(eBook PDF) Introductory Statistics

10th Edition by Neil A. Weiss

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/ebook-pdf-introductory-statistics-10th-edition-by-n
eil-a-weiss/
 CONTENTS vii

P A R T III Probability, Random Variables,

and Sampling Distributions
C H A P T E R 4 Probability Concepts 156
Case Study: Texas Hold’em 156
4.1 Probability Basics 157 • 4.2 Events 164 • 4.3 Some Rules of
Probability 173 • 4.4 Contingency Tables; Joint and Marginal
Probabilities∗ 179 • 4.5 Conditional Probability∗ 185 • 4.6 The
Multiplication Rule; Independence∗ 193 • 4.7 Bayes’s Rule∗ 201 •
4.8 Counting Rules∗ 208
Chapter in Review 218 • Review Problems 218 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 221 • Case Study Discussion 222 • Biography 222

C H A P T E R 5 Discrete Random Variables∗ 223

Case Study: Aces Wild on the Sixth at Oak Hill 223
5.1 Discrete Random Variables and Probability Distributions∗ 224 • 5.2 The
Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable∗ 231 • 5.3 The
Binomial Distribution∗ 238 • 5.4 The Poisson Distribution∗ 251
Chapter in Review 258 • Review Problems 259 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 261 • Case Study Discussion 261 • Biography 261

C H A P T E R 6 The Normal Distribution 262

Case Study: Chest Sizes of Scottish Militiamen 262
6.1 Introducing Normally Distributed Variables 263 • 6.2 Areas under the
Standard Normal Curve 274 • 6.3 Working with Normally Distributed
Variables 280 • 6.4 Assessing Normality; Normal Probability Plots 290 •
6.5 Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution∗ 296
Chapter in Review 303 • Review Problems 304 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 306 • Case Study Discussion 306 • Biography 306

C H A P T E R 7 The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean 307

Case Study: The Chesapeake and Ohio Freight Study 307
7.1 Sampling Error; the Need for Sampling Distributions 308 • 7.2 The Mean
and Standard Deviation of the Sample Mean 313 • 7.3 The Sampling
Distribution of the Sample Mean 319
Chapter in Review 326 • Review Problems 327 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 329 • Case Study Discussion 329 • Biography 329

P A R T IV Inferential Statistics
C H A P T E R 8 Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean 331
Case Study: Bank Robberies: A Statistical Analysis 331
8.1 Estimating a Population Mean 332 • 8.2 Confidence Intervals for One
Population Mean When σ Is Known 338 • 8.3 Confidence Intervals for One
Population Mean When σ Is Unknown 352
Chapter in Review 363 • Review Problems 363 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 366 • Case Study Discussion 366 • Biography 366

∗
Indicates optional material.
viii CONTENTS

C H A P T E R 9 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean 367

Case Study: Gender and Sense of Direction 367
9.1 The Nature of Hypothesis Testing 368 • 9.2 Critical-Value Approach to
Hypothesis Testing 376 • 9.3 P-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing 381 •
9.4 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean When σ Is Known 387 •
9.5 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean When σ Is Unknown 399 •
9.6 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test∗ 407 • 9.7 Type II Error Probabilities;
Power∗ 422 • 9.8 Which Procedure Should Be Used?∗∗
Chapter in Review 433 • Review Problems 433 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 437 • Case Study Discussion 437 • Biography 437

C H A P T E R 10 Inferences for Two Population Means 438

Case Study: Dexamethasone Therapy and IQ 438
10.1 The Sampling Distribution of the Difference between Two Sample Means for
Independent Samples 439 • 10.2 Inferences for Two Population Means, Using
Independent Samples: Standard Deviations Assumed Equal 446 •
10.3 Inferences for Two Population Means, Using Independent Samples:
Standard Deviations Not Assumed Equal 458 • 10.4 The Mann–Whitney
Test∗ 470 • 10.5 Inferences for Two Population Means, Using Paired
Samples 485 • 10.6 The Paired Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test∗ 498 •
10.7 Which Procedure Should Be Used?∗∗
Chapter in Review 508 • Review Problems 509 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 511 • Case Study Discussion 511 • Biography 511

C H A P T E R 11 Inferences for Population Standard Deviations∗ 513

Case Study: Speaker Woofer Driver Manufacturing 513
11.1 Inferences for One Population Standard Deviation∗ 514 • 11.2 Inferences
for Two Population Standard Deviations, Using Independent Samples∗ 527
Chapter in Review 541 • Review Problems 541 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 543 • Case Study Discussion 543 • Biography 543

C H A P T E R 12 Inferences for Population Proportions 544

Case Study: Arrested Youths 544
12.1 Confidence Intervals for One Population Proportion 545 •
12.2 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Proportion 557 • 12.3 Inferences
for Two Population Proportions 561
Chapter in Review 573 • Review Problems 573 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 575 • Case Study Discussion 575 • Biography 575

C H A P T E R 13 Chi-Square Procedures 576

Case Study: Eye and Hair Color 576
13.1 The Chi-Square Distribution 577 • 13.2 Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit
Test 578 • 13.3 Contingency Tables; Association 587 • 13.4 Chi-Square
Independence Test 597 • 13.5 Chi-Square Homogeneity Test 606
Chapter in Review 613 • Review Problems 614 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 617 • Case Study Discussion 617 • Biography 617

∗
Indicates optional material.
∗∗
Indicates optional material on the WeissStats site.
 CONTENTS ix

PART V Regression, Correlation, and ANOVA

C H A P T E R 14 Descriptive Methods in Regression and Correlation 618
Case Study: Healthcare: Spending and Outcomes 618
14.1 Linear Equations with One Independent Variable 619 • 14.2 The
Regression Equation 624 • 14.3 The Coefficient of Determination 638 •
14.4 Linear Correlation 645
Chapter in Review 653 • Review Problems 654 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 655 • Case Study Discussion 656 • Biography 656

C H A P T E R 15 Inferential Methods in Regression and Correlation 657

Case Study: Shoe Size and Height 657
15.1 The Regression Model; Analysis of Residuals 658 • 15.2 Inferences for
the Slope of the Population Regression Line 670 • 15.3 Estimation and
Prediction 678 • 15.4 Inferences in Correlation 688 • 15.5 Testing for
Normality∗∗
Chapter in Review 694 • Review Problems 694 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 696 • Case Study Discussion 696 • Biography 697

C H A P T E R 16 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 698

Case Study: Self-Perception and Physical Activity 698
16.1 The F-Distribution 699 • 16.2 One-Way ANOVA: The Logic 701 •
16.3 One-Way ANOVA: The Procedure 707 • 16.4 Multiple
Comparisons∗ 720 • 16.5 The Kruskal–Wallis Test∗ 728
Chapter in Review 738 • Review Problems 738 • Focusing on Data
Analysis 740 • Case Study Discussion 741 • Biography 741

P A R T VI Multiple Regression and Model Building;

Experimental Design and ANOVA∗∗
M O D U L E A Multiple Regression Analysis A-0
Case Study: Automobile Insurance Rates A-0
A.1 The Multiple Linear Regression Model A-1 • A.2 Estimation of the
Regression Parameters A-6 • A.3 Inferences Concerning the Utility of the
Regression Model A-21 • A.4 Inferences Concerning the Utility of Particular
Predictor Variables A-31 • A.5 Confidence Intervals for Mean Response;
Prediction Intervals for Response A-37 • A.6 Checking Model Assumptions
and Residual Analysis A-47
Module in Review A-59 • Review Problems A-59 • Focusing on Data
Analysis A-62 • Case Study Discussion A-63 • Answers to Selected
Exercises A-65 • Index A-68

M O D U L E B Model Building in Regression B-0

Case Study: Automobile Insurance Rates—Revisited B-0
B.1 Transformations to Remedy Model Violations B-1 • B.2 Polynomial
Regression Model B-32 • B.3 Qualitative Predictor Variables B-64 •

∗
Indicates optional material.
∗∗
Indicates optional material on the WeissStats site.
x CONTENTS

B.4 Multicollinearity B-98 • B.5 Model Selection: Stepwise

Regression B-122 • B.6 Model Selection: All-Subsets Regression B-147 •
B.7 Pitfalls and Warnings B-160
Module in Review B-164 • Review Problems B-164 • Focusing on Data
Analysis B-179 • Case Study Discussion B-179 • Answers to Selected
Exercises B-182 • Index B-188

M O D U L E C Design of Experiments and Analysis of Variance C-0

Case Study: Dental Hygiene: Which Toothbrush? C-0
C.1 Factorial Designs C-1 • C.2 Two-Way ANOVA: The Logic C-7 •
C.3 Two-Way ANOVA: The Procedure C-20 • C.4 Two-Way ANOVA: Multiple
Comparisons C-43 • C.5 Randomized Block Designs C-57 •
C.6 Randomized Block ANOVA: The Logic C-61 • C.7 Randomized Block
ANOVA: The Procedure C-71 • C.8 Randomized Block ANOVA: Multiple
Comparisons C-92 • C.9 Friedman’s Nonparametric Test for the Randomized
Block Design C-98
Module in Review C-108 • Review Problems C-109 • Focusing on Data
Analysis C-114 • Case Study Discussion C-114 • Answers to Selected
Exercises C-115 • Index C-121

Appendixes
A p p e n d i x A Statistical Tables A-1

A p p e n d i x B Answers to Selected Exercises A-23

Index I-1

Photo Credits C-1

WeissStats Resource Site (brief contents)

Note: Visit the WeissStats Resource Site at www.pearsonhighered.com/weiss-stats for
detailed contents.

Additional Sections JMP Concept Discovery Modules

Additional Statistical Tables Minitab Macros

Applets Procedures Booklet

Data Sets Regression-ANOVA Modules

Data Sources StatCrunch Reports

Focus Database Technology Basics

Formulas TI Programs

∗
indicates optional material
Preface
Using and understanding statistics and statistical procedures
have become required skills in virtually every profession and
academic discipline. The purpose of this book is to help stu-
dents master basic statistical concepts and techniques and to
provide real-life opportunities for applying them.
Audience and Approach
Introductory Statistics is intended for one- or two-semester
courses or for quarter-system courses. Instructors can easily
fit the text to the pace and depth they prefer. Introductory high
school algebra is a sufficient prerequisite.
Although mathematically and statistically sound (the
author has also written books at the senior and graduate levels),
the approach does not require students to examine complex
concepts. Rather, the material is presented in a natural and
intuitive way. Simply stated, students will find this book’s
presentation of introductory statistics easy to understand.
About This Book
Introductory Statistics presents the fundamentals of statis-
tics, featuring data production and data analysis. Data ex-
ploration is emphasized as an integral prelude to statistical
inference.
This edition of Introductory Statistics continues the
book’s tradition of being on the cutting edge of statistical
pedagogy, technology, and data analysis. It includes hun-
dreds of new and updated exercises with real data from jour-
nals, magazines, newspapers, and websites.
The following Guidelines for Assessment and Instruc-
tion in Statistics Education (GAISE), funded and endorsed
by the American Statistical Association, are supported and
adhered to in Introductory Statistics:
r Emphasize statistical literacy and develop statistical
thinking.
r Use real data.
r Stress conceptual understanding rather than mere knowl-
edge of procedures.
r Foster active learning in the classroom.
r Use technology for developing conceptual understanding
and analyzing data.
r Use assessments to improve and evaluate student learning.
Changes in the Tenth Edition
The goal for this edition was to create an even more flexible
and user-friendly book, to provide several new step-by-step
procedures for making statistical analyses easier to apply,
to add a fourth category of exercises, to expand the use of
technology for developing understanding and analyzing data,
and to refurbish the exercises. Several important revisions are
presented as follows.
New! New Case Studies. Fifty percent of the chapter-
opening case studies have been replaced.
New! New and Revised Exercises. This edition con-
tains more than 3000 high-quality exercises, which far ex-
ceeds what is found in typical introductory statistics books.
Over 35% of the exercises are new, updated, or modified.
New! WeissStats Resource Site. The WeissStats Re-
source Site (aka WeissStats site) provides an extensive array
of resources for both instructors and students, including
additional topics, applets, all data sets from the book in
multiple formats, a procedures booklet, and technology
appendixes. In addition to several new items, the site offers
universal access to those items formerly included on the
WeissStats CD. Refer to the table of contents for a brief
list of the contents of the WeissStats site or visit the site
at www.pearsonhighered.com/weiss-stats. Note: Resources
for instructors only are available on the Instructor Resource
Center at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc.
New! Chebyshev’s Rule and the Empirical Rule. A
new (optional) section of Chapter 3 has been added that is
dedicated to an examination of Chebyshev’s rule and the
empirical rule. The empirical rule is further examined in
Chapter 6 when the normal distribution is discussed.
New! Quartiles. The method for calculating quartiles
has been modified to make it more easily accessible to
students. Furthermore, a dedicated procedure that provides
a step-by-step method for finding the quartiles of a data set
has been included.
Revised! Distribution Shapes. The material on distri-
bution shapes in Section 2.4 has been significantly modified
xi
xii PREFACE
and clarified. Students will find this revised approach easier
to understand and apply.
Revised! Regression Analysis. Major improvements
have been made to the chapter on Descriptive Methods in
Regression and Correlation. These improvements include a
comprehensive discussion of scatterplots, a simpler introduction
to the least-squares criterion, and easier introductory examples
for the regression equation, the sums of squares and coefficient
of determination, and the linear correlation coefficient.
Expanded! Warm-up Exercises. In this edition, hun-
dreds of “warm-up” exercises have been added. These ex-
ercises provide context-free problems that allow students to
concentrate solely on the relevant concepts before moving on
to applied exercises.
Expanded! Density Curves. The discussion of den-
sity curves has been significantly expanded and now includes
several examples and many more exercises.
Expanded! Type II Error Probabilities and Power. follows American Statistical Association (ASA) and Math-
Section 9.7, which covers Type II error probabilities and
power, has undergone major revision, including increased
visuals and the addition of procedures for calculating Type II
error probabilities and for constructing power curves.
Note: See the Technology section of this preface for a discus-
sion of technology additions, revisions, and improvements.
Hallmark Features and Approach
Chapter-Opening Features. Each chapter begins with a
general description of the chapter, an explanation of how the
chapter relates to the text as a whole, and a chapter outline. A
classic or contemporary case study highlights the real-world
relevance of the material.
End-of-Chapter Features. Each chapter ends with features
that are useful for review, summary, and further practice.
r Chapter Reviews. Each chapter review includes chapter
objectives, a list of key terms with page references, and
review problems to help students review and study the
chapter. Items related to optional materials are marked
with asterisks, unless the entire chapter is optional.
r Focusing on Data Analysis. This feature lets students work
with large data sets, practice technology use, and discover
the many methods of exploring and analyzing data. For
details, see the introductory Focusing on Data Analysis
section on page 34 of Chapter 1.
r Case Study Discussion. At the end of each chapter, the
chapter-opening case study is reviewed and discussed in
light of the chapter’s major points, and then problems are
presented for students to solve.
r Biographical Sketches. Each chapter ends with a brief
biography of a famous statistician. Besides being of general
interest, these biographies teach students about the devel-
opment of the science of statistics.
Formula/Table Card. The book’s detachable formula/table
card (FTC) contains all the formulas and many of the tables
that appear in the text. The FTC is helpful for quick-reference
purposes; many instructors also find it convenient for use
with examinations.
Procedure Boxes, Index, and Booklet. To help students
learn how to perform statistical analyses, easy-to-follow,
step-by-step procedures have been provided. Each step is
highlighted and presented again within the illustrating exam-
ple. This approach shows how the procedure is applied and
helps students master its steps. Additionally:
r A Procedure Index (located near the front of the book)
provides a quick and easy way to find the right procedure
for performing any statistical analysis.
r A Procedures Booklet (available in the Procedures Book-
let section of the WeissStats Resource Site) provides a
convenient way to access any required procedure.
ASA/MAA–Guidelines Compliant. Introductory Statistics
ematical Association of America (MAA) guidelines, which
stress the interpretation of statistical results, the contempo-
rary applications of statistics, and the importance of critical
thinking.
Populations, Variables, and Data. Through the book’s con-
sistent and proper use of the terms population, variable, and
data, statistical concepts are made clearer and more unified.
This strategy is essential for the proper understanding of
statistics.
Data Analysis and Exploration. Data analysis is empha-
sized, both for exploratory purposes and to check assump-
tions required for inference. Recognizing that not all readers
have access to technology, the book provides ample opportu-
nity to analyze and explore data without the use of a computer
or statistical calculator.
Parallel Critical-Value/P-Value Approaches. Through a
parallel presentation, the book offers complete flexibility in
the coverage of the critical-value and P-value approaches
to hypothesis testing. Instructors can concentrate on either
approach, or they can cover and compare both approaches.
The dual procedures, which provide both the critical-value
and P-value approaches to a hypothesis-testing method, are
combined in a side-by-side, easy-to-use format.
Interpretations. This feature presents the meaning and sig-
nificance of statistical results in everyday language and high-
lights the importance of interpreting answers and results.
You Try It! This feature, which follows most exam-
ples, allows students to immediately check their understand-
ing by working a similar exercise.
What Does It Mean? This margin feature states
in “plain English” the meanings of definitions, formulas,
key facts, and some discussions—thus facilitating students’
understanding of the formal language of statistics.

Examples and Exercises
Real-World Examples. Every concept discussed in the text
is illustrated by at least one detailed example. Based on
real-life situations, these examples are interesting as well as
illustrative.
Real-World Exercises. Constructed from an extensive vari-
ety of articles in newspapers, magazines, statistical abstracts,
journals, and websites, the exercises provide current, real-
world applications whose sources are explicitly cited.
New to this edition, a fourth category of exercises has
been added, namely, Applying the Concepts and Skills. As a
consequence, the exercise sets are now divided into the fol-
lowing four categories:
r Understanding the Concepts and Skills exercises help
students master the basic concepts and skills explicitly
discussed in the section. These exercises consist of two
types: (1) Non-computational problems that test student
understanding of definitions, formulas, and key facts;
(2) “warm-up” exercises, which require only simple com-
putations and provide context-free problems that allow
students to concentrate solely on the relevant concepts
before moving on to applied exercises. For pedagogical
reasons, it is recommended that warm-up exercises be
done without the use of a statistical technology.
r Applying the Concepts and Skills exercises provide stu-
dents with an extensive variety of applied problems that
hone student skills with real-life data. These exercises can
be done with or without the use of a statistical technology,
at the instructor’s discretion.
r Working with Large Data Sets exercises are intended to
be done with a statistical technology and let students apply
and interpret the computing and statistical capabilities
of MinitabR , ExcelR , the TI-83/84 PlusR , or any other
statistical technology.
r Extending the Concepts and Skills exercises invite students
to extend their skills by examining material not neces-
sarily covered in the text. These exercises include many
critical-thinking problems.
Notes: An exercise number set in cyan indicates that the
exercise belongs to a group of exercises with common in-
structions. Also, exercises related to optional materials are
marked with asterisks, unless the entire section is optional.
Data Sets. In most examples and exercises, both raw data
and summary statistics are presented. This practice gives
a more realistic view of statistics and lets students solve
problems by computer or statistical calculator. More than
1000 data sets are included, many of which are new or
updated. All data sets are available in multiple formats
in the Data Sets section of the WeissStats Resource Site,
www.pearsonhighered.com/weiss-stats.
PREFACE xiii
Technology
Parallel Presentation. The book’s technology coverage is
completely flexible and includes options for use of Minitab,
Excel, and the TI-83/84 Plus. Instructors can concentrate on one
technology or cover and compare two or more technologies.
Updated! The Technology Center. This in-text,
statistical-technology presentation discusses three of the
most popular applications—Minitab, Excel, and the TI-
83/84 Plus graphing calculators—and includes step-by-step
instructions for the implementation of each of these appli-
cations. The Technology Centers are integrated as optional
material and reflect the latest software releases.
Updated! Technology Appendixes. The appendixes
for Excel, Minitab, and the TI-83/84 Plus have been
updated to correspond to the latest versions of these three
statistical technologies. These appendixes introduce the three
statistical technologies, explain how to input data, and
discuss how to perform other basic tasks. They are enti-
tled Getting Started with . . . and are located in the Tech-
nology Basics section of the WeissStats Resource Site,
www.pearsonhighered.com/weiss-stats.
Expanded! Built-in Technology Manuals. The Tech-
nology Center features (in the book) and the technology
appendixes (on the WeissStats site) make it unnecessary for
students to purchase technology manuals. Students who will
be using Minitab, Excel, or the TI-83/84 Plus to solve exer-
cises should study the appropriate technology appendix(es)
before commencing with The Technology Center sections.
Expanded! TI Programs. The TI-83/84 Plus does not
have built-in applications for a number of the statistical
analyses discussed in the book. So that users of the TI-83/84
Plus can do such analyses with their calculators, the author has
made available TI programs. Those programs are obtainable
from the TI Programs section of the WeissStats Resource Site.
Computer Simulations. Computer simulations, appearing
in both the text and the exercises, serve as pedagogical aids
for understanding complex concepts such as sampling distri-
butions.
Interactive StatCrunch Reports. Sixty-four
StatCrunch reports have been written specifically for
Introductory Statistics. Each report corresponds to a sta-
tistical analysis covered in the book. These interactive
reports, keyed to the book with a StatCrunch icon, explain
how to use StatCrunch online statistical software to solve
problems previously solved by hand in the book. Go
to www.statcrunch.com, choose Explore ▼ Groups, and
search “Weiss Introductory Statistics 10/e” to access the
xiv PREFACE

StatCrunch Reports. Alternatively, you can access these
reports from the document Access to StatCrunch Reports.pdf,
which is in the StatCrunch section of the WeissStats
Resource Site. Note: Analyzing data in StatCrunch requires
a MyStatLab or StatCrunch account.
Java Applets. Twenty-one Java applets have been
custom written for Introductory Statistics. These applets,
keyed to the book with an applet icon, give students ad-
ditional interactive activities for the purpose of clarifying
statistical concepts in an interesting and fun way. The applets
are available from the Applets section of the WeissStats
Resource Site.
Organization
Introductory Statistics offers considerable flexibility in
choosing material to cover. The following flowchart indicates
different options by showing the interdependence among
chapters; the prerequisites for a given chapter consist of all
chapters that have a path that leads to that chapter.

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3

The Nature of Organizing Descriptive
Statistics Data Measures

Chapter 5 Chapter 4 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8

Discrete Random Probability The Normal The Sampling Confidence
Variables Concepts Distribution Distribution of the Intervals for One
Sample Mean Population Mean

Chapter 9
Hypothesis Tests
for One
Population Mean
Can be
covered
after
Chapter 3

Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14

Inferences for Inferences for Inferences for Chi-Square Descriptive
Two Population Population Population Procedures Methods
Means Standard Proportions in Regression
Deviations and Correlation

Optional sections and chapters can be

identified by consulting the table of contents.
Chapter 16 Instructors should consult the Course Chapter 15
Analysis of Management Notes for syllabus Inferential
Variance planning, further options on coverage, Methods
(ANOVA) and additional topics. in Regression
and Correlation

Acknowledgments
For this and the previous few editions of the book, it is our
pleasure to thank the following reviewers, whose comments
and suggestions resulted in significant improvements:

Olcay Akman, Illinois State University Jacqueline Fesq, Raritan Valley Community College
James Albert, Bowling Green State University Robert Forsythe, Frostburgh State University
John F. Beyers, II, University of Maryland, University Richard Gilman, Holy Cross College
College Donna Gorton, Butler Community College
David K. Britz, Raritan Valley Community College David Groggel, Miami University
Josef Brown, New Mexico Tech Joel Haack, University of Northern Iowa
Yvonne Brown, Pima Community College Bernard Hall, Newbury College
Beth Chance, California Polytechnic State University Jessica Hartnett, Gannon College
Brant Deppa, Winona State University Jane Harvill, Baylor University
Carol DeVille, Louisiana Tech University Lance Hemlow, Raritan Valley Community College

Susan Herring, Sonoma State University
David Holmes, The College of New Jersey
Lorraine Hughes, Mississippi State University
Michael Hughes, Miami University
Satish Iyengar, University of Pittsburgh
Yvette Janecek, Blinn College
Jann-Huei Jinn, Grand Valley State University
Jeffrey Jones, County College of Morris
Thomas Kline, University of Northern Iowa
Lynn Kowski, Raritan Valley Community College
Christopher Lacke, Rowan University
Sheila Lawrence, Rutgers University
Tze-San Lee, Western Illinois University
Ennis Donice McCune, Stephen F. Austin
State University
Jackie Miller, The Ohio State University
Luis F. Moreno, Broome Community College
Bernard J. Morzuch, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst
Dennis M. O’Brien, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse
Dwight M. Olson, John Carroll University
Bonnie Oppenheimer, Mississippi University for Women
JoAnn Paderi, Lourdes College
Melissa Pedone, Valencia Community College
Alan Polansky, Northern Illinois University
Cathy D. Poliak, Northern Illinois University
Kimberley A. Polly, Indiana University
Our thanks are also extended to Joe Fred Gonzalez, Jr.,
for his many suggestions over the years for improving the
book; and to Daniel Collins, Fuchun Huang, Charles Kaufman,
Sharon Lohr, Richard Marchand, Shahrokh Parvini, Kathy
Prewitt, Walter Reid, and Bill Steed, with whom we have had
several illuminating consultations. Thanks also go to Matthew
Hassett and Ronald Jacobowitz for their many helpful com-
ments and suggestions.
Several other people provided useful input and resources.
They include Thomas A. Ryan, Jr., Webster West, William
Feldman, Frank Crosswhite, Lawrence W. Harding, Jr.,
George McManus, Greg Weiss, Jeanne Sholl, R. B. Campbell,
Linda Holderman, Mia Stephens, Howard Blaut, Rick
Hanna, Alison Stern-Dunyak, Dale Phibrick, Christine Sarris,
and Maureen Quinn. Our sincere thanks go to all of them for
their help in making this a better book.
Thanks to Larry Griffey for his formula/table card. Our
gratitude also goes to Toni Garcia for writing the Instructor’s
Solutions Manual and the Student’s Solutions Manual.
We express our appreciation to Dennis Young for his lin-
ear models modules and for his collaboration on numerous
statistical and pedagogical issues. For checking the accuracy
of the entire text and answers to the exercises, we extend our
gratitude to Todd Hendricks and Susan Herring.
We are also grateful to David Lund and Patricia Lee for
obtaining the database for the Focusing on Data Analysis sec-
tions. Our thanks are extended to the following people for
their research in finding myriad interesting statistical stud-
ies and data for the examples, exercises, and case studies:
Toni Garcia, Traci Gust, David Lund, Jelena Milovanovic,
and Greg Weiss.
PREFACE xv
Geetha Ramachandran, California State University
B. Madhu Rao, Bowling Green State University
Gina F. Reed, Gainesville College
Steven E. Rigdon, Southern Illinois University,
Edwardsville
Kevin M. Riordan, South Suburban College
Sharon Ross, Georgia Perimeter College
Edward Rothman, University of Michigan
Rina Santos, College of Alameda
George W. Schultz, St. Petersburg College
Arvind Shah, University of South Alabama
Sean Simpson, Westchester Community College, SUNY
Cid Srinivasan, University of Kentucky, Lexington
W. Ed Stephens, McNeese State University
Kathy Taylor, Clackamas Community College
Alane Tentoni, Northwest Mississippi Community College
Bill Vaughters, Valencia Community College
Roumen Vesselinov, University of South Carolina
Brani Vidakovic, Georgia Institute of Technology
Jackie Vogel, Austin Peay State University
Donald Waldman, University of Colorado, Boulder
Daniel Weiner, Boston University
Dawn White, California State University, Bakersfield
Marlene Will, Spalding University
Latrica Williams, St. Petersburg College
Matthew Wood, University of Missouri, Columbia
Nicholas A. Zaino Jr., University of Rochester
Many thanks go to Christine Stavrou and Stephanie
Green for directing the development of the WeissStats Re-
source Site and to Cindy Scott, Carol Weiss, and Dennis
Young for constructing the data files. Our appreciation also
goes to our software editors, Bob Carroll and Marty Wright.
We are grateful to Kelly Ricci of Aptara Corporation,
who, along with Marianne Stepanian, Shannon Steed, Chere
Bemelmans, Christina Lepre, Joe Vetere, and Sonia Ashraf
of Pearson Education, coordinated the development and
production of the book. We also thank our copyeditor, Bret
Workman, and our proofreaders, Carol Weiss, Greg Weiss,
Danielle Kortan, and Cindy Scott.
To Barbara Atkinson (Pearson Education) and Rokusek
Design, Inc., we express our thanks for awesome interior and
cover designs. Our sincere thanks also go to all the people at
Aptara for a terrific job of composition and illustration. We
thank Aptara Corporation for photo research.
Without the help of many people at Pearson Education,
this book and its numerous ancillaries would not have been
possible; to all of them go our heartfelt thanks. In addi-
tion to the Pearson Education people mentioned above, we
give special thanks to Greg Tobin and Deirdre Lynch, and
to the following other people at Pearson Education: Suzanna
Bainbridge, Ruth Berry, Justin Billing, Salena Casha, Erin
Kelly, Kathleen DeChavez, Diahanne Lucas, Caroline Fell,
and Carol Melville.
Finally, we convey our appreciation to Carol A. Weiss.
Apart from writing the text, she was involved in every as-
pect of development and production. Moreover, Carol did a
superb job of researching and writing the biographies.
N.A.W.
Supplements
Student Supplements
Student’s Edition
r This version of the text includes the answers to the odd-
numbered Understanding the Concepts and Skills ex-
ercises, the odd-numbered Applying the Concepts and
Skills exercises, and all Review Problems of those two
exercise categories. (The Instructor’s Edition contains the
answers to all of those exercises.)
r ISBN: 0-321-98917-1 / 978-0-321-98917-8
Student’s Solutions Manual
r Written by Toni Garcia, this supplement contains detailed,
worked-out solutions to the odd-numbered section exer-
cises (Understanding the Concepts and Skills, Applying
the Concepts and Skills, Working with Large Data Sets,
and Extending the Concepts and Skills) and all Review
Problems.
r ISBN: 0-321-98928-7 / 978-0-321-98928-4
WeissStats Resource Site
(aka WeissStats site)
r This website offers universal access to an extensive array
of resources: additional topics, applets, all data sets from
the book in multiple formats, a procedures booklet, tech-
nology appendixes, and much more.
r URL: www.pearsonhighered.com/weiss-stats.
Instructor Supplements
Instructor’s Edition
r This version of the text includes the answers to all of
the Understanding the Concepts and Skills exercises and
Applying the Concepts and Skills exercises. (The Student’s
xvi
Edition contains the answers to only the odd-numbered
ones in the sections.)
r ISBN: 0-321-98982-1 / 978-0-321-98982-6
Instructor’s Solutions Manual (download only)
r Written by Toni Garcia, this supplement contains detailed,
worked-out solutions to all of the section exercises
(Understanding the Concepts and Skills, Applying the
Concepts and Skills, Working with Large Data Sets, and
Extending the Concepts and Skills), the Review Problems,
the Focusing on Data Analysis exercises, and the Case
Study Discussion exercises.
r Available for download within MyStatLab or at
www.pearsonhighered.com/irc.
Online Test Bank
r Written by Michael Butros, this supplement provides
three examinations for each chapter of the text.
r Answer keys are included.
r Available for download within MyStatLab or at
www.pearsonhighered.com/irc.
TestGenR
TestGen R
(www.pearsoned.com/testgen) enables instructors
to build, edit, print, and administer tests using a computerized
bank of questions developed to cover all the objectives of the
text. TestGen is algorithmically based, allowing instructors
to create multiple but equivalent versions of the same ques-
tion or test with the click of a button. Instructors can also
modify test bank questions or add new questions. The soft-
ware and testbank are available for download from Pearson
Education’s online catalog.
PowerPoint Lecture Presentation
r Classroom presentation slides are geared specifically to
the sequence of this textbook.
r These PowerPoint slides are available within MyStatLab
or at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc.
Technology Resources
MinitabR
This software is a condensed version of the Professional re-
lease of MINITAB statistical software. It offers the full range
of statistical methods and graphical capabilities, along with
worksheets that can include up to 10,000 data points. Indi-
vidual copies of the software can be bundled with the text
(CD only) ISBN: 0-13-143661-9 / 978-0-13-143661-9.
XLSTATTM (access code required) MyStatLabTM Online Course
The XLSTAT statistical analysis add-in offers a wide va- (access code required)
riety of functions to enhance analytical capabilities of Mi-
crosoft Excel R
, making it an ideal tool for your everyday
data analysis and statistics requirements. This version has
been specifically built for your course. XLSTAT is compati-
ble with all Excel versions (except 2008 for Mac). To register,
visit www.pearsonhighered.com/xlstat.
JMPR Student Edition
JMP Student Edition is an easy-to-use, streamlined version
of JMP desktop statistical discovery software from SAS
Institute Inc. and is available for bundling with the text (ISBN:
0-321-89164-3 / 978-0-321-89164-8).
IBMR SPSSR Statistics Student Version
SPSS, a statistical and data management software package,
is also available for bundling with the text (ISBN: 0-321-
97825-0 / 978-0-321-97825-7).
MathXLR for Statistics Online Course
(access code required)
MathXL R
is the homework and assessment engine that runs
MyStatLab. (MyStatLab is MathXL plus a learning manage-
ment system.)
With MathXL for Statistics, instructors can:
r Create, edit, and assign online homework and tests using
algorithmically generated exercises correlated at the ob-
jective level to the textbook.
r Create and assign their own online exercises and import
TestGen tests for added flexibility.
r Maintain records of all student work, tracked in MathXL’s
online gradebook.
With MathXL for Statistics, students can:
r Take chapter tests in MathXL and receive personalized
study plans and/or personalized homework assignments
based on their test results.
r Use the study plan and/or the homework to link directly
to tutorial exercises for the objectives they need to study.
r Students can also access supplemental animations and
video clips directly from selected exercises.
r Knowing that students often use external statistical soft-
ware, we make it easy to copy our data sets, both from
the eText and the MyStatLab questions, into software like
StatCrunchTM , Minitab, Excel, and more.
MathXL for Statistics is available to qualified adopters. For
more information, visit our website at www.mathxl.com, or
contact your Pearson representative.
MyStatLab from Pearson is the world’s leading online re-
source in statistics, integrating interactive homework, assess-
ment, and media in a flexible, easy-to-use format. MyStatLab
is a course management system that delivers proven results
in helping individual students succeed.
r MyStatLab can be implemented successfully in any
environment—lab-based, hybrid, fully online, traditional—
and demonstrates the quantifiable difference that integrated
usage has on student retention, subsequent success, and
overall achievement.
r MyStatLab’s comprehensive online gradebook automati-
cally tracks students’ results on tests, quizzes, homework,
and in the study plan. Instructors can use the gradebook
to provide positive feedback or intervene if students have
trouble. Gradebook data can be easily exported to a va-
riety of spreadsheet programs, such as Microsoft Excel.
Instructors can determine which points of data to export,
and then analyze the results to determine success.
MyStatLab provides engaging experiences that personalize,
stimulate, and measure learning for each student. In addition
to the resources below, each course includes a full interactive
online version of the accompanying textbook.
r Tutorial Exercises with Multimedia Learning Aids: The
homework and practice exercises in MyStatLab align with
the exercises in the textbook, and most regenerate al-
gorithmically to give students unlimited opportunity for
practice and mastery. Exercises offer immediate helpful
feedback, guided solutions, sample problems, animations,
videos, and eText clips for extra help at point-of-use.
r MyStatLab Accessibility: MyStatLab is compatible with
the JAWS 12/13 screen reader, and enables multiple-
choice and free-response problem-types to be read and
interacted with via keyboard controls and math notation
input.
r StatTalk Videos: Fun-loving statistician Andrew Vickers
takes to the streets of Brooklyn, NY, to demonstrate im-
portant statistical concepts through interesting stories and
real-life events. This series of 24 fun and engaging videos
will help students actually understand statistical concepts.
Available with an instructor’s user guide and assessment
questions.
xvii
xviii TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES
r Additional Question Libraries: In addition to algorith-
mically regenerated questions that are aligned with your
textbook, MyStatLab courses come with two additional
question libraries:
b 450 exercises in Getting Ready for Statistics cover
the developmental math topics students need for the
course. These can be assigned as a prerequisite to other
assignments, if desired.
b 1000 exercises in the Conceptual Question Library re-
quire students to apply their statistical understanding.
r StatCrunch : MyStatLab integrates the web-based sta-
TM
tistical software, StatCrunch, within the online assessment
platform so that students can easily analyze data sets from
exercises and the text. In addition, MyStatLab includes ac-
cess to www.statcrunch.com, a website where users can
access tens of thousands of shared data sets, create and
conduct online surveys, perform complex analyses using
the powerful statistical software, and generate compelling
reports.
r Statistical Software, Support and Integration: We make
it easy to copy our data sets, both from the eText and the
MyStatLab questions, into software such as StatCrunch,
Minitab, Excel, and more. Students have access to a vari-
ety of support tools—Technology Tutorial Videos, Tech-
nology Study Cards, and Technology Manuals for select
titles—to learn how to effectively use statistical software.
And, MyStatLab comes from an experienced partner with
educational expertise and an eye on the future.
r Knowing that you are using a Pearson product means
knowing that you are using quality content. That means
that our eTexts are accurate and our assessment tools
work. It means we are committed to making MyStatLab
as accessible as possible.
r Whether you are just getting started with MyStatLab, or
have a question along the way, we’re here to help you learn
about our technologies and how to incorporate them into
your course.
To learn more about how MyStatLab combines proven
learning applications with powerful assessment, visit
www.mystatlab.com or contact your Pearson representative.
StatCrunchR
StatCrunch is powerful web-based statistical software that
allows users to perform complex analyses, share data sets, and
generate compelling reports of their data. The vibrant online
community offers tens of thousands of shared data sets for
students to analyze.
r Collect. Users can upload their own data to StatCrunch or
search a large library of publicly shared data sets, spanning
almost any topic of interest. Also, an online survey tool
allows users to quickly collect data via web-based surveys.
r Crunch. A full range of numerical and graphical methods
allow users to analyze and gain insights from any data set.
Interactive graphics help users understand statistical con-
cepts, and are available for export to enrich reports with
visual representations of data.
r Communicate. Reporting options help users create a wide
variety of visually-appealing representations of their data.
Full access to StatCrunch is available with a MyStat-
Lab kit, and StatCrunch is available by itself to quali-
fied adopters. StatCrunch Mobile is now available, just
visit www.statcrunch.com from the browser on your smart-
phone or tablet. For more information, visit our website at
www.statcrunch.com, or contact your Pearson representative.
Data Sources
1stock1
A Handbook of Small Data Sets
A. C. Nielsen Company
AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety
AAMC Faculty Roster
AAUP Annual Report on the Economic
Status of the Profession
ABC Global Kids Study
ABCNEWS Poll
ABCNews.com
About.com Pediatrics
Accident Facts
ACT High School Profile Report
ACT, Inc.
Acta Opthalmologica
AFI’s 100 Years. . . 100 Movies —
10th Anniversary Edition
Agricultural Marketing Service
Agricultural Research Service
AHA Hospital Statistics
Air Travel Consumer Report
Alcohol Consumption and Related
Problems: Alcohol and Health
Monograph 1
All About Diabetes
Alliance for Cervical Cancer Protection
Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly
American Association of University
Professors
American Community Survey
American Council of Life Insurers
American Demographics
American Diabetes Association
American Express Retail Index
American Film Institute
American Hospital Association
American Hospital Association Annual
Survey
American Housing Survey for the United
States
American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal
American Journal of Applied Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
American Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
American Journal of Political Science
American Laboratory
American Scientist
American Statistical Association
American Statistician BBC News Magazine
American Veterinary Medical Association Beachbody, LLC
American Wedding Study Beer Institute Annual Report
America’s Families and Living Behavior Research Center
Arrangements Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
America’s Network Telecom Investor Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Supplement Summary Prevalence Report
Amstat News Behavioural Pharmacology
Amusement Business Bell Systems Technical Journal
Analytical Chemistry Biofuel Transportation Database
Analytical Services Division Transport Biological Conservation
Statistics Biology of Sex Differences
Animal Action Report Biometrics
Animal Behaviour Biometrika
Annals of Epidemiology BioScience
Anthropometric Reference Data for Children Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
and Adults System
Appetite Boston Athletic Association
Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice Boston Globe
Aquaculture Box Office Mojo
Aquatic Biology Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum
Arbitron Brewer’s Almanac
Archives of Physical Medicine and Bride’s Magazine
Rehabilitation British Bankers’ Association
Arizona Chapter of the American Lung British Journal of Educational Psychology
Association British Journal of Haematology
Arizona Department of Revenue British Journal of Visual Impairment
Arizona Republic British Medical Journal
Arizona Residential Property Valuation Brokerage Report
System Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research of
Arizona State University Australia
Arizona State University Enrollment Bureau of Economic Analysis
Summary Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
Arthritis Today Bureau of Justice Statistics
Asian Import Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report
Associated Newspapers Ltd Bureau of Labor Statistics
Associated Press Business Times
Association of American Medical Colleges Buyers of New Cars
Association of American Universities California Agriculture
Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological California Wild: Natural Sciences for
Laboratory Thinking Animals
Atlantic Hurricane Database Car Shopping Trends Report
Auckland University of Technology CareerBuilder
Augusta National Golf Club CBS News
Australian Journal of Rural Health Celebrity Net Worth
Australian Journal of Zoology Cellular Telecommunications & Internet
Auto Trader Association
Avis Rent-A-Car Census of Agriculture
Baltimore Ravens Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
BARRON’S Central Election Commission of the Russian
Baseball Almanac Federation
xix
xx DATA SOURCES
Central Intelligence Agency
Chance
Characteristics of New Housing
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
Climates of the World
Climatography of the United States
Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine
Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics
CNBC
CNN/USA TODAY
Coleman & Associates, Inc.
College Board
College Entrance Examination Board
College-Bound Seniors Total Group Profile
Report
Communications Industry Forecast & Report
Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics
Conde Nast Bridal Group
Congressional Directory
Consumer Expenditure Survey
Consumer Reports
Contributions to Boyce Thompson Institute
Controlling Road Rage: A Literature Review
and Pilot Study
Crime in the United States
Criminal Justice and Behavior
CTIA–The Wireless Association
Current Housing Reports
Current Population Reports
Current Population Survey
Daily Mail
Daily Racing Form
Dallas Mavericks Roster
Data from the National Health Interview
Survey
DataGenetics
Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential
Elections
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic
Research Papers
Demographic Profiles
Demography
Department of Information Resources and
Communications
Desert Samaritan Hospital
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Dietary Reference Intakes
Digest of Education Statistics
Discover
Early Medieval Europe
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
Ecology
Economic Development Corporation Report
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal
Edison Research
Edmunds.com
Educational Attainment in the United States
Educational Research
Educational Testing Service
eMarketer
Employment and Earnings
Energy Information Administration
Environmental Geology Hydrobiologia
ESPN Income, Individual Income Tax Returns
ESPN MLB Scoreboard Income, Poverty and Health Insurance
Estimates of School Statistics Database Coverage in the United States
Everyday Health Network Indiewire
Experimental Agriculture Industry Research
Experimental Brain Research Infoplease
Family & Intimate Partner Violence Information Please Almanac
Quarterly Injury Facts
Family Planning Perspectives Inside MS
Federal Bureau of Investigation Institute of Medicine of the National
Federal Highway Administration Academy of Sciences
Federal Highway Administration Annual Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
Highway Statistics Internal Revenue Service
Federal Reserve System International Association of Amusement
Federal Bureau of Prisons Parks and Attractions.
Financial Planning International Classification of Diseases
Fixed-Site Amusement Ride Injury Survey International Communications Research
FlightStats On-time Performance Report International Data Base
Summary International Journal of Obesity
Florida Department of Environmental International Journal of Public Health
Protection Iowa Agriculture Experiment Station
Florida State Center for Health Statistics Iowa State University
Food Consumption, Prices, and Japan Automobile Manufacturer’s
Expenditures Association
Footwear News Japan Statistics Bureau
Forbes JAVMA News
Forest Mensuration Joint Committee on Printing
Fortune Magazine Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Friends of the Earth Journal of Advertising Research
Fuel Economy Guide Journal of American College Health
Gallup Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical
Gallup Poll Pharmacology
Gallup, Inc. Journal of Anatomy
Geography Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis
Georgia State University Journal of Applied Ecology
Global Attractions Attendance Report Journal of Applied Ichthyology
Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism Journal of Applied Psychology
Golf Laboratories, Inc. Journal of Applied Research in Higher
Golf.com Education
Governors’ Political Affiliations & Terms of Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Office Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
Graduating Student and Alumni Survey Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
GRE Guide to the Use of Scores Journal of Chemical Ecology
Hanna Properties Journal of Child Nutrition and Management
Harris Interactive Journal of Chronic Diseases
Harris Poll Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &
Harvard University Metabolism
Heredity Journal of Clinical Oncology
Higher Education Research Institute Journal of Early Adolescence
Highway Construction Safety and the Aging Journal of Environmental Psychology
Driver Journal of Environmental Science and
Highway Statistics Health
Hilton Hotels Corporation Journal of Experimental Biology
Hirslanden Clinic Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Historical Income Tables Journal of Family Violence
HIV Surveillance Report Journal of Forensic Identification
Hollywood Demographics Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological
Homestyle Pizza Sciences and Medical Sciences
Hospital Statistics Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
HuffPost Journal of Herpetology
HuffPost Style Journal of Human Evolution
Human Biology Journal of Mammalogy

Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of
Chronic Illness
Journal of Nutrition
Journal of Organizational Behavior
Journal of Paleontology
Journal of Pediatrics
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Journal of Poverty & Social Justice
Journal of Pregnancy
Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Journal of Real Estate and Economics
Journal of Statistics Education
Journal of Sustainable Tourism
Journal of the American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
Journal of the American Medical
Association
Journal of the American Public Health
Association
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
Journal of Tropical Ecology
Journal of Water Resources Planning and
Management
Journal of Wildlife Management
Journal of Zoology, London
Journalism & Mass Communication
Quarterly
Kelley Blue Book
Kelley Blue Book Company
Kennedy: The Classical Biography
Labor Force Statistics
Land Economics
Lawlink
Leonard Maltin Movie Guide
Life Expectancy at Birth
Life Insurers Fact Book
Limnology and Oceanography
Literary Digest
Los Angeles Dodgers
Los Angeles Times
Main Economic Indicators
Mammalia
Management
Manufactured Housing Statistics
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Marine Mammal Science
Market Survey of Long-Term Care Costs
Mayo Clinical Proceedings
Median Sales Price of Existing
Single-Family Homes for Metropolitan
Areas
Medical Biology and Etruscan Origins
Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute
Medical Principles and Practice
Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise
Mega Millions
Mellman Group
Merck Manual
MetLife Mature Market Institute
Minitab Inc.
MLB.com
Money Stock Measures
DATA SOURCES xxi
Monitoring the Future New York Times
Monthly Labor Review Newsweek
Monthly Tornado Statistics Newsweek, Inc
Morningstar NewYork Times
Morrison Planetarium Nielsen Media Research
Motor Vehicle Statistics of Japan Nielsen Report on Television
Motorcycle USA Nigerian Medical Journal
National Aeronautics and Space Nutrition
Administration Obstetrics & Gynecology
National Agricultural Statistics Service Occupant Restraint Use
National Anti-Vivisection Society OECD in Figures
National Association of Colleges and Office of Aviation Enforcement and
Employers Proceedings
National Association of Realtors Office of Immigration Statistics
National Association of State Racing Office of Justice Programs
Commissioners Opinion Dynamics Poll
National Basketball Association Opinion Research Corporation
National Cancer Institute Organisation for Economic Co-operation
National Center for Education Statistics and Development
National Center for Health Statistics Origin of Species
National Center on Addiction and Substance Osteoporosis International
Abuse at Columbia University Out of Reach
National Collegiate Athletic Association Parade Magazine
National Constitution Center Payless ShoeSource
National Corrections Reporting Program Peacecorps.org
National Education Association Pediatric Research
National Football League Pediatrics
National Geographic Penn Schoen Berland
National Geographic Society Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life
National Golf Foundation Pew Internet & American Life Project
National Governors Association Pew Research Center
National Health and Nutrition Examination PGA TOUR
Survey Philosophical Magazine
National Health Interview Study Phoenix Gazette
National Health Interview Survey Physician Specialty Data Book
National Highway Traffic Safety PIN analysis
Administration Player Roster
National Household Travel Survey, Summary PLOS Biology
of Travel Trends PLOS ONE
National Hurricane Center Pollstar
National Institute of Aging Popular Mechanics
National Institute of Child Health and Population-at-Risk Rates and Selected
Human Development Neonatal Research Crime Indicators
Network Preventative Medicine
National Institute of Hygiene pricewatch.com
National Institute of Mental Health Primetime Broadcast Programs
National Institute on Drug Abuse Prison Statistics
National Interagency Fire Center Proceedings of the 6th Berkeley Symposium
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on Mathematics and Statistics, VI
National Low Income Housing Coalition Proceedings of the American Zoo and
National Mortgage News Aquarium Association Nutrition Advisory
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Group
Administration Proceedings of the National Academy of
National Safety Council Science USA
National Science Foundation Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
National Survey on Drug Use and Health Professional Golfers’ Association of
National Vital Statistics Reports America
Nature Profile of Jail Inmates
NCAA Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
NCAA.com Pulse Opinion Research, LLC
New England Journal of Medicine Quality Engineering
New England Patriots Roster Quinnipiac University
New Scientist R. L. Polk & Co.
xxii DATA SOURCES

R. R. Bowker Company Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology U.S. Department of Health and Human
Ranking of the States and Estimates of Technometrics Services
School Statistics Television Bureau of Advertising U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Rasmussen Reports Tempe Daily News Development
Recording Industry Association of America Tesla Motors U.S. Department of Justice
Religious Landscape Survey Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts U.S. Energy Information Administration
Reports The AMATYC Review U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport The American Freshman U.S. Federal Highway Administration
Research Resources, Inc. The American Statistician U.S. Geological Survey
Residential Energy Consumption Survey: The Bowker Annual Library and Book Trade U.S. National Center for Health Statistics
Consumption and Expenditures Almanac U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Richard’s Heating and Cooling The Business Journal Administration
Robson Communities, Inc. The Cross-Platform Report U.S. Naturalizations
Roche The Design and Analysis of Factorial U.S. News and World Report
Roper Starch Worldwide, Inc. Experiments U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants
Rubber Age The Earth: Structure, Composition and U.S. Postal Service
Runner’s World Evolution U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Salary Survey The Geyser Observation and Study Services Administration
Scarborough Research Association U.S. Women’s Open
Science The History of Statistics Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Science and Engineering Degrees The Infinite Dial Uniform Crime Reports
Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards The Journal of Arachnology United States Pharmacopeia
Science and Engineering Indicators The Lancet University of Delaware
Science News The Lobster Almanac University of Helsinki
Scientific American The Marathon: Physiological, Medical, University of Malaysia
Scottish Executive Epidemiological, and Psychological University of Maryland
Selected Manpower Statistics Studies University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Semi-annual Wireless Survey The Methods of Statistics Urban Studies
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance The Nielsen Company USA TODAY
Significance Magazine The Open University Usability News
Smartphone Ownership The Plant Cell Utah Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
Sneak Previews The Street System (BRFSS) Local Health District
Snell, Perry and Associates The Washington Post Report
Soccer & Society The World Bank Vegetarian Journal
Social Forces Themed Entertainment Association Vegetarian Resource Group
Social Indicators Research Thoroughbred Times VentureOne Corporation
South Carolina Budget and Control Board TIME Veronis Suhler Stevenson
South Carolina Statistical Abstract Time Spent Viewing Vital and Health Statistics
Southwest Airlines Times Higher Education Vital Statistics of the United States
Sports Illustrated TIMS Wall Street Journal
Sports Illustrated Sites TNS Intersearch Washington Post
SportsCenturyRetrospective Trade & Environment Database (TED) Case Weatherwise
Stanford Revision of the Binet–Simon Studies Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel
Intelligence Scale Trademark Reporter Prices
Statistical Abstract of the United States Travel + Leisure Golf Wichita Eagle
Statistical Report Trends in Television Wikipedia
Statistical Summary of Students and Staff Tropical Biodiversity WIN-Gallup International
Statistical Yearbook Tropical Cyclone Report Women and Cardiovascular Disease
Statistics Norway TV Basics Hospitalizations
Statistics of Income, Individual Income Tax TVbytheNumbers Women’s Health Initiative
Returns U.S. Agency for International Development WONDER database
STATS U.S. Agricultural Trade Update World Almanac
Status of the Profession U.S. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration World FactBook
Stock Performance Guide Services World Meteorological Association
Stockholm Transit District U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis World Radiation Center
Storm Prediction Center U.S. Census Bureau World Series History
Summary of Travel Trends U.S. Coast Guard www.house.gov
Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on YAHOO News
Fact Sheet Printing Yahoo! Contributor Network
Survey of Consumer Finances U.S. Department of Agriculture Year-End Industry Shipment and Revenue
Survey of Current Business U.S. Department of Commerce Statistics
Survey of Graduate Science Engineering U.S. Department of Defense YouGov
Students and Postdoctorates U.S. Department of Education Zillow.com
TalkBack Live U.S. Department of Energy Zogby International
 CHAPTER

The Nature of Statistics

1
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES CHAPTER OUTLINE
What does the word statistics bring to mind? To most people, it suggests numerical 1.1 Statistics Basics
facts or data, such as unemployment figures, farm prices, or the number of marriages
and divorces. Two common definitions of the word statistics are as follows: 1.2 Simple Random
1. [used with a plural verb] facts or data, either numerical or nonnumerical, Sampling
organized and summarized so as to provide useful and accessible information
about a particular subject.
1.3 Other Sampling
2. [used with a singular verb] the science of organizing and summarizing numerical Designs∗
or nonnumerical information.
1.4 Experimental
Statisticians also analyze data for the purpose of making generalizations and Designs∗
decisions. For example, a political analyst can use data from a portion of the voting
population to predict the political preferences of the entire voting population, or a city
council can decide where to build a new airport runway based on environmental impact
statements and demographic reports that include a variety of statistical data.
In this chapter, we introduce some basic terminology so that the various meanings
of the word statistics will become clear to you. We also examine two primary ways of
producing data, namely, through sampling and experimentation. We discuss sampling
designs in Sections 1.2 and 1.3 and experimental designs in Section 1.4.

CASE STUDY
Top Films of All Time
Honoring the 10th anniversary of its
award-winning series, the American
Film Institute (AFI) again conducted
a poll of 1500 film artists, critics,
and historians, asking them to pick
their 100 favorite films from a list
of 400. The films on the list were
made between 1915 and 2005.
After tallying the responses, AFI
compiled a list representing the
top 100 films. Citizen Kane, made
in 1941, again finished in first place,
followed by The Godfather, which
was made in 1972. The following
table shows the top 40 finishers
in the poll. [SOURCE: Data from
AFI’s 100 Years. . . 100 Movies —
10th Anniversary Edition. Published
by the American Film Institute.]

1
2 CHAPTER 1 The Nature of Statistics

Rank Film Year Rank Film Year

1 Citizen Kane 1941 21 Chinatown 1974
2 The Godfather 1972 22 Some Like It Hot 1959
3 Casablanca 1942 23 The Grapes of Wrath 1940
4 Raging Bull 1980 24 E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial 1982
5 Singin’ in the Rain 1952 25 To Kill a Mockingbird 1962
6 Gone with the Wind 1939 26 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington 1939
7 Lawrence of Arabia 1962 27 High Noon 1952
8 Schindler’s List 1993 28 All About Eve 1950
9 Vertigo 1958 29 Double Indemnity 1944
10 The Wizard of Oz 1939 30 Apocalypse Now 1979
11 City Lights 1931 31 The Maltese Falcon 1941
12 The Searchers 1956 32 The Godfather Part II 1974
13 Star Wars 1977 33 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest 1975
14 Psycho 1960 34 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1937
15 2001: A Space Odyssey 1968 35 Annie Hall 1977
16 Sunset Blvd. 1950 36 The Bridge on the River Kwai 1957
17 The Graduate 1967 37 The Best Years of Our Lives 1946
18 The General 1927 38 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre 1948
19 On the Waterfront 1954 39 Dr. Strangelove 1964
20 It’s a Wonderful Life 1946 40 The Sound of Music 1965

Armed with the knowledge that asked to further analyze this AFI poll
you gain in this chapter, you will be at the end of the chapter.

1.1 Statistics Basics

You probably already know something about statistics. If you read newspapers, surf
the Web, watch the news on television, or follow sports, you see and hear the word
statistics frequently. In this section, we use familiar examples such as baseball statistics
and voter polls to introduce the two major types of statistics: descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics. We also introduce terminology that helps differentiate among
various types of statistical studies.

Descriptive Statistics
Each spring in the late 1940s, President Harry Truman officially opened the major
league baseball season by throwing out the “first ball” at the opening game of the
Washington Senators. We use the 1948 baseball season to illustrate the first major type
of statistics, descriptive statistics.

EXAMPLE 1.1 Descriptive Statistics

The 1948 Baseball Season In 1948, the Washington Senators (Nationals) played
153 games, winning 56 and losing 97. They finished seventh in the American League
and were led in hitting by Bud Stewart, whose batting average was .279. Baseball
statisticians compiled these and many other statistics by organizing the complete
records for each game of the season.
Although fans take baseball statistics for granted, much time and effort is re-
quired to gather and organize them. Moreover, without such statistics, baseball
would be much harder to follow. For instance, imagine trying to select the best hitter
in the American League given only the official score sheets for each game. (More
than 600 games were played in 1948; the best hitter was Ted Williams, who led the
league with a batting average of .369.)
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Aunt Cassie at forty-seven had been as shriveled and dried as she was now,
twenty years later.
The old woman said, “My dear girl, I am miserable ... miserable.” And
drying the tears that streamed down her face, she added, “It won’t be long
now until I go to join dear Mr. Struthers.”
Sabine wanted suddenly to laugh, at the picture of Aunt Cassie entering
Paradise to rejoin a husband whom she had always called, even in the
intimacy of married life, “Mr. Struthers.” She kept thinking that Mr.
Struthers might not find the reunion so pleasant as his wife anticipated. She
had always held a strange belief that Mr. Struthers had chosen death as the
best way out.
And she felt a sudden almost warm sense of returning memories, roused
by Aunt Cassie’s passion for overstatement. Aunt Cassie could never bring
herself to say simply, “I’m going to die” which was not at all true. She must
say, “I go to join dear Mr. Struthers.”
Sabine said, “Oh, no.... Oh, no.... Don’t say that.”
“I don’t sleep any more. I barely close my eyes at night.”
She had seated herself now and was looking about her, absorbing
everything in the room, the changes made by the dreadful O’Hara, the
furniture he had bought for the house. But most of all she was studying
Sabine, devouring her with sidelong, furtive glances; and Sabine, knowing
her so well, saw that the old woman had been given a violent shock. She
had come prepared to find a broken, unhappy Sabine and she had found
instead this smooth, rather hard and self-contained woman, superbly
dressed and poised, from the burnished red hair (that straight red hair the
aunts had once thought so hopeless) to the lizard-skin slippers—a woman
who had obviously taken hold of life with a firm hand and subdued it, who
was in a way complete.
“Your dear uncle never forgot you for a moment, Sabine, in all the years
you were away. He died, leaving me to watch over you.” And again the
easy tears welled up.
(“Oh,” thought Sabine, “you don’t catch me that way. You won’t put me
back where I once was. You won’t even have a chance to meddle in my
life.”)
Aloud she said, “It’s a pity I’ve always been so far away.”
 “But I’ve thought of you, my dear.... I’ve thought of you. Scarcely a
night passes when I don’t say to myself before going to sleep, ‘There is
poor Sabine out in the world, turning her back on all of us who love her.’ ”
She sighed abysmally. “I have thought of you, dear. I’ve prayed for you in
the long nights when I have never closed an eye.”
And Sabine, talking on half-mechanically, discovered slowly that, in
spite of everything, she was no longer afraid of Aunt Cassie. She was no
longer a shy, frightened, plain little girl; she even began to sense a
challenge, a combat which filled her with a faint sense of warmth. She kept
thinking, “She really hasn’t changed at all. She still wants to reach out and
take possession of me and my life. She’s like an octopus reaching out and
seizing each member of the family, arranging everything.” And she saw
Aunt Cassie now, after so many years, in a new light. It seemed to her that
there was something glittering and hard and a little sinister beneath all the
sighing and tears and easy sympathy. Perhaps she (Sabine) was the only one
in all the family who had escaped the reach of those subtle, insinuating
tentacles.... She had run away.
Meanwhile Aunt Cassie had swept from a vivid and detailed description
of the passing of Mr. Struthers into a catalogue of neighborhood and family
calamities, of deaths, of broken troths, financial disasters, and the
appearance on the horizon of the “dreadful O’Hara.” She reproached Sabine
for having sold her land to such an outsider. And as she talked on and on
she grew less and less human and more and more like some disembodied,
impersonal force of nature. Sabine, watching her with piercing green eyes,
found her a little terrifying. She had sharpened and hardened with age.
She discussed the divorces which had occurred in Boston, and at length,
leaning forward and touching Sabine’s hand with her thin, nervous one, she
said brokenly: “I felt for you in your trouble, Sabine. I never wrote you
because it would have been so painful. I see now that I evaded my duty. But
I felt for you.... I tried to put myself in your place. I tried to imagine dear
Mr. Struthers being unfaithful to me ... but, of course, I couldn’t. He was a
saint.” She blew her nose and repeated with passion, as if to herself, “A
saint!”
(“Yes,” thought Sabine, “a saint ... if ever there was one.”) She saw that
Aunt Cassie was attacking her now from a new point. She was trying to pity
her. By being full of pity the old woman would try to break down her
defenses and gain possession of her.
Sabine’s green eyes took one hard, glinting look. “Did you ever see my
husband?” she asked.
“No,” said Aunt Cassie, “but I’ve heard a great deal of him. I’ve been
told how you suffered.”
Sabine looked at her with a queer, mocking expression. “Then you’ve
been told wrongly. He is a fascinating man. I did not suffer. I assure you
that I would rather have shared him with fifty other women than have had
any one of the men about here all to myself.”
There was a frank immorality in this statement which put Aunt Cassie to
rout, bag and baggage. She merely stared, finding nothing to say in reply to
such a speech. Clearly, in all her life she had never heard any one say a
thing so bald and so frank, so completely naked of all pretense of gentility.
Sabine went on coldly, pushing her assault to the very end. “I divorced
him at last, not because he was unfaithful to me, but because there was
another woman who wanted to marry him ... a woman whom I respect and
like ... a woman who is still my friend. Understand that I loved him
passionately ... in a very fleshly way. One couldn’t help it. I wasn’t the only
woman.... He was a kind of devil, but a very fascinating one.”
The old woman was a little stunned but not by any means defeated.
Sabine saw a look come into her eyes, a look which clearly said, “So this is
what the world has done to my poor, dear, innocent little Sabine!” At last
she said with a sigh, “I find it an amazing world. I don’t know what it is
coming to.”
“Nor I,” replied Sabine with an air of complete agreement and sympathy.
She understood that the struggle was not yet finished, for Aunt Cassie had a
way of putting herself always in an impregnable position, of wrapping
herself in layer after layer of sighs and sympathy, of charity and
forgiveness, of meekness and tears, so that in the end there was no way of
suddenly tearing them aside and saying, “There you are ... naked at last, a
horrible meddling old woman!” And Sabine kept thinking, too, that if Aunt
Cassie had lived in the days of her witch-baiting ancestor, Preserved
Pentland, she would have been burned for a witch.
And all the while Sabine had been suffering, quietly, deep inside, behind
the frankly painted face ... suffering in a way which no one in the world had
ever suspected; for it was like tearing out her heart, to talk thus of Richard
Callendar, even to speak his name.
Aloud she said, “And how is Mrs. Pentland.... I mean Olivia ... not my
cousin.... I know how she is ... no better.”
“No better.... It is one of those things which I can never understand....
Why God should have sent such a calamity to a good man like my brother.”
“But Olivia ...” began Sabine, putting an end abruptly to what was
clearly the prelude to a pious monologue.
“Oh!... Olivia,” replied Aunt Cassie, launching into an account of the
young Mrs. Pentland. “Olivia is an angel ... an angel, a blessing of God sent
to my poor brother. But she’s not been well lately. She’s been rather sharp
with me ... even with poor Miss Peavey, who is so sensitive. I can’t imagine
what has come over her.”
It seemed that the strong, handsome Olivia was suffering from nerves.
She was, Aunt Cassie said, unhappy about something, although she could
not see why Olivia shouldn’t be happy ... a woman with everything in the
world.
“Everything?” echoed Sabine. “Has any one in the world got
everything?”
“It is Olivia’s fault if she hasn’t everything. All the materials are there.
She has a good husband ... a husband who never looks at other women.”
“Nor at his own wife either,” interrupted Sabine. “I know all about
Anson. I grew up with him.”
Aunt Cassie saw fit to ignore this. “She’s rich,” she said, resuming the
catalogue of Olivia’s blessings.
And again Sabine interrupted, “But what does money mean Aunt
Cassie? In our world one is rich and that’s the end of it. One takes it for
granted. When one isn’t rich any longer, one simply slips out of it. It has
very little to do with happiness....”
The strain was beginning to show on Aunt Cassie. “You’d find out if you
weren’t rich,” she observed with asperity, “if your father and great-
grandfather hadn’t taken care of their money.” She recovered herself and
made a deprecating gesture. “But don’t think I’m criticizing dear Olivia.
She is the best, the most wonderful woman.” She began to wrap herself
once more in kindliness and charity and forgiveness. “Only she seems to me
to be a little queer lately.”
Sabine’s artificially crimson mouth took on a slow smile. “It would be
too bad if the Pentland family drove two wives insane—one after the other.”
Again Aunt Cassie came near to defeat by losing her composure. She
snorted, and Sabine helped her out by asking: “And Anson?” ironically.
“What is dear Anson doing?”
She told him of Anson’s great work, “The Pentland Family and the
Massachusetts Bay Colony” and of its immense value as a contribution to
the history of the nation; and when she had finished with that, she turned to
Jack’s wretched health, saying in a low, melancholy voice, “It’s only a
matter of time, you know.... At least, so the doctors say.... With a heart like
that it’s only a matter of time.” The tears came again.
“And yet,” Sabine said slowly, “You say that Olivia has everything.”
“Well,” replied Aunt Cassie, “perhaps not everything.”
Before she left she inquired for Sabine’s daughter and was told that she
had gone over to Pentlands to see Sybil.
“They went to the same school in France,” said Sabine. “They were
friends there.”
“Yes,” said Aunt Cassie. “I was against Sybil’s going abroad to school. It
fills a girl’s head with queer ideas ... especially a school like that where any
one could go. Since she’s home, Sybil behaves very queerly.... I think it’ll
stand in the way of her success in Boston. The boys don’t like girls who are
different.”
“Perhaps,” said Sabine, “she may marry outside of Boston. Men aren’t
the same everywhere. Even in Boston there must be one or two who don’t
refer to women as ‘Good old So-and-so.’ Even in Boston there must be men
who like women who are well dressed ... women who are ladies....”
Aunt Cassie began to grow angry again, but Sabine swept over her.
“Don’t be insulted, Aunt Cassie. I only mean ladies in the old-fashioned,
glamorous sense..... Besides,” she continued, “whom could she marry who
wouldn’t be a cousin or a connection of some sort?”
“She ought to marry here ... among the people she’s always known.
There’s a Mannering boy who would be a good match, and James Thorne’s
youngest son.”
 Sabine smiled. “So you have plans for her already. You’ve settled it?”
“Of course, nothing is settled. I’m only thinking of it with Sybil’s
welfare in view. If she married one of those boys she’d know what she was
getting. She’d know that she was marrying a gentleman.”
“Perhaps ...” said Sabine. “Perhaps.” Somehow a devil had taken
possession of her and she added softly, “There was, of course, Horace
Pentland.... One can never be quite sure.” (She never forgot anything,
Sabine.)
And at the same moment she saw, standing outside the door that opened
on the terrace next to the marshes, a solid, dark, heavy figure which she
recognized with a sudden feeling of delight as O’Hara. He had been
walking across the fields with the wiry little Higgins, who had left him and
continued on his way down the lane in the direction of Pentlands. At the
sight of him, Aunt Cassie made every sign of an attempt to escape quickly,
but Sabine said in a voice ominous with sweetness, “You must meet Mr.
O’Hara. I think you’ve never met him. He’s a charming man.” And she
placed herself in such a position that it was impossible for the old woman to
escape without losing every vestige of dignity.
Then Sabine called gently, “Come in, Mr. O’Hara.... Mrs. Struthers is
here and wants so much to meet her new neighbor.”
The door opened and O’Hara stepped in, a swarthy, rather solidly built
man of perhaps thirty-five, with a shapely head on which the vigorous black
hair was cropped close, and with blue eyes that betrayed his Irish origin by
the half-hidden sparkle of amusement at this move of Sabine’s. He had a
strong jaw and full, rather sensual, lips and a curious sense of great physical
strength, as if all his clothes were with difficulty modeled to the muscles
that lay underneath. He wore no hat, and his skin was a dark tan, touched at
the cheek-bones by the dull flush of health and good blood.
He was, one would have said at first sight, a common, vulgar man in that
narrow-jawed world about Durham, a man, perhaps, who had come by his
muscles as a dock-laborer. Sabine had thought him vulgar in the beginning,
only to succumb in the end to a crude sort of power which placed him
above the realm of such distinctions. And she was a shrewd woman, too,
devoted passionately to the business of getting at the essence of people; she
knew that vulgarity had nothing to do with a man who had eyes so shrewd
and full of mockery.
 He came forward quietly and with a charming air of deference in which
there was a faint suspicion of nonsense, a curious shadow of vulgarity, only
one could not be certain whether he was not being vulgar by deliberation.
“It is a great pleasure,” he said. “Of course, I have seen Mrs. Struthers
many times ... at the horse shows ... the whippet races.”
Aunt Cassie was drawn up, stiff as a poker, with an air of having found
herself unexpectedly face to face with a rattlesnake.
“I have had the same experience,” she said. “And of course I’ve seen all
the improvements you have made here on the farm.” The word
“improvements” she spoke with a sort of venom in it, as if it had been
instead a word like “arson.”
“We’ll have some tea,” observed Sabine. “Sit down, Aunt Cassie.”
But Aunt Cassie did not unbend. “I promised Olivia to be back at
Pentlands for tea,” she said. “And I am late already.” Pulling on her black
gloves, she made a sudden dip in the direction of O’Hara. “We shall
probably see each other again, Mr. O’Hara, since we are neighbors.”
“Indeed, I hope so....”
Then she kissed Sabine again and murmured, “I hope, my dear, that you
will come often to see me, now that you’ve come back to us. Make my
house your own home.” She turned to O’Hara, finding a use for him
suddenly in her warfare against Sabine. “You know, Mr. O’Hara, she is a
traitor, in her way. She was raised among us and then went away for twenty
years. She hasn’t any loyalty in her.”
She made the speech with a stiff air of playfulness, as if, of course, she
were only making a joke and the speech meant nothing at all. Yet the air
was filled with a cloud of implications. It was the sort of tactics in which
she excelled.
Sabine went with her to the door, and when she returned she discovered
O’Hara standing by the window, watching the figure of Aunt Cassie as she
moved indignantly down the road in the direction of Pentlands. Sabine
stood there for a moment, studying the straight, strong figure outlined
against the light, and she got suddenly a curious sense of the enmity
between him and the old woman. They stood, the two of them, in a strange
way as the symbols of two great forces—the one negative, the other
intensely positive; the one the old, the other, the new; the one of decay, the
other of vigorous, almost too lush growth. Nothing could ever reconcile
them. According to the scheme of things, they would be implacable
enemies to the end. But Sabine had no doubts as to the final victor; the
same scheme of things showed small respect for all that Aunt Cassie stood
for. That was one of the wisdoms Sabine had learned since she had escaped
from Durham into the uncompromising realities of the great world.
When she spoke, she said in a noncommittal sort of voice, “Mrs.
Struthers is a remarkable woman.”
And O’Hara, turning, looked at her with a sudden glint of humor in his
blue eyes. “Extraordinary ... I’m sure of it.”
“And a powerful woman,” said Sabine. “Wise as a serpent and gentle as
a dove. It is never good to underestimate such strength. And now.... How do
you like your tea?”

He took no tea but contented himself with munching a bit of toast and
afterward smoking a cigar, clearly pleased with himself in a naïve way in
the rôle of landlord coming to inquire of his tenant whether everything was
satisfactory. He had a liking for this hard, clever woman who was now only
a tenant of the land—his land—which she had once owned. When he
thought of it—that he, Michael O’Hara, had come to own this farm in the
midst of the fashionable and dignified world of Durham—there was
something incredible in the knowledge, something which never ceased to
warm him with a strong sense of satisfaction. By merely turning his head,
he could see in the mirror the reflection of the long scar on his temple,
marked there by a broken bottle in the midst of a youthful fight along the
India Wharf. He, Michael O’Hara, without education save that which he
had given himself, without money, without influence, had raised himself to
this position before his thirty-sixth birthday. In the autumn he would be a
candidate for Congress, certain of election in the back Irish districts. He,
Michael O’Hara, was on his way to being one of the great men of New
England, a country which had once been the tight little paradise of people
like the Pentlands.
Only no one must ever suspect the depth of that great satisfaction.
Yes, he had a liking for this strange woman, who ought to have been his
enemy and, oddly enough, was not. He liked the shrewd directness of her
mind and the way she had of sitting there opposite him, turning him over
and over while he talked, as if he had been a small bug under a microscope.
She was finding out all about him; and he understood that, for it was a trick
in which he, himself, was well-practised. It was by such methods that he
had got ahead in the world. It puzzled him, too, that she should have come
out of that Boston-Durham world and yet could be so utterly different from
it. He had a feeling that somewhere in the course of her life something had
happened to her, something terrible which in the end had given her a great
understanding and clarity of mind. He knew, too, almost at once, on the day
she had driven up to the door of the cottage, that she had made a discovery
about life which he himself had made long since ... that there is nothing of
such force as the power of a person content merely to be himself, nothing so
invincible as the power of simple honesty, nothing so successful as the life
of one who runs alone. Somewhere she had learned all this. She was like a
woman to whom nothing could ever again happen.
They talked for a time, idly and pleasantly, with a sense of understanding
unusual in two people who had known each other for so short a time; they
spoke of the farm, of Pentlands, of the mills and the Poles in Durham, of the
country as it had been in the days when Sabine was a child. And all the
while he had that sense of her weighing and watching him, of feeling out
the faint echo of a brogue in his speech and the rather hard, nasal quality
that remained from those days along India Wharf and the memories of a
ne’er-do-well, superstitious Irish father.
He could not have known that she was a woman who included among
her friends men and women of a dozen nationalities, who lived a life among
the clever, successful people of the world ... the architects, the painters, the
politicians, the scientists. He could not have known the ruthless rule she put
up against tolerating any but people who were “complete.” He could have
known nothing of her other life in Paris, and London, and New York, which
had nothing to do with the life in Durham and Boston. And yet he did
know.... He saw that, despite the great difference in their worlds, there was
a certain kinship between them, that they had both come to look upon the
world as a pie from which any plum might be drawn if one only knew the
knack.
And Sabine, on her side, not yet quite certain about casting aside all
barriers, was slowly reaching the same understanding. There was no love or
sentimentality in the spark that flashed between them. She was more than
ten years older than O’Hara and had done with such things long ago. It was
merely a recognition of one strong person by another.
 It was O’Hara who first took advantage of the bond. In the midst of the
conversation, he had turned the talk rather abruptly to Pentlands.
“I’ve never been there and I know very little of the life,” he said, “but
I’ve watched it from a distance and it interests me. It’s like something out of
a dream, completely dead ... dead all save for young Mrs. Pentland and
Sybil.”
Sabine smiled. “You know Sybil, then?”
“We ride together every morning.... We met one morning by chance
along the path by the river and since then we’ve gone nearly every day.”
“She’s a charming girl.... She went to school in France with my
daughter, Thérèse. I saw a great deal of her then.”
Far back in her mind the thought occurred to her that there would be
something very amusing in the prospect of Sybil married to O’Hara. It
would produce such an uproar with Anson and Aunt Cassie and the other
relatives.... A Pentland married to an Irish Roman Catholic politician!
“She is like her mother, isn’t she?” asked O’Hara, sitting forward a bit
on his chair. He had a way of sitting thus, in the tense, quiet alertness of a
cat.
“Very like her mother.... Her mother is a remarkable woman ... a
charming woman ... also, I might say, what is the rarest of all things, a
really good and generous woman.”
“I’ve thought that.... I’ve seen her a half-dozen times. I asked her to help
me in planting the garden here at the cottage because I knew she had a
passion for gardens. And she didn’t refuse ... though she scarcely knew me.
She came over and helped me with it. I saw her then and came to know her.
But when that was finished, she went back to Pentlands and I haven’t seen
her since. It’s almost as if she meant to avoid me. Sometimes I feel sorry for
her.... It must be a queer life for a woman like that ... young and beautiful.”
“She has a great deal to occupy her at Pentlands. And it’s true that it’s
not a very fascinating life. Still, I’m sure she couldn’t bear being pitied....
She’s the last woman in the world to want pity.”
Curiously, O’Hara flushed, the red mounting slowly beneath the dark-
tanned skin.
“I thought,” he said a little sadly, “that her husband or Mrs. Struthers
might have raised objections.... I know how they feel toward me. There’s no
use pretending not to know.”
“It is quite possible,” said Sabine.
There was a sudden embarrassing silence, which gave Sabine time to
pull her wits together and organize a thousand sudden thoughts and
impressions. She was beginning to understand, bit by bit, the real reasons of
their hatred for O’Hara, the reasons which lay deep down underneath,
perhaps so deep that none of them ever saw them for what they were.
And then out of the silence she heard the voice of O’Hara saying, in a
queer, hushed way, “I mean to ask something of you ... something that may
sound ridiculous. I don’t pretend that it isn’t, but I mean to ask it anyway.”
For a moment he hesitated and then, rising quickly, he stood looking
away from her out of the door, toward the distant blue marshes and the open
sea. She fancied that he was trembling a little, but she could not be certain.
What she did know was that he made an immense and heroic effort, that for
a moment he, a man who never did such things, placed himself in a position
where he would be defenseless and open to being cruelly hurt; and for the
moment all the recklessness seemed to flow out of him and in its place there
came a queer sadness, almost as if he felt himself defeated in some way....
He said, “What I mean to ask you is this.... Will you ask me sometimes
here to the cottage when she will be here too?” He turned toward her
suddenly and added, “It will mean a great deal to me ... more than you can
imagine.”
She did not answer him at once, but sat watching him with a poorly
concealed intensity; and presently, flicking the cigarette ashes casually from
her gown, she asked, “And do you think it would be quite moral of me?”
He shrugged his shoulders and looked at her in astonishment, as if he
had expected her, least of all people in the world, to ask such a thing.
“It might,” he said, “make us both a great deal happier.”
“Perhaps ... perhaps not. It’s not so simple as that. Besides, it isn’t
happiness that one places first at Pentlands.”
“No.... Still....” He made a sudden vigorous gesture, as if to sweep aside
all objections.
“You’re a queer man.... I’ll see what can be done.”
He thanked her and went out shyly without another word, to stride across
the meadows, his black head bent thoughtfully, in the direction of his new
bright chimneys. At his heels trotted the springer, which had lain waiting
for him outside the door. There was something about the robust figure,
crossing the old meadow through the blue twilight, that carried a note of
lonely sadness. The self-confidence, the assurance, seemed to have melted
away in some mysterious fashion. It was almost as if one man had entered
the cottage a little while before and another, a quite different man, had left it
just now. Only one thing, Sabine saw, could have made the difference, and
that was the name of Olivia.

When he had disappeared Sabine went up to her room overlooking the

sea and lay there for a long time thinking. She was by nature an indolent
woman, especially at times when her brain worked with a fierce activity. It
was working thus now, in a kind of fever, confused and yet tremendously
clear; for the visits from Aunt Cassie and O’Hara had ignited her almost
morbid passion for vicarious experience. She had a sense of being on the
brink of some calamity which, beginning long ago in a hopeless tangle of
origins and motives, was ready now to break forth with the accumulated
force of years.
It was only now that she began to understand a little what it was that had
drawn her back to a place which held memories so unhappy as those
haunting the whole countryside of Durham. She saw that it must have been
all the while a desire for vindication, a hunger to show them that, in spite of
everything, of the straight red hair and the plain face, the silly ideas with
which they had filled her head, in spite even of her unhappiness over her
husband, she had made of her life a successful, even a brilliant, affair. She
had wanted to show them that she stood aloof now and impregnable, quite
beyond their power to curb or to injure her. And for a moment she
suspected that the half-discerned motive was an even stronger thing, akin
perhaps to a desire for vengeance; for she held this world about Durham
responsible for the ruin of her happiness. She knew now, as a worldly
woman of forty-six, that if she had been brought up knowing life for what it
was, she might never have lost the one man who had ever roused a genuine
passion in a nature so hard and dry.
It was all confused and tormented and vague, yet the visit of Aunt
Cassie, filled with implications and veiled attempts to humble her, had
cleared the air enormously.
 And behind the closed lids, the green eyes began to see a whole
procession of calamities which lay perhaps within her power to create. She
began to see how it might even be possible to bring the whole world of
Pentlands down about their heads in a collapse which could create only
freedom and happiness to Olivia and her daughter. And it was these two
alone for whom she had any affection; the others might be damned,
gloriously damned, while she stood by without raising a finger.
She began to see where the pieces of the puzzle lay, the wedges which
might force open the solid security of the familiar, unchanging world that
once more surrounded her.
Lying there in the twilight, she saw the whole thing in the process of
being fitted together and she experienced a sudden intoxicating sense of
power, of having all the tools at hand, of being the dea ex machinâ of the
calamity.
She was beginning to see, too, how the force, the power that had lain
behind all the family, was coming slowly to an end in a pale, futile
weakness. There would always be money to bolster up their world, for the
family had never lost its shopkeeping tradition of thrift; but in the end even
money could not save them. There came a time when a great fortune might
be only a shell without a desiccated rottenness inside.

She was still lying there when Thérèse came in—a short, plain, rather
stocky, dark girl with a low straight black bang across her forehead. She
was hot and soiled by the mud of the marshes, as the red-haired unhappy
little girl had been so many times in that far-off, half-forgotten childhood.
“Where have you been?” she asked indifferently, for there was always a
curious sense of strangeness between Sabine and her daughter.
“Catching frogs to dissect,” said Thérèse. “They’re damned scarce and I
slipped into the river.”
Sabine, looking at her daughter, knew well enough there was no chance
of marrying off a girl so queer, and wilful and untidy, in Durham. She saw
that it had been a silly idea from the beginning; but she found satisfaction in
the knowledge that she had molded Thérèse’s life so that no one could ever
hurt her as they had hurt her mother. Out of the queer nomadic life they had
led together, meeting all sorts of men and women who were, in Sabine’s
curious sense of the word, “complete,” the girl had pierced her way
somehow to the bottom of things. She was building her young life upon a
rock, so that she could afford to feel contempt for the very forces which
long ago had hurt her mother. She might, like O’Hara, be suddenly humbled
by love; but that, Sabine knew, was a glorious thing well worth suffering.
She knew it each time that she looked at her child and saw the clear gray
eyes of the girl’s father looking out of the dark face with the same proud
look of indifferent confidence which had fascinated her twenty years ago.
So long as Thérèse was alive, she would never be able wholly to forget him.
“Go wash yourself,” she said. “Old Mr. Pentland and Olivia and Mrs.
Soames are coming to dine and play bridge.”
As she dressed for dinner she no longer asked herself, “Why did I ever
imagine Thérèse might find a husband here? What ever induced me to come
back here to be bored all summer long?”
She had forgotten all that. She began to see that the summer held
prospects of diversion. It might even turn into a fascinating game. She knew
that her return had nothing to do with Thérèse’s future; she had been drawn
back into Durham by some vague but overwhelming desire for mischief.
 CHAPTER V

When Anson Pentland came down from the city in the evening, Olivia
was always there to meet him dutifully and inquire about the day. The
answers were always the same: “No, there was not much doing in town,”
and, “It was very hot,” or, “I made a discovery to-day that will be of great
use to me in the book.”
Then after a bath he would appear in tweeds to take his exercise in the
garden, pottering about mildly and peering closely with his near-sighted
blue eyes at little tags labeled “General Pershing” or “Caroline Testout” or
“Poincaré” or “George Washington” which he tied carefully on the new
dahlias and roses and smaller shrubs. And, more often than not, the
gardener would spend half the next morning removing the tags and placing
them on the proper plants, for Anson really had no interest in flowers and
knew very little about them. The tagging was only a part of his passion for
labeling things; it made the garden at Pentlands seem a more subdued and
ordered place. Sometimes it seemed to Olivia that he went through life
ticketing and pigeonholing everything that came his way: manners,
emotions, thoughts, everything. It was a habit that was growing on him in
middle-age.
Dinner was usually late because Anson liked to take advantage of the
long summer twilights, and after dinner it was the habit of all the family,
save Jack, who went to bed immediately afterward, to sit in the Victorian
drawing-room, reading and writing letters or sometimes playing patience,
with Anson in his corner at Mr. Lowell’s desk working over “The Pentland
Family and the Massachusetts Bay Colony,” and keeping up a prodigious
correspondence with librarians and old men and women of a genealogical
bent. The routine of the evening rarely changed, for Anson disliked going
out and Olivia preferred not to go alone. It was only with the beginning of
the summer, when Sybil was grown and had begun to go out occasionally to
dinners and balls, and the disturbing Sabine, with her passion for playing
bridge, had come into the neighborhood, that the routine was beginning to
break up. There were fewer evenings now with Olivia and Sybil playing
patience and old John Pentland sitting by the light of Mr. Longfellow’s
lamp reading or simply staring silently before him, lost in thought.
There were times in those long evenings when Olivia, looking up
suddenly and for no reason at all, would discover that Sybil was sitting in
the same fashion watching her, and both of them would know that they, like
old John Pentland, had been sitting there all the while holding books in their
hands without knowing a word of what they had read. It was as if a kind of
enchantment descended upon them, as if they were waiting for something.
Once or twice the silence had been broken sharply by the unbearable sound
of groans coming from the north wing when she had been seized suddenly
by one of her fits of violence.
Anson’s occasional comment and Olivia’s visits to Jack’s room to see
that nothing had happened to him were the only interruptions. They spoke
always in low voices when they played double patience in order not to
disturb Anson at his work. Sometimes he encountered a bit of information
for which he had been searching for a long time and then he would turn and
tell them of it.
There was the night when he made his discovery about Savina
Pentland....
“I was right about Savina Pentland,” he said. “She was a first cousin and
not a second cousin of Toby Cane.”
Olivia displayed an interest by saying, “Was that what you wrote to the
Transcript about?”
“Yes ... and I was sure that the genealogical editor was wrong. See ...
here it is in one of Jared Pentland’s letters at the time she was drowned....
Jared was her husband.... He refers to Toby Cane as her only male first
cousin.”
“That will help you a great deal,” said Olivia, “won’t it?”
“It will help clear up the chapter about the origins of her family.” And
then, after a little pause, “I wish that I could get some trace of the
correspondence between Savina Pentland and Cane. I’m sure it would be
full of things ... but it seems not to exist ... only one or two letters which tell
nothing.”
And then he relapsed again into a complete and passionate silence, lost
in the rustle of old books and yellowed letters, leaving the legend of Savina
Pentland to take possession of the others in the room.
 The memory of this woman had a way of stealing in upon the family
unaware, quite without their willing it. She was always there in the house,
more lively than any of the more sober ancestors, perhaps because of them
all she alone had been touched by splendor; she alone had been in her
reckless way a great lady. There was a power in her recklessness and
extravagance which came, in the end, to obscure all those other plain,
solemn-faced, thrifty wives whose portraits adorned the hall of Pentlands,
much as a rising sun extinguishes the feeble light of the stars. And about her
obscure origin there clung a perpetual aura of romance, since there was no
one to know just who her mother was or exactly whence she came. The
mother was born perhaps of stock no humbler than the first shopkeeping
Pentland to land on the Cape, but there was in her the dark taint of
Portuguese blood; some said that she was the daughter of a fisherman. And
Savina herself had possessed enough of fascination to lure a cautious
Pentland into eloping with her against the scruples that were a very fiber of
the Pentland bones and flesh.
The portrait of Savina Pentland stood forth among the others in the white
hall, fascinating and beautiful not only because the subject was a dark,
handsome woman, but because it had been done by Ingres in Rome during
the years when he made portraits of tourists to save himself from starvation.
It was the likeness of a small but voluptuous woman with great wanton dark
eyes and smooth black hair pulled back from a camellia-white brow and
done in a little knot on the nape of the white neck—a woman who looked
out of the old picture with the flashing, spirited glance of one who lived
boldly and passionately. She wore a gown of peach-colored velvet
ornamented with the famous parure of pearls and emeralds given her, to the
scandal of a thrifty family, by the infatuated Jared Pentland. Passing the
long gallery of portraits in the hallway it was always Savina Pentland whom
one noticed. She reigned there as she must have reigned in life, so bold and
splendorous as to seem a bit vulgar, especially in a world of such sober folk,
yet so beautiful and so spirited that she made all the others seem scarcely
worth consideration.
Even in death she had remained an “outsider,” for she was the only one
of the family who did not rest quietly among the stunted trees at the top of
the bald hill where the first Pentlands had laid their dead. All that was left
of the warm, soft body lay in the white sand at the bottom of the ocean
within sight of Pentlands. It was as if fate had delivered her in death into a
grave as tempestuous and violent as she had been in life. And somewhere
near her in the restless white sand lay Toby Cane, with whom she had gone
sailing one bright summer day when a sudden squall turned a gay excursion
into a tragedy.
Even Aunt Cassie, who distrusted any woman with gaze so bold and free
as that set down by the brush of Ingres—even Aunt Cassie could not
annihilate the glamour of Savina’s legend. For her there was, too, another,
more painful, memory hidden in the knowledge that the parure of pearls and
emeralds and all the other jewels which Savina Pentland had wrung from
her thrifty husband, lay buried somewhere in the white sand between her
bones and those of her cousin. To Aunt Cassie Savina Pentland seemed
more than merely a reckless, extravagant creature. She was an enemy of the
Pentland fortune and of all the virtues of the family.
The family portraits were of great value to Anson in compiling his book,
for they represented the most complete collection of ancestors existing in all
America. From the portrait of the emigrating Pentland, painted in a wooden
manner by some traveling painter of tavern signs, to the rather handsome
one of John Pentland, painted at middle-age in a pink coat by Sargent, and
the rather bad and liverish one of Anson, also by Mr. Sargent, the collection
was complete save for two—the weak Jared Pentland who had married
Savina, and the Pentland between old John’s father and the clipper-ship
owner, who had died at twenty-three, a disgraceful thing for any Pentland to
have done.
The pictures hung in a neat double row in the lofty hall, arranged
chronologically and without respect for lighting, so that the good ones like
those by Ingres and Sargent’s picture of old John Pentland and the
unfinished Gilbert Stuart of Ashur Pentland hung in obscure shadows, and
the bad ones like the tavern-sign portrait of the first Pentland were exposed
in a glare of brilliant light.
This father of all the family had been painted at the great age of eighty-
nine and looked out from his wooden background, a grim, hard-mouthed
old fellow with white hair and shrewd eyes set very close together. It was a
face such as one might find to-day among the Plymouth Brethren of some
remote, half-forgotten Sussex village, the face of a man notable only for the
toughness of his body and the rigidity of a mind which dissented from
everything. At the age of eighty-four, he had been cast out for dissension
from the church which he had come to regard as his own property.
Next to him hung the portrait of a Pentland who had been a mediocrity
and left not even a shadowy legend; and then appeared the insolent,
disagreeable face of the Pentland who had ducked eccentric old women for
witches and cut off the ears of peace-loving Quakers in the colony founded
in “freedom to worship God.”
The third Pentland had been the greatest evangelist of his time, a man
who went through New England holding high the torch, exhorting rude
village audiences by the coarsest of language to such a pitch of excitement
that old women died of apoplexy and young women gave birth to premature
children. The sermons which still existed showed him to be a man
uncultivated and at times almost illiterate, yet his vast energy had founded a
university and his fame as an exhorter and “the flaming sword of the Lord”
had traveled to the ignorant and simple-minded brethren of the English back
country.
The next Pentland was the eldest of the exhorter’s twenty children (by
four wives), a man who clearly had departed from his father’s counsels and
appeared in his portrait a sensual, fleshly specimen, very fat and almost
good-natured, with thick red lips. It was this Pentland who had founded the
fortune which gave the family its first step upward in the direction of the
gentility which had ended with the figure of Anson bending over “The
Pentland Family and the Massachusetts Bay Colony.” He had made a large
fortune by equipping privateers and practising a near-piracy on British
merchantmen; and there was, too, a dark rumor (which Anson intended to
overlook) that he had made as much as three hundred per cent profit on a
single shipload of negroes in the African slave trade.
After him there were portraits of two Pentlands who had taken part in the
Revolution and then another hiatus of mediocrity, including the gap
represented by the missing Jared; and then appeared the Anthony Pentland
who increased the fortune enormously in the clipper trade. It was the
portrait of a swarthy, powerful man (the first of the dark Pentlands, who
could all be traced directly to Savina’s Portuguese blood), painted by a
second-rate artist devoted to realism, who had depicted skilfully the warts
which marred the distinguished old gentleman. In the picture he stood in the
garden before the Pentland house at Durham with marshes in the
background and his prize clipper Semiramis riding, with all sail up, the
distant ocean.
Next to him appeared the portrait of old John Pentland’s father—a man
of pious expression, dressed all in black, with a high black stock and a wave
of luxuriant black hair, the one who had raised the family to really great
wealth by contracts for shoes and blankets for the soldiers at Gettysburg and
Bull Run and Richmond. After him, gentility had conquered completely,
and the Sargent portrait of old John Pentland at middle-age showed a man
who was master of hounds and led the life of a country gentleman, a man
clearly of power and character, whose strength of feature had turned slowly
into the bitter hardness of the old man who sat now in the light of Mr.
Longfellow’s lamp reading or staring before him into space while his son
set down the long history of the family.
The gallery was fascinating to strangers, as the visual record of a family
which had never lost any money (save for the extravagance of Savina
Pentland’s jewels), a family which had been the backbone of a community,
a family in which the men married wives for thrift and housewifely virtues
rather than for beauty, a family solid and respectable and full of honor. It
was a tribe magnificent in its virtue and its strength, even at times in its
intolerance and hypocrisy. It stood represented now by old John Pentland
and Anson, and the boy who lay abovestairs in the room next Olivia’s,
dying slowly.

At ten o’clock each night John Pentland bade them good-night and went
off to bed, and at eleven Anson, after arranging his desk neatly and placing
his papers in their respective files, and saying to Olivia, “I wouldn’t sit up
too late, if I were you, when you are so tired,” left them and disappeared.
Soon after him, Sybil kissed her mother and climbed the stairs past all the
ancestors.
It was only then, after they had all left her, that a kind of peace settled
over Olivia. The burdens lifted, and the cares, the worries, the thoughts that
were always troubling her, faded into the distance and for a time she sat
leaning back in the winged armchair with her eyes closed, listening to the
sounds of the night—the faint murmur of the breeze in the faded lilacs
outside the window, the creaking that afflicts very old houses in the night,
and sometimes the ominous sound of Miss Egan’s step traversing distantly