x Si OF ED KAZ. DRI A The particles & and T do not drop before “0+ V-masu,” as in (5) and (6) below. | ms. ©) ZELORL he way 0 ako your teachers lt. how oak your teachers | | © BRCOBRDAY A | the ways of using the focilites at hot springs (lit. how to enter hot springs) in Japan (10) [Wares ame) WF [naan 5 Pea o| % | o U a x | 23 a ow Say kal *VINis the noun portion of a surverb, You need to use a slightly different structure for sur-verbs. Here's how to make the V-masu7y phrase from suru-verbs: (Step) Change 4 to LF. (Lis the stem of the masu-form of $4.) Es. fats > fase Le BATS > LR (Step 2) Insert 2 between the noun portion (= VN) and L. Es. HLF MBOLE MLZ > WHOLE (Step 3) 11a direct object or a subject is involved, change the direct object marker & or the subject marker 4510.0. bs. RF EMM OLD > REOMBOLZ (-(7-)) Mage vat OLB > Maks OBO LA the way Prof. Kuroda explains XRFOMBLA x MHLEORALA we Mss oe Cp ean ee | | | | | Because “VN L 25” isan ungrammatical form, the following phrases are also ungrammatical: — EF», Doyou know how 10.cook his fh ts. (7) TO MONRO LAO @ tases. pase EMO LAERATCES eaten cate me Cold you show me how o cancel the ( foie We have learned the sentence structure Xi#Y CF, which means “X is ¥," as in (1) and (2), (1) Mitt FHAFORE! CT. Lema sade of Goble Universiy @) sonauaRm That building isa library. However, this structure can be used fo express more than just identity or equivalence. For example, in (3), €¢ is used in place of {= 1) $F to give a location. (3) A: KA LISETLT (= CHW ET) M. Where is the restroom? B: (KYLE) HELEE (= CHYET) 0 Ms over there | | Infact, (21) #F-L.E F is offen replaced by CF | | (4) and (5) provide other examples. Here, €7 is used to avoid repeating the same predicates. (8) A: KBAEML TET. Pm majoring in economics. B: 25 CIM. Misarea—sNECT (5) A: BEALS {IMIS CFM. Bsan, what do you ike? Bs (BAIS) FAL (= WHR TH)» Nike jase. (it. As for me, [as] jazz) ‘As seen in the above examples, T¥ can be used in place of the particle and predicate when they are clear from the situation or other context. Can you think of what situations the following sentence could be used in and what it would mean in those situations? © METLTT. oN L&L&5 > Words wt appl a ew wr ad i & Describe and explain things and people around you in detail, = Indefinite ie aig noun J) @ You are helping your partner create an avatar for social media. Ask your partner's preferences about the facial features listed below and draw an image according to the responses you receive Ex. face shape (,): round / square A: CKMOKA UTI, BAVOSUUTT, ofr BBUOKUUTT. 1) face shape: round / square 2) eye: big / small 3) eyebrows (2Pif): thick / thin 4) nose: big / small 5) mouth: big/small _6) hair: long / short strange B suppose you are seeing your guests off after a party and handing out their belongings. Take turns asking and answering to whom each item belongs. ep f. You: 2MISHOYe Ty bTHH. Guest: ELXADTFH. al ny, /8 n42] You are planning to have a movie night with your classmates. (Step) First, check what kind movies are available to watch. B.A: Be PREAH) STA. B 45TH. HBCONH STA, A: HB b+ Talk about what kind of movie you would like to watch. Be A: OOF AEA RRGOREUTH A, B:WILIDYOARETH. AATAIL? A: MILT VOWS LIE THKBOODUUTT. B: Le, HBBOUCITION GrouP Work You are checking out some costumes online with your classmate: their colors and motifs for an upcoming Halloween party, (Step) Describe the following costumes based on & (MEWS NF FO} aAFa-h ex ) 2) 3) 4) SS 5) is J ay @ ) (Step 2) Decide which costume you'd like to wear and state a reason for your decision m& A: OOFMAED IAF a—- AHH VTE Oe Bi TITH, —BBELZVESIDG. ATFORBRUTS. C:AlED SSS unl ABEENS, BSTEOMERUTT, (Step) The costumes you ordered online have been delivered! Take turns asking and answering which costume is whose. BA Ntt+DARFsa—ALHOTTO, | B: {OOFAD/#M) TH. © Now, you are at the Halloween party and being offered some fancy cookies. Take turns and say which cookie you'd like by specifying its shape. | BL A: 2 YR ERURATIA BAECAD, | 8: bd, TIT AL ve, TOBAEI how DERIADE < EEE noun mositication ctauses_) Let's practice using noun modification clauses to describe people at a gathering Exoyk ill ibe what the people in the picture on the previous page are doing, then make Fa ise based on each description. z yEXATH A Blt. EHS, TLERNTH SOLE @_ Noun modification is often used in hashtags on social media. Let’s try making some hashtags in Japanese! (Step 7) First, describe each illustrated topic below by modifying it with the information provided. Gap D EVAMHS IMAL x BE BIC oa Nees 5) ARO EK 2) Pee Teat ) ARCH THEA 3) & BLTOat DARE LL 10) HO LETT 8) BL SVELK = 1) BORO TH ) PLECSIVELK 12) BAI TH (Sep2) Now, try making hashtags for things/people/animals around you using noun modification clauses as in the examples. xl +B BE 5| RAE Taye Us 2 #IYE=TH> x3 H2DAT— BABU A a. Finally, share the hashtags you made in Step 2 with your classmates as shown in the example. bk. A: [Nit B 85 | RAE) TS. 8: OOSAUI SATA BULA] TT. You are showing your partner a photo album of your trip to Japan. (Slept) Create a title in Japanese for each photo below based on the English cues provided, Ra i] @up t, [i] > ma Race F[tl] (Step 2) Answer your partner's questions using the phrases you made in Step Be A SHEE TT. B: (Ht) Ae RACH [Lh Rea ALAA. SHUTH HA. (© Comment) Ex. {mountain} 1) [garden] 2) [Japanese sweets] 3) [sushi erasers} Tclimbed in Kyoto saw inthe temple Tate with my friend my friend bought Taton Zen Budahst Tere 4) [toy] 5) [Japanese-style inn] 6) [friends] D [cate] my Japanese friend Istayed at in Kyoto I went on the trip Tate tasty cake at gave me ' together with Do you like simulation games? Talk about what kind of world you would like to make in 2 simulation game. End A: CARREY EUTTD. Bi RUBS HH AREY RUTT. Ex1 has a spacious bath 1) friends can stay 2) the garden is big 9) your own: a2 AL CABAL RMI EOTI A. B: BORG H BO Ale BIE Y RUTH. wo Ex2 hobby is cooking 4) likes animals 5) playstennis 6) yourown EA: CASEIELEU TIO, B: RSA 6 TAMER TU ALBIS LU TH. £x3 alot ofkind people live 7) the scenery is beautiful 8) has a lot of nature 9) your own ® Describe your favorite character, including all information about the character in one sentence. | B.A: Hhlt "EU Sa DI OKRA ETHS BiiceAKICAeE YD II-TT OD. A HORE CT. RSEOHET. S29EKT TOUSEN III-TT. Bi TITHA. KAKADU TH 4a. (+ Comment / Follow-up question) Ex ioe Ade 1) CUSRE 2274 3) your favorite ‘manga/anime/ C-) movie character { < | * brown body + smart ~ good at speaking Japanese | + likes eating ~ very kind ~ has a lot of friends | + abitchubby - knowsa lot about Japan - lives in the Japan House | ui SHER A Sop pave TELS B_ Explain on what occasions you relax at home. @mp Ex. BFA SF > BRA H SH. KTH YLT. NI ARLAMHIST 2) RRMBOTH DAGLRCEOTH 4) RAKES BOTH 5) att 6) FRAKATT Ai is describing her experience in Japan. Fill in each with the most appropriate verb from the box below, paying attention to the tense in the 85 clause. me. BARI
    ) / getting up early in the morning ‘Now, talk about yourself using verb phrases as in Step 1. BB > MOBIETOTIIABSIETH. DF 2) ROK 3) Bette 4) BRere S\hEn ee ‘Talk about your dream and your role model following the prompts in the shaded box below. Ask about your & A:OO* 2] y oe eae OTAOBILATH : HOBIE TOTS > — woxUeTH. cones SEDTIM EAGT OT STACEY EUTHN i! F—ADFOI Sete HeUTF. SEITIN, HAI Ha tewrice RVI BARA icteY RUTH, FRONT Eto KATH. Follow-up question O9>O>D 42 —~y o Ask and answer questions about howto use, make, and do things in your everyday ie, (}ETEEL tctons in sequence vt Let’s practice talking about actions in sequence. SiapT) The following are two sequential actions performed by Riemann. Connect them into one sentence using V-te4y5 @mp 89 x. Ye D—-EBUS > AORERSS Vere itis 29= EBUTHS, BIOMERNZT. NODERFE 10823 > BS 2) EK AILSA > FRICRS 3) SRI TIC ouR v7-EBUR DEB AZAR Dok > MMT oh (Step 2) Using Step 1 as a reference, talk about your own sequential actions. x A: Ald S88 2S ® UT HS, ASRERNST. OOFALEITTI A. Bi 5G Ree You and your roommate are preparing a meal for a party. (Step 1) First, review the vocabulary for cooking activities on p.17. (Step 2) You are making salad and grilled chicken. Take turns asking permission to do something and giving directions about how to do something based on the cues provided. @IED &. A: FREsTEOUTI OD. Ex @ cut vegetables? B: b. HoTHS, MoT KIY, © - A: HU ELE Baths, mat. veo) 2@ put eggs on the salad? ae cr ‘over the salad? ) mag a o- ee) “E es « pat E 5) e+ ag the chicken in os) 8) a ® Let's practice explaining a sequence of actions related to cooking. Suppose you have prepared the following dishes for your classmat tips on how to eat them. Ummm rt Hs BESS KE E © your partner Ee A: NIH’ SEY =Ghe ARETE CLL RUD EBETHS, BATCH. B: bd, BYKCITEVAT. B BVULTITF AR, CH Com Dta7 DKve—* DEES a eUt yb Step 2) show a photo of a dish that you like and give some tips on how to eat it manner @® Change each of the following words/phrases into a V-masu 2, expression, @ap Exl % oF BAR DRAS DBSE DTC OS 5)1RF 2 BEER > RFORAR | we 6) MIBERAS 7 BERS 8) BREDA ERK 9) REBT 10) REDS 4 AES £3 03 TS > BOA mash msn WRETS 12) BHTS WHFS MW)Fzy7FS 15) HATS 4 RFEMBTS > FOI 38 DLA mee mae Set tases 16) REM BTS 17) BRERE TS 18) ABE ETS WaT” sosek B Practice asking your partner to teach you how to do the following activities in Japan. @EED fx. buy atrain ticket A: THEA, EROS5SOMUFEMATC HE tKD. [ix Bild. OUTHS. 1) use a luggage locker (24707/-) 2) search for good restaurants 3) g0 to Tokyo Station 4) make a reservation ata restaurant —_§) order ramen 6) your own. (rrr _d @ Let's practice giving some simple step-by-step instructions for cooking Stent! e 7 444), Explain the ingredients and the DB (paste) (Step 2) Do you know any recipes for simple yet tasty dishes (Exs. ramen, a sandwich)? Using the following step-by-step instructions for how to make a ham sandwich as a model, share your recipe with your classmates. b. SERMET. BULY LTD E474, OFF RERMLET. HA AYER LIRENI—LPAI- ETH. 34, VIREO THD. DRT. SG-EVRI-KEBNET. ORAS RU IRE NDE TATE, BULA Y Ff VF OTR ONY TH | ny Now you can give detailed explanations on how to do things you like/are good at. {Step 1) Brainstorm what you would like to explain and what steps you need for your activity. LF/MBORAZ CODLEL PIF /MIZ/ BOD QI. EMRLET OD. Q2.LARATITHOY STA Step Step 2: Step 3: 2] Explain the steps you've come up with to your partner OOFA, SNSDEF ER VF EHOW TH, | Ask if your partner me A: _ knows how to do X Buea, WY SHA. HATE Explain the steps ALU. EN YAITEFLIILET Ny | & share any tips | ya ITBARMH SD EBSTC EIT, a | B: 9H) ELK A RIGBOLAVERELY ST. TREE Baie AVHONA FER TK ES s AVHKONA DTT He BoOvsct. RIK, TTI TERE SAUL TH, SNS FITLEF. PITS SBMS, MSGS lowaEt st HTT. i a Gate eee @ 00 you like solving brain-teasers? Riemann introduces two such brain-teasers, known as #2 % in Japanese, below—see if you can solve them! ‘check Point: Pay attention to the noun modification clauses you have learned in this lesson so that you understand the problems correctly; each underlined part is modifying the noun in the adjacent{__} Do niaee74 thicHrlA-K] 2) onidmaturieles. 2 TH. A-KOAYH-GUaMKE [MAME BATH. CILTS Buasa. IRVIN. bY &» oY DY OY A 6 bY BY oY) SEIQUS BY OY BRAS (5)) Du

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