Donato Bramante (1444–1514) is credited as the architect behind High

Renaissance architecture. In 1499, at the age of 55, Bramante arrived in Rome,

where he created his initial masterpiece, the Tempietto (1502) at S. Pietro in
Montorio. This structure, featuring a centralized dome, reflects classical temple
architecture. Pope Julius II (reigned 1503–13) appointed Bramante as the papal
architect, and together they envisioned replacing the 4th-century Old St. Peter’s
with a massive new church. However, the project was not completed until long
after Bramante's death.

During the High Renaissance, humanistic studies persisted under influential popes
like Julius II and Leo X, alongside the development of polyphonic music. The
Sistine Choir, performing during papal services, attracted musicians and singers
from across Italy and northern Europe. Renowned composers like Josquin des Prez
(c. 1450–1521) and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c. 1525–94) were among its
members.

The unified historical period of the Renaissance came to an end with the fall of
Rome in 1527. Tensions between Christian faith and classical humanism paved the
way for Mannerism in the late 16th century. Despite this shift, the spirit of the
Renaissance persisted in the creation of significant works of art in both northern
Italy and northern Europe.