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Digital Business
Digital Business Innovation: A Custom Reader for INFS1000

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Innovation
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A Custom Reader for INFS1000
The University of Sydney
The University of Sydney
9781488616785_C.indd 1 23/06/16 12:09 PM

A PEARSON AUSTRALIA CUSTOM BOOK
DIGITAL BUSINESS INNOVATION

A CUSTOM READER FOR INFS1000
This custom book is compiled for The University of Sydney from:
EXPERIENCING MIS
3RD EDITION
KROENKE, BUNKER & WILSON
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
About This Custom Book iv
Part 1 MIS and You 2

IS in the Life of Business Professionals 4
Experiencing MIS
3rd Edition
Kroenke, Bunker & Wilson, Chapter 1
Business Processes, Information and Information Systems 26

Experiencing MIS
3rd Edition
Organisational Strategy, Information Systems and Competitive Advantage 47

Experiencing MIS
3rd Edition
Database Processing 74
Experiencing MIS
3rd Edition
Kroenke, Bunker & Wilson, Chapter 5 (pp.108-122 only)
Part 3 Using IS for Competitive Advantage 90

Business Process Management and Enterprise Systems 92
Experiencing MIS
3rd Edition
Kroenke, Bunker & Wilson, Chapter 7 (pp.182-204 only)
Digital Commerce and Web 2.0 114

Experiencing MIS
3rd Edition
Business Intelligence and Information Systems for Decision-Making 147

Experiencing MIS
3rd Edition
Chapter Extension 2 194

Experiencing MIS
3rd Edition
Kroenke, Bunker & Wilson
Glossary 213
Index 230
ABOUT THIS CUSTOM BOOK
Welcome to Digital Business Innovation: A Custom Reader for INFS1000.
The material included in this custom book has been chosen from Experiencing MIS 3rd Edition
by Kroenke, Bunker and Wilson. Please be aware that chapter, section and page numbers from the
original source text still appear in this book.
The Table of Contents refers to the page numbers of this custom book, not the source text. These
page numbers also appear in the Navigation Bar at the top of each page.
Referencing
When referencing your assignments, reference the source text information, not this custom book. The
correct referencing (in Harvard) for the source text is:
Kroenke, D, Bunker, D, & Wilson, D 2014, Experiencing mis, 3rd edn, Pearson Australia, Frenchs
Forest, NSW.
Navigation Bar – Use this information to navigate

through this custom book. The page numbers here run
continuously from beginning to end.
IS in the Life of Business Professionals DIGITAL BUSINESS INNOVATION

page 6 A publication from Pearson Custom Publishing exclusively for The University of Sydney
CHAPTER 1 IS in the Life of Business Professionals
FIGURE 1.1 Computer Price/Performance Ratio Decreases
Price Performance Ratio of Intel Processors

$4000.00
$3923.00
Year Cost per 100 000
$3500.00 Transistors
Price per 100 000 Transistors (2005 dollars)
(2005 dollars)
1983 $3923.00
$3000.00
1985 $902.95
1988 $314.50
$2500.00
1997 $17.45
$2000.00
2002 $0.97
2005 $0.05
$1500.00
$1000.00
$902.95
$500.00
$314.50
$17.45 $0.97 $0.05
$0.00
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
b Twitter
b LinkedIn.
None of these forms of communication was prominent in 2005 when the price/
performance ratio dropped below $0.05 (essentially zero); in fact, most didn’t even
exist in 2005.
Are There Cost-Effective Business Applications of Facebook

and Twitter?
Of course! The Australian part of global construction giant Bovis Lend Lease finds and
targets its next generation of graduate recruits through its Facebook presence, which
includes discussion boards as well as profiles of other graduate recruits. (See <www.
Source Book bovislendlease.com.au/graduates> for more information and a link to the Facebook
page.) Laurel Papworth lists Australian companies currently using Twitter at <http://
page number – onlinemarketingbanter.com/australian-businesses-and-brands-on-twitter/>.
This is the original But if you ask another question: ‘Are there wasteful, harmful, useless business
applications of Facebook and Twitter?’, the answer is: ‘Of course. Do I care to follow the
page number. It self-promoting tweets of companies that I don’t normally deal with? I don’t think so!’
does not run in But there is the point. Maybe we are not being creative enough. Maybe there are great
reasons for a company to tweet to prospective customers and we just haven’t thought
consecutive order. of them yet. Which leads us to the first reason this subject is the most important one
in the business school today:
Future business professionals need to be able to assess, evaluate and apply

emerging information technology to business.
You need knowledge of this subject to attain that skill.
6
Part 1 MIS and You DIGITAL BUSINESS INNOVATION
PART 1
MIS and YOU
Knowledge of information systems will be critical to your success in business. If you major in
accounting, marketing or management, or in another, less technical, major, you may not yet know
how important such knowledge will be to you. The purpose of Part 1 is to demonstrate why this
subject is so important to every business professional today. We begin with a real-life case.1
The financial planning industry is a dynamic and constantly changing part of the global economy.
Financial planners have a unique relationship with their clients and customers. It is a bit like how
doctors relate to their patients or how lawyers relate to their clients. A financial planner is an expert
adviser who develops a relationship of trust with an individual to assist them with major
financial decisions that will affect their lives and relationships with others. At present, a great
This could deal of financial planning activity occurs with retired investors, who generally need assistance
to maximise their income from the investment of their retirement savings. Financial planning
happen to is increasingly being integrated into general investment behaviour by more individuals as
you the financial services industry seeks to develop a relationship with customers from ‘cradle
to grave’. This is important given that changes in legislation are influencing changes to an
emphasis on client relationships and advice, rather than products and commissions.
Murray Williams worked as a financial planner (salaried employee) for a major Australian bank for
13 years as part of a large financial planning network. He had reached a crossroads in his career and
was starting to ask himself questions about the work he was doing, as well as about his own career
prospects within the bank. As his advice to his clients was of such importance, he was concerned
about his ability to be independent while still an employee at the bank. As part of a large financial
planning network he had reached the pinnacle of his career and was looking for a fresh personal
challenge in his working life. Murray made the decision to set up an independent business that
would give him the personal challenges he sought.
Kerrie Dehaviland also worked for the same bank. She was a long-term colleague of Murray’s.
She had been responsible for the management of Murray’s financial planning office within the bank
for many years and they had often talked about what their working lives might be like outside a
large financial institution. When Murray told Kerrie that he was leaving the bank to set up his own
company, she approached him for the job of office manager in his new business. To Murray, this
sounded like an excellent idea—employing not only a good colleague and friend, but also taking
with him a great deal of expertise to his new business.
1 The people and the events in this case are real. Everything related here actually happened. However, to protect the innocent, the guilty and the
publisher of this book, the name of the company has been changed.
DIGITAL BUSINESS INNOVATION Part 1 MIS and You
A publication from Pearson Custom Publishing exclusively for The University of Sydney page 3
$ R Us Financial Planning (from now on referred to as $RU) is this start-up (i.e. new) financial
planning practice established by Murray Williams in collaboration with other financial planners from
various financial institutions who also wish to offer independent financial advice to individual clients.
As of the beginning of the year (i.e. January) there will be two financial planners, one office manager
(Kerrie) and one receptionist in the practice, with an additional two planners to join within the first
six months of operation. The four planners in the start-up business will bring 600 existing clients
with them (plus their paper and electronic files). Each planner within the business hopes to put on
an average of one client per week over the course of the first year of operation. Each client will
have a paper file of approximately 50 pages and generate electronic files (Word documents, Excel
spreadsheets, etc.) as well.
As with the establishment of most businesses, Murray is concerned about how to manage and
control the ongoing operation of his business. He no longer has the support of a major corporate
bank (he now has to source and manage all his resources himself), so issues such as set-up of office
space and furniture, recruitment of staff, and purchase and set-up of Information Technology (IT),
are at the forefront of his thoughts and concerns.
Kerrie, on the other hand, is primarily concerned with how she will manage the smooth opera-
tion of the office (accounts, payroll, HR, client liaison, financial product knowledge, and so forth).
A major part of her job will be to communicate critical operational, financial product and client
information to planners and office staff, as well as to communicate with and manage client interac-
tions with $RU planners. When new planners start, they also will need to have access to historical
information on the business operations, products and existing clients that they may have to deal
with. Kerrie is used to the tight procedural control and communications that the bank allowed her
to have with Murray, other planners in the office, and her interactions with clients on a day-to-day
basis. She knows she has to get used to less formal, less rigid, less centrally controlled and sup-
ported information systems, which she will now be forced to work with in a small business, but she
still needs to establish a means of controlling and communicating critical information to everyone.
She has started to think about how she might establish a system to do this.
Kerrie was explaining all of her concerns to John, a friend of hers who worked in the IT industry.
John said, ‘Have you thought about using a CRM system to store, communicate and manage this
information?’ Kerrie considers herself up-to-date with technology and her initial reaction was that
a CRM (customer relationship management) system would be a very complicated software system.
She had worked with a large CRM system that the bank had implemented just prior to her leaving
and she found this system to be large, complex and not very user-friendly. The more she thought
about it and discussed the pros and cons with John, however, the more she decided that a CRM
system might just work for her purpose. CRM systems store data about customers, clients and their
interactions with the organisation. This data is used to support processes within the business that
involve the customer.
For examples of CRM systems, as well as their evaluation, go to <www.zdnet.com.au/the-best-
crm-suite-is-339297313.htm>.
Kerrie liked the idea of a CRM system, but time was pressing. John had suggested the CRM
system in June of the previous year when Kerrie was talking to him about leaving the bank with
Murray to set up $RU, and she now needed it to be up and running for the $RU office by March at
the latest. As she pondered this idea, she asked herself questions like these:
• Is this possible? Can I have it done on time?
• What will I need to learn? How hard will it be to develop, implement and maintain such a
system?
• What impact will it have on business operations?
• Will the financial planners use the CRM system? What can I do to make it easy for them to
do so?
• What kind of computer do I need to support the CRM system?
• Where do I begin?
Kerrie’s situation illustrates why the knowledge in this book is vitally important to business pro-
fessionals today. She is an office manager, not an information systems professional, and she didn’t
think she would ever need to know how to manage the construction of an information system. Yet
that is exactly what her job now requires her to do. Keep thinking about Kerrie as you read this book.
A similar scenario could happen to you!
CHAPTER 1
IS in the Life of Business
Professionals
Kerrie Dehaviland doesn’t know it, but she needs to build an information system (IS). As an
office manager, she won’t build the system herself. She won’t buy the computer hardware
and hook it up. She won’t acquire or write any computer programs. She will, however, hire
and manage the people who will do all of these things. As you will see, she will also
be confronted along the way with the need for knowledge that she doesn’t possess.
This could Kerrie’s lack of knowledge will cost her company and it will impede her progress.
happen to Her ignorance about MIS (management information systems) will leave her at a dis-
advantage in conversations with technical suppliers and make it difficult for her to
you
do her job. Her uncertainty about what to do will delay the project and keep her
from performing her other tasks. Because of her lack of IS knowledge, she will work
many extra hours and spend sleepless nights worrying about the success of the
CRM project. It didn’t need to be this way—she just needed the knowledge that you are
about to obtain.
Consider this question: What is an information system made of? When people say they
want to build a new garage, you have some idea of what they are going to do. But when
people say they are going to build a new information system, what are they going to build?
We begin the book with that question.
CE1 Improving Your

Collaboration Skills
OPTIONAL and CE2 Using
EXTENSIONS for
this chapter are Collaboration
Information
Systems.
DIGITAL BUSINESS INNOVATION IS in the Life of Business Professionals
STUDY QUESTIONS
Q1 Why management information systems (MIS)?

Q2 What is an information system?
How does the
knowledge in
Q3 What is MIS? this chapter
Q4 How does IS differ from IT? help Kerrie
Q5 How do successful business professionals use IS? and you?
Q6 What new opportunities for IS are developing today?
Q7 What is your role in IS security?
Q1 Why Management Information Systems (MIS)?

If you are like most students, you have no clear idea of what your study of management
information systems (MIS) will be about. If someone were to ask you, ‘What do you study
in that subject?’ you might respond that the subject has something to do with computers
and maybe computer programming. Beyond that, you might be hard-pressed to say more.
You might add: ‘Well, it has something to do with computers in business’, or maybe: ‘We’re
going to learn to solve business problems with computers using spreadsheets and other
programs.’ So why might this subject be the most important one in the business school?
A significant reason lies in a principle known as Moore’s Law. In 1965, Gordon The Guide on
Moore, co-founder of Intel Corporation (the world’s leading manufacturer of computer pages 18–19
chips), stated that, because of technology improvements in electronic chip design and illustrates why
you should
manufacturing, ‘The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated chip doubles
overcome any
every 18 months.’ His statement has been commonly misunderstood to be, ‘The speed of
preconceived
a computer doubles every 18 months’, which is incorrect though it captures the sense negative notions
of his principle. you had about
As a result of Moore’s Law, the ratio of price to performance of computers has fallen this book.
dramatically for years (see Figure 1.1). Computers have shrunk from multi-million-dollar,
room-filling machines in 1968 to small desktop devices costing as little as $300 in 2013.
As a future business professional, however, you needn’t care how fast a computer
your company can buy for $100. That isn’t the point. Here is the point:
Because of Moore’s Law, the cost of data communications and data storage is
essentially zero.
Think about that statement before you hurry to the next paragraph. What happens
when those costs are essentially zero? Here are some consequences:
• YouTube
• iPhone
• Facebook
• Second Life
• Pandora
FIGURE 1.1 Computer Price/Performance Ratio Decreases
Price Performance Ratio of Intel Processors

$4000.00
$3923.00
Year Cost per 100 000
$3500.00 Transistors
Price per 100 000 Transistors (2005 dollars)
(2005 dollars)
1983 $3923.00
$3000.00
1985 $902.95
1988 $314.50
$2500.00
1997 $17.45
$2000.00
2002 $0.97
2005 $0.05
$1500.00
$1000.00
$902.95
$500.00
$314.50
$17.45 $0.97 $0.05
$0.00
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
• Twitter
• LinkedIn.
None of these forms of communication was prominent in 2005 when the price/
performance ratio dropped below $0.05 (essentially zero); in fact, most didn’t even
exist in 2005.
Are There Cost-Effective Business Applications of Facebook

and Twitter?
Of course! The Australian part of global construction giant Bovis Lend Lease finds and
targets its next generation of graduate recruits through its Facebook presence, which
includes discussion boards as well as profiles of other graduate recruits. (See <www.
bovislendlease.com.au/graduates> for more information and a link to the Facebook
page.) Laurel Papworth lists Australian companies currently using Twitter at <http://
onlinemarketingbanter.com/australian-businesses-and-brands-on-twitter/>.
But if you ask another question: ‘Are there wasteful, harmful, useless business
applications of Facebook and Twitter?’, the answer is: ‘Of course. Do I care to follow the
self-promoting tweets of companies that I don’t normally deal with? I don’t think so!’
But there is the point. Maybe we are not being creative enough. Maybe there are great
reasons for a company to tweet to prospective customers and we just haven’t thought
of them yet. Which leads us to the first reason this subject is the most important one
in the business school today:
Future business professionals need to be able to assess, evaluate and apply

emerging information technology to business.
You need knowledge of this subject to attain that skill.
6
IS in the Life of Business Professionals CHAPTER 1
How Can I Attain Job Security?

Many years ago, a wise and experienced mentor told a recently hired graduate that
the only job security that exists is ‘a marketable skill and the courage to use it’. He
continued: ‘There is no security in our company, there is no security in any government
program, there is no security in your investments and there is no security in social
security.’ Alas, how right he turned out to be.
So, what is a marketable skill? It used to be that one could name particular skills,
such as computer programming, tax accounting or marketing. But today, because of
Moore’s Law, because the cost of data storage and data communications is essentially
zero, any routine skill can and will be outsourced to the lowest bidder. And if you live
in Australia, the United States, Canada or Europe, that is unlikely to be you. Numerous
organisations and experts have studied the question of what skills will be marketable
during your career. Let’s consider two of them. First, the RAND Corporation, a think
tank located in Santa Monica, California, has published innovative and groundbreaking
ideas for more than 60 years, including the initial design for the internet. In 2004,
RAND published a description of the skills that workers in the 21st century will need:
Rapid technological change and increased international competition place the

spotlight on the skills and preparation of the workforce, particularly the ability
to adapt to changing technology and shifting demand. Shifts in the nature of
organisations … favour strong non-routine cognitive skills.1
Whether you are majoring in accounting or marketing or finance or information

systems, you need to develop strong non-routine cognitive skills. What are such skills?
Robert Reich enumerates four components:
• abstract reasoning
• systems thinking
• collaboration
• experimentation.2
Table 1.1 shows an example of each. Reread the $RU case study at the start of this
chapter and you will see that Kerrie’s inability to practise these skills will cost her
company and impede her progress.
Examples of Critical Skills for Non-routine Cognition TABLE 1.1

Skill Example
Abstract reasoning Construct a model or representation
Systems thinking Model system components and show how components’ inputs and outputs relate to
one another
Collaboration Develop ideas and plans with others; provide and receive critical feedback
Experimentation Create and test promising new alternatives, consistent with available resources
1 Lynn A Karoly and Constantijn WA Panis 2004, The 21st Century at Work, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, p. xiv.
2 Robert B Reich 1991, The Work of Nations, Alfred A Knopf, New York, p. 229.
7
How Can MIS Help You to Learn Non-routine Skills?

This subject is the most important one in the business school today for learning these
four key skills, because every topic will require you to apply and practise them.
ABSTRACT REASONING
Abstract reasoning is the ability to make and manipulate models. You will work with
one or more models in every chapter of this book. For example, later in this chapter you
will learn about a model of the five components of an information system. This chapter
will describe how to use this model to assess the scope of any new information system
project, and other chapters will build upon this model.
In working through this book, you won’t just manipulate models that are presented;
you will also be asked to construct models of your own. In Chapter 5, for example, you
will learn how to create data models; and in Chapter 7, you will learn to make process
models.
SYSTEMS THINKING
Can you go to a supermarket, look at a can of kidney beans and connect that can to
Australian immigration policy? Can you watch tractors dig up a forest of pulp wood
trees in Tasmania and connect that woody trash to Moore’s Law? Do you know why
one of the major beneficiaries of YouTube is Cisco Systems?
Answers to all of these questions require systems thinking. They require you to
model the components of the system and to connect the inputs and outputs among
those components into a sensible whole—one that explains the phenomenon observed.
As you are about to learn, this book is about information systems. We will discuss
and illustrate systems, and you will be asked to critique systems, to compare alternative
systems, and to apply different systems to different situations. All of these tasks will
prepare you for systems thinking as a professional.
COLLABORATION
Collaboration is the activity of two or more people working together to achieve
a common goal, result or work product. Chapter Extensions 1 and 2 will teach you
collaboration skills and illustrate several sample collaboration systems. Every chapter
of this book includes collaboration exercises that you may be assigned in tutorials or
as homework.
Here is a fact that surprises many students: effective collaboration isn’t about being
nice. In fact, surveys indicate the single most important skill for effective collaboration
is to give and receive critical feedback. Advance a proposal in business that challenges
the cherished program of the director of marketing and you will quickly learn that
effective collaboration skills differ from party manners at a neighbourhood barbecue.
So, how do you advance your idea in the face of the director’s resistance (without losing
your job)? In this book, both skills and information systems for such collaboration are
presented. Even better, you will have many opportunities to practise them.
ABILITY TO EXPERIMENT
You often hear people saying things like: ‘I’ve never done this before.’ ‘I don’t know how
to do it.’ ‘But will it work?’ or ‘Is it too weird for the market?’
8
Fear of failure is a fear that paralyses many good people and many good ideas. In the
days when business was stable, when new ideas were just different verses of the same
song, professionals could allow themselves to be limited by fear of failure.
Think again about the application of social networking to marketing. Could there
be a legitimate application of social networking for marketing? If so, has anyone ever
done it? Is there anyone in the world who can tell you what to do and how to proceed?
No. As Reich says, professionals in the 21st century need to be able to experiment.
Successful experimentation isn’t throwing buckets of money at every crazy idea
that enters your head. It does mean making a careful and reasoned analysis of an
opportunity, envisioning potential products or solutions or applications of technology,
and then developing those ideas that seem to have the most promise, consistent with
the resources available.
In this book, you will be asked to use products with which you are unfamiliar. Those
products might be Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Access, or they might be features and
functions of Blackboard that you haven’t used. Or you may be asked to collaborate
using Microsoft SharePoint or Google Docs & Spreadsheets. Will your lecturer explain
and demonstrate every feature of those products that you will need? You should hope
not. You should hope your lecturer will leave it up to you to experiment, to envision
new possibilities on your own, and to experiment with those possibilities in the time
you have available.
The bottom line is that this subject is the most important one in the business school
today because:
1. it will give you the background you need to assess, evaluate and apply emerging
information systems technology to business
2. it can give you the ultimate in job security—marketable skills—by helping you to
learn abstract reasoning, systems thinking, collaboration and experimentation.
Finally, throughout your career you may from time to time be faced with ethical The first Ethics
issues involving your use of information systems. This book includes a number of Guide, on
Ethics Guides that will get you to start thinking about ethical dilemmas; they will help pages 14–15,
considers what
you to clarify your values and make you ready to respond authentically to future ethical
to do with
challenges. With that introduction, let’s get started!
information that
comes your way
Q2 What is an Information System? but that wasn’t
intended for you.
A system is a group of components that interact to achieve some purpose. As you might
guess, an information system (IS) is a group of components that interact to produce
information. That sentence, although true, raises another question: what are these
components that interact to produce information?
Figure 1.2 shows the five-component framework of an information system: hardware,
software,3 data, procedures and people. For example, when you use a computer to
write a report, you are using hardware (the computer, a storage disk, keyboard and
monitor), software (Microsoft Word or some other word-processing program), data
(the words, sentences and paragraphs in your report), procedures (the methods you
3 In the past, the term ‘software’ was used to refer to computer components that were not hardware (e.g. programs, procedures, user manuals,
etc.). Today, ‘software’ is used more specifically to refer only to programs and that is how we use the term throughout this book.
9
FIGURE 1.2 Five Components of an Information System
Hardware Software Data Procedures People
use to start the program, enter your report, print it, and save and back up your file)
and people (you).
Consider a more complex example—say, an airline reservation system. It, too, consists
of these five components, even though each one is far more complicated. The hardware
consists of tens or hundreds of computers linked together by telecommunications
hardware. Hundreds of different programs coordinate communications among the
computers, and still other programs perform the reservations and related services.
In addition, the system must store millions upon millions of characters of data about
flights, customers, reservations and other facts. Hundreds of different procedures are
followed by airline personnel, travel agents and customers. Finally, the information
system includes people—not only the users of the system, but also those who operate
and service the computers, those who maintain the data and those who support the
networks of computers.
The five components in Figure 1.2 are common to all information systems, from the
smallest to the largest, from the most simple to the most complex. As you think about
any information system, learn to look for these five components. Realise, too, that an
information system isn’t just a computer and a program, but rather an assembly of
computers, programs, data, procedures and people.
These five components also mean that many different skills are required besides
those of hardware technicians or computer programmers when building or using an
information system. You will need people who can design the databases that hold the
data and who can develop procedures for people to follow. Managers are needed to find
and train the personnel for using and operating the system. We will return to this five-
component framework later in this chapter (as well as many other times throughout
this book).
Before we move forward, note that we have defined an information system to
include a computer. Some people would say that such a system is a computer-based
information system. They would note that there are information systems that don’t
include computers, such as a calendar hanging on the wall outside a conference room
that is used to schedule the room’s use. Such systems have been used by businesses
for centuries. Although this point is true, in this book we focus on computer-
based information systems. To simplify and shorten the book, we will use the term
‘information system’ as a synonym for computer-based information system.
Q3 What is MIS?
Today, there are millions of information systems in the world. Not all relate to business.
In this book, we are concerned with management information systems (MIS). MIS is
the development and use of information systems that help businesses achieve their
goals and objectives. This definition has three key elements: development and use,
10
EXPERIENCING MIS INCLASS 1

Information Systems and Online Dating
Why should I go to a bar and take the risk that nobody I’m interested in
will be there during the 2 hours I’m there, when I can spend half an hour
searching online for people that I am likely to be interested in? At worst,
I’ve wasted half an hour. And at least I didn’t have to blow-dry my hair.
Lori Gottlieb, quoted in Elizabeth Wasserman, ‘Logging on for Love’, The Atlantic, March 2006.
Some online dating services match couples using a proprietary algorithm (method) based on a
theory of relationships:
• match.com (<www.match.com.au>). Matches are made on the basis of a personality test
developed by Dr Helen Fisher.
• eHarmony (<www.eharmony.com.au>). Matches are made on the basis of a test entitled the
‘Compatibility Matching System’, developed by Dr Neil Clark Warren.
• Perfect Match (<www.theperfectmatch.com.au>). Matches are made on the basis of a test
based on Duet, a system developed by Dr Pepper Schwartz.
Popular Australian sites:
• RSVP (<www.rsvp.com.au>). Australia’s largest online dating service which features advance
search and matching criteria.
• Yvonne Allen (<www.yvonneallen.com.au>). Boutique consultancy service that matches
people who are compatible and who share relationship goals.
Other sites match people by limiting members to particular groups or interests.
Common social/economic interests:
• Over 60s (<www.oversixties.com.au>). Anyone over age 60 can learn to love again.
• Rural and Regional (<www.ruralromance.com.au>). Specifically designed to connect people
who love the country Australian lifestyle.
Common activity interests:
• Social Activities (<www.facetime.com.au>). Australia’s liveliest social activity network for
people who like anything from bushwalking, to theatre visits, to Friday night drinks and dinner
dates.
• Religious (<www.christiansingles.com.au>). Meet Christian singles who share their faith and
beliefs.
• Gay and Lesbian (<www.thepinksofa.com.au>). The biggest and most popular online meeting
place for lesbians.
InClass Group Exercises

1. Visit one of the proprietary method sites and one of the common interest sites.
2. Summarise the matching process that is used by each site.
3. Describe the revenue model of each site.
4. Using general terms, describe the need these sites have for:
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Data
d. Procedures
e. People.
11
5. People sometimes stretch the truth, or even lie, on matching sites. Describe one innovative
way that one of the two companies your team chose could use information systems to reduce
the impact of this tendency. As you prepare your team’s answer, keep the availability of nearly
free data communications and data storage in mind.
6. Suppose that the company in your answer to step 5 has requested your team to implement
your idea on reducing the impact of lying. Explain how having strong personal skills for
each of Reich’s four abilities (i.e. abstract reasoning, systems thinking, collaboration and
experimentation) would enable each of you to be a better contributor to that team.
7. Working as a team, prepare a 3-minute verbal description of your answers to steps 5 and 6 that
all of you could use in a job interview. Structure your presentation to illustrate that you have
the four skills identified in step 6.
8. Deliver your answer to step 7 to the rest of the class.
information systems, and business goals and objectives. We just discussed information
systems. Now let’s consider development and use, as well as business goals and
objectives.
Development and Use of Information Systems

Information systems don’t pop up like mushrooms after heavy rain; they must be
constructed. You might be saying, ‘Wait a minute. I have a finance (or accounting or
management) major, not an information systems major. I don’t need to know how to
build information systems.’
If you believe that, you are like a lamb headed for fleecing. Throughout your career,
in whatever field you choose, information systems will be built for your use, sometimes
under your direction. To create an information system that meets your needs, you need
to take an active role in that system’s development. Even if you are not a programmer or
a database designer or other IS professional, you must take an active role in specifying
the system’s requirements and in helping manage the development project. Without
active involvement on your part, it will only be good luck that leads to the new system
meeting your needs.
To that end, throughout this book we will discuss your role in the development of
information systems. As a business professional, you are the person who understands
your business’s needs and requirements. The technical people who build networks, the
database designers who create databases, the IT people who configure the computers—
none of these people know what is needed and whether the system you have is sufficient.
As you read this book and think about information systems, you should ask yourself
questions such as: ‘How was that system constructed?’ and ‘What roles did the users
play during its development?’ If you start asking yourself these questions now, you will
be better prepared to answer them once you start a job, when financial, career and
other consequences will depend on your answers.
In addition to development tasks, you will also have important roles to play in the
use of information systems. Of course, you will need to learn how to employ the system
to accomplish your goals. But you will also have important ancillary functions as well.
For example, when using an information system, you will have responsibilities for
protecting the security of the system and its data. You may also have tasks for backing
12
up data. When the system fails (most do, at some point), you will have tasks to perform
while the system is down as well as tasks to accomplish to help recover the system
correctly and quickly.
Achieving Business Goals and Objectives

The last part of the definition of MIS is that information systems exist to help businesses
achieve their goals and objectives. First, realise that this statement hides an important
fact: businesses themselves don’t ‘do’ anything. A business isn’t alive and it cannot act.
It is the people within a business who sell, buy, design, produce, finance, market, do
the accounting and manage. So, information systems exist to help people who work in
a business to achieve the goals and objectives of that business.
Information systems aren’t created for the sheer joy of exploring technology. They
aren’t created so that the company can be ‘modern’ or so that it can claim to be a ‘new-
economy company’. They aren’t created because the IS department thinks they need to
be created or because the company is ‘falling behind the technology curve’.
This point may seem so obvious that you wonder why we mention it. Every day,
however, some business somewhere is developing an information system for the
wrong reasons. Right now, somewhere in the world, a company is deciding to create
a website for the sole reason that ‘every other business has one’. This company isn’t
asking questions such as, ‘What is the purpose of the website?’ or ‘What’s it going to
do for us?’ or ‘Are the costs of the website sufficiently offset by the benefits?’—but it
should be!
Even more serious, somewhere right now an IS manager has been convinced by some
vendor’s sales team or by an article in a business magazine that his or her company
must upgrade to the latest, greatest, high-tech gizmo. This IS manager is attempting
to convince their manager that this expensive upgrade is a good idea. We hope that
someone somewhere in the company is asking questions such as, ‘What business goal
or objective will be served by the investment in this gizmo?’
As a future business professional, you need to learn to look at information systems
and technologies only through the lens of business need. Learn to ask, ‘All of this
technology may be great, but what will it do for us? What will it do for our business
and our particular goals?’
To reiterate: MIS is the development and use of information systems that help
businesses achieve their goals and objectives. Already, you should be realising that
there is much more to studying this book than buying a computer, writing a program,
working with a spreadsheet or creating a website.
Q4 How Does IS Differ from IT?

‘Information technology’ and ‘information system’ are two closely related terms, but
they are different. Information technology (IT) refers to methods, inventions, standards
and products. As the term implies, it refers to raw technology and it concerns only the
hardware, software and data components of an information system. In contrast, an
information system is a system of hardware, software, data, procedures and people
that produce information.
13
ETHICS GUIDE
Ethics of Misdirected Information Use
Consider the following situations: Situation C: Suppose that you sell computer
Situation A: Suppose you are buying an software. In the midst of a sensitive price
apartment and you know that at least one other negotiation, your customer accidentally sends
party is bidding against you. While agonising over you an internal email that contains the maximum
your best strategy, you stop at a local café. As you amount that the customer can pay for your
sip your latte, you overhear a conversation at the software. Do you read that email? Do you use that
table next to yours. Three people are talking so information to guide your negotiating strategy?
loudly that it is difficult to ignore them and you What do you do if your customer discovers that
soon realise that these people are the real estate the email may have reached you and asks, ‘Did you
agent and the couple who are competing for the read my email?’ How do you answer?
apartment you want. They are preparing their offer. Situation D: Suppose a friend mistakenly sends
Should you listen to their conversation? If you an email that contains sensitive personal
you do, do you use the information you medical data. Further, suppose you
hear to your advantage? read the email before you know
Situation B: Consider the what you are reading and you are
same situation from a different embarrassed to learn something
perspective—instead of very personal that truly is none
overhearing the conversation, of your business. Your friend asks
suppose you receive that same you, ‘Did you read that email?’
information in an email. Perhaps How do you respond?
an administrative assistant at the
agent’s office confuses you and the
other customer and mistakenly sends
you the terms of the other party’s
offer. Do you read that email?
If so, do you use the
information that
you read to your
advantage?
14
Situation E: Suppose that you work as a network DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

administrator and your position allows you
1. Consider the questions in situations A and
unrestricted access to the mailing lists for your B. Do your answers differ? Does the medium
company. Assume that you have the skill to insert by which the information is obtained make a
your email address into any company mailing list difference? Is it easier to avoid reading an email
without anyone knowing about it. You insert your than it is to avoid hearing a conversation? If so,
does that difference matter?
address into several lists and, consequently, begin
to receive confidential emails that no one intended 2. Consider the questions in situations B and
C. Do your answers differ? In situation B, the
you to see. One of those emails indicates that your
information is for your personal gain; in C,
best friend’s department is about to be eliminated
the information is for both your personal and your
and all of its personnel fired. Do you forewarn your organisation’s gain. Does this difference matter?
friend? How do you respond when asked if you have read
the email?
3. Consider the questions in situations C and D.
Do your answers differ? Would you lie in one case
and not in the other? Why, or why not?
4. Consider the question in situation E. What is the
essential difference between situations A to D
and situation E? Suppose you had to justify your
behaviour in situation E. How would you argue?
Do you believe your own argument?
5. In situations A to D, if you access the information
you have done nothing illegal. You were the
passive recipient. Even for Situation E, although you
undoubtedly violated your company’s employment
policies, you most likely didn’t violate the law.
So, for this discussion, assume that all of these
actions are legal.
a. What is the difference between legal and
ethical? Look up both words in a dictionary
and explain how they differ.
b. Make the argument that business is competitive
and that if something is legal, then it is
acceptable to do it if it helps to further your
goals.
c. Make the argument that it is never appropriate
to do something unethical.
6. Summarise your beliefs about proper conduct
when you receive misdirected information.
15
Information technology drives the development of new information systems.

Advances in information technology have taken the computer industry from the days
of punched cards to the internet, and such advances will continue to take the industry
to the next stages and beyond.
Why does this difference matter to you? Knowing the difference between IT and IS
can help you avoid a common mistake: Don’t try to buy an IS; you can’t do it.
You can buy IT; you can buy or lease hardware, you can license programs and
databases, and you can even obtain predesigned procedures. Ultimately, however, it is
your people who execute those procedures to employ that new IT.
For any new system, you will always have training tasks (and costs), you will always
have the need to overcome employees’ resistance to change, and you will always need
to manage the employees as they utilise the new system. Hence, you can buy IT, but
you can’t buy IS.
Consider a simple example. Suppose your organisation decides to develop a
Facebook page. Facebook provides the hardware and programs, the database structures
and standard procedures. You, however, provide the data to fill your portion of the
Facebook database, and you must extend Facebook’s standard procedures with your
own procedures for keeping that data current. Those procedures need to provide, for
example, a means to review your page’s content regularly and a means to remove
content that is judged inappropriate. Furthermore, you need to train employees on
how to follow those procedures and manage those employees to ensure that they do.
Managing your own Facebook page is as simple an IS as exists. Larger, more
comprehensive information systems that involve many, even dozens, of departments
and thousands of employees require considerable work. Again, you can buy IT, but you
can never buy an IS!
Q5 How Do Successful Business Professionals Use IS?

Every business professional uses numerous information systems every day. Some
people do little more than write email, access websites and do instant messaging.
Although the ability to use such basic information systems is essential, that level of
knowledge and use doesn’t give anyone a competitive advantage in the workplace.
To gain a competitive advantage you need to do more. You need to learn to think about IT
and IS when you consider the problems and opportunities that confront your department
or organisation. Kerrie Dehaviland, the office manager at the start of this chapter, is an
excellent example. Her boss, Murray Williams, is concerned with how to manage and
control the ongoing operation of his business. Kerrie, on the other hand, is primarily
concerned with how she will manage the smooth operation of the office (accounts, payroll,
HR, customer liaison and financial product knowledge). She considered these needs
creatively and realised she could use a CRM system (customer relationship management
system) to manage data about customers and their interactions with the organisation.
Doing so will give both her and her financial planners a competitive advantage.
Recent research supports this claim. The RAND Corporation published a study on
trends in the world workforce in the 21st century.4 That study predicted strong demand
4 Lynn A Karoly and Constantijn WA Panis 2004, The 21st Century at Work, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, pp. xvii–xviii.
16
for business professionals who have the ability to create innovative applications using
emerging technology. In addition, that demand will continue for the next 50 years.
To take advantage of this trend, you need not be a developer of technology. Rather,
you need to be able to think creatively about problems, challenges and opportunities
in your business and organisation, and be able to apply new technology to your business
needs.
Amazon.com is a perfect example. Jeff Bezos, founder and CEO of Amazon.com,
didn’t invent any technology. However, he was one of the first to see that the emerging
technology of the internet, combined with existing database technology, could enable
a new business model. He developed an organisation that became one of the world’s
largest users of information systems. In fact, between November 2009 and November
2010, the information systems at Amazon.com processed between 13 000 and 20 000
unique visits per day. Amazon truly represents an innovative application of the
technology that was emerging when Bezos founded the company.
Throughout this book, we will consider many different information system types
and underlying technologies.
Q6 What New Opportunities for IS are Developing

Today?
‘That’s fine,’ you might be saying. ‘That was then, and this is now. The internet is old
news. All the good opportunities are gone.’ If you think this way, you are wrong. In fact,
there are great opportunities right now.
Information technology has developed in such a way that, for all practical purposes,
data storage and data communication are free. Of course, no business resource is totally
free, but the costs of storage and data transmission are so low that, when compared to
other business expenses, they are essentially zero.
Whenever an important business resource becomes free, new opportunities for
using that resource abound. Consider the business possibilities of two relatively recent
technology advances:
1. Facebook—some examples of how Facebook is being used by business are found

at <www.business2community.com/facebook/the-10-most-successful-brands-on-
facebook-0282739>.
2. Twitter—some examples of imaginative business applications by small businesses
are documented at <http://smallbiztrends.com/2009/01/the-ultimate-small-business-
twitter-list.html>.
These opportunities are real, right now. The best news is that there is no sign that
technology development is slowing. New opportunities will continue to emerge, as
predicted by Moore’s Law.
Q7 What is Your Role in IS Security?

As you have learned, information systems create value. However, they also create
risk. For example, Amazon.com maintains credit card data on millions of customers
and has the responsibility to protect that data. If Amazon.com’s security system was
17
GUIDE
Duller Than Dirt?
Yes, you read that title correctly: This subject else’s plan and beginning to live your own plan.
can seem duller than dirt. Take the phrase, Doing that requires you to become conscious of the
‘development and use of IS in organisations’. choices you make and the consequences they have.
Read just that phrase, and you start to yawn, Suppose you take an hour to read your
wondering, ‘How am I going to absorb hundreds assignment in this book tonight. For a typical
of pages of this?’ person, that is 4320 heartbeats (72 beats times
Stop and think: Why are you reading this book? 60 minutes) that you have used to read this book—
Right now in the Whitsunday Islands, the water is heartbeats that you will never have again. Despite
clear and warm, and the swimming and diving are the evidence of your current budget, the critical
wonderful. You could be kayaking to Launceston resource for humans isn’t money but time. No
this minute. Or, somewhere in the world people matter what we do, we can’t get more of it. Was
are skiing. Whether in Aspen, Zermatt or the your reading today worth those 4320 heartbeats?
Victorian Alps, people are blasting through the For some reason, you chose to major in
powder somewhere. You could be one of them, business. For some reason, you chose to study
living in a small house with a group of friends, management information systems, and, for some
having good times at night. Whatever it is that you reason, you have been instructed to read this
like to do, you could be doing it right now. So, why book. Now, given that you made a good decision to
are you here, where you are, reading this book? major in business (and not to kayak in Tasmania),
Why aren’t you there? and given that someone is requiring you to
Waking up should be one of your read this book, the question then becomes,
goals while in university. That is, ‘How can you maximise the return on
waking up to your life. Ceasing the 4320 heartbeats you are investing
to live according to someone per hour?’
18
The secret is to personalise the material. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

At every page, learn to ask yourself: ‘How does this
1. Explain what it means to ‘wake up to your life’.
pertain to me?’ and ‘How can I use this material to
2. Are you awake to your life? How do you know?
further my goals?’ If you find some topic irrelevant, What can you do once a week to ensure that you
ask your lecturer or your classmates what they are awake to your life?
think. What is this topic for? Why are we reading 3. What are your professional goals? Are they yours,
this? What am I going to do with it later in my or are they someone else’s? How do you know?
career? Why is this worth 1000 (or whatever) 4. How does this book pertain to your professional
heartbeats? goals?
MIS is all-encompassing—that is one of its 5. How are you going to make the material in this
beauties. Consider the components: hardware, book interesting?
software, data, procedures and people. Do you
want to be an engineer? Then work with the
hardware component. Do you want to be a
programmer? Write software. Do you want to be a
practising philosopher, an applied epistemologist?
Learn data modelling. Do you like social systems
and sociology? Learn how to design effective
group and organisational procedures. Do you
like people? Become an IS trainer or a computer
systems salesperson. Do you enjoy management?
Learn how to bring all of those disparate elements
together.
The authors have each worked in this industry
for over 30 years. The breadth of MIS and the rapid
change of technology have kept us fascinated
for every one of those years. Further, the beauty
of working with intellectual property is that it
doesn’t weigh very much—moving symbols around
won’t wear you out. And you do it indoors in a
temperature-controlled office. They may even put
your name on the door.
So, wake up. Why are you reading this? How
can you make it relevant? Jump on to Google and
search for ‘MIS careers’, or use some other phrase
from this chapter and see what you get. Challenge
yourself to find something that is important to you
personally in every chapter.
You just invested 780 heartbeats in reading this
editorial. Was it worth it? Keep asking!
19
breached and that credit card data was stolen, Amazon.com would incur serious
losses—not only lost business, but also potentially staggering liability losses. Because
of the importance of information security, we will consider it throughout this book.
Additionally, Chapter 12 is devoted to security.
However, you have a role in security that is too important for us to wait until
you read that chapter. Like all information systems, security systems have the five
components, including people. Thus, every security system ultimately depends on
the behaviour of its users. If the users don’t take security seriously, if they don’t
follow security procedures, then the hardware, software and data components of the
security system are a wasted expense. So, before we proceed further, we will address
how you should create and use a strong password, which is an essential component of
computer security.
Almost all security systems use user names and passwords. As a user of information
systems in a business organisation, you will be instructed to create a strong password
and to protect it. It is vitally important for you to do so. You should already be using
such passwords at your university. (According to a 2010 New York Times article,5
20 per cent of people use an easily guessed password like 12345. Don’t be part of
that 20 per cent!)
Strong Passwords
So, what is a strong password, and how do you create one? Microsoft, a company that
has many reasons to promote effective security, defines a strong password as one with
the following characteristics:
• has seven or more characters

• doesn’t contain your user name, real name or company name
• doesn’t contain a complete dictionary word in any language
• is different from previous passwords you have used
• contains both upper- and lowercase letters, numbers and special characters
(such as ~ ! @; # $ % ^; &; * ( ) _ +; – =; { } | [ ] \ : “ ; ’ <; >;? , . /).
Examples of good passwords are:
• Qw37^T1bb?at
• 3B47qq<3>5!7b
The problem with such passwords is that they are nearly impossible to remember.
And the last thing you want to do is write your password on a piece of paper and keep
it near the workstation where you use it. Never do that!
One technique for creating memorable, strong passwords is to base them on the
first letter of the words in a phrase. The phrase could be the title of a song or the first
line of a poem or one based on some fact about your life. For example, you might take
the phrase, ‘I was born in Rockhampton, Queensland, before 1990.’ Using the first
letters from that phrase and substituting the character < for the word before, you
create the password IwbiR,Q<1990. That is an acceptable password, but it would be
5 Ashley Vance 2010, ‘If your password is 123456, just make it HackMe’, New York Times, 21 January, p. A1.
20
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
128. ‘Like Samson,’ etc. Cowper, The Task, V. 737.
‘The worst of every evil,’ etc. Cf. Temistocle, Act III. Sc. 2.
129. ‘A world,’ etc. Cf. Wordsworth, Personal Talk, l. 34.
‘A foregone conclusion.’ Othello, Act III. Sc. 3.
130. ‘We see the children,’ etc. Cf. Wordsworth, Ode, Intimations
of Immortality, 170–1.
Paul Clifford. Bulwer’s Paul Clifford appeared in 1830.
‘Lively,’ etc. Coriolanus, Act IV. Sc. 5.
‘The true pathos,’ etc. Burns, Epistle to Dr. Blacklock.
FOOTMEN
Republished in Sketches and Essays.
PAG
E Sewell and Cross’s. Linen-drapers and silk-mercers, 44 and
131. 45 Old Compton Street, Soho.
The Bazaar. Established in 1815.
‘The Corinthian capitals,’ etc. Cf. Burke’s Reflections on the
Revolution in France (Select Works, ed. Payne, II. 164).
132. As I look down Curzon Street. The essay would seem to have
been written at 40 Half-Moon Street, where Hazlitt lodged
from 1827 to 1829.
133. ‘Brothers of the groves.’ Cf. vol. VIII. note to p. 467.
Mr. N——. Sketches and Essays prints ‘Northcote.’
‘High Life Below Stairs.’ By James Townley (1714–1788),
produced in 1759.
Mr. C——.? Coleridge.
Cassock. Sketches and Essays prints hassock.
The fate of the footman, etc. See Lady Mary Wortley
Montagu’s Epistle from Arthur Grey, the Footman, to Mrs.
Murray.
134. ‘Vine-covered hills,’ etc. From lines ‘Written in 1788’ by
William Roscoe and parodied in The Anti-Jacobin.
‘As pigeons pick up peas.’ Cf. Love’s Labour’s Lost, V. 2.
135. ‘No more—where ignorance,’ etc. Gray, On a Distant
Prospect of Eton College.
M. de Bausset. Louis François Joseph, Baron de Bausset (b.
1770), author of Mémoires anecdotiques sur l’intérieur du
palais (1827–8).
136.
Wear green spectacles. These three words, which seem to
have a personal application, were omitted in Sketches and
Essays. Cf. post, p. 217.
ON THE WANT OF MONEY
Republished in Literary Remains.
137. ‘The heaviest stone,’ etc. Sir T. Browne, Hydriotaphia, chap.

IV.
138. ‘That Mr. Moore,’ etc. Moore’s Life of Sheridan appeared in

1825. This sentence was omitted in Literary Remains.
139. Note. ‘Such gain,’ etc. Cymbeline, Act III. Sc. 3.
140. ‘Screw one’s courage,’ etc. Cf. Macbeth, Act I. Sc. 7.
‘As kind,’ etc. Dryden, The Hind and the Panther, I. 271.
141. ‘Of formal cut.’ As You Like It, Act II. Sc. 7.
The fair Aurora. Gil Blas, Livre IV.
Monsieur de Very. See ante, note to p. 104.
Apicius. Marcus Gabius Apicius, the notorious Roman
epicure, referred to by Pliny, X. 48, 68, § 133.
Amelia’s hashed mutton. Amelia, Book X. chap. V.
142. ‘And ever,’ etc. L’Allegro, 135–6.
‘We called,’ etc. Cf. Colonel Jack, chap. 1.
‘The Colonel,’ etc. Ibid.
The City Madam. See Massinger’s, The City Madam, III. 3.
‘Spanish Rogue.’ Hazlitt refers to Mateo Aleman’s Guzman de
Alfarache (1599). Cf. vol. VIII. (Lectures on the Comic
Writers), p. 111.
142. Mr. Lamb has referred, etc. See Lamb’s Specimens, note to
Rowley’s A New Wonder (Works, ed. E. V. Lucas, IV. 126).
Note. ‘His daughter and his ducats.’ The Merchant of Venice,
Act II. Sc. 8.
143. ‘By their so potent art.’ Cf. The Tempest, Act V. Sc. 1.
144. ‘We know,’ etc. Hamlet, Act IV. Sc. 5.
‘Within that lowest deep,’ etc. Cf. Paradise Lost, IV. 76–77.
146. I never knew but one man, etc. ? Jeffrey.
‘With wine,’ etc. Cf. Milton’s Sonnet, Lawrence, of virtuous
father, etc.
149. ‘Pure in the last recesses of the mind.’ Dryden, The Second
Satire of Persius, 133.
Mr. Thomas Wedgwood. Thomas Wedgwood (1771–1805),
Coleridge’s friend.
‘We can hold,’ etc. Richard II., Act I. Sc. 3.
ON THE FEELING OF IMMORTALITY IN
YOUTH
Republished with many omissions and variations in Literary
Remains and Winterslow.
PAG
E ‘Life is a pure flame,’ etc. Sir T. Browne, Hydriotaphia, chap.
150. V.
My brother’s. John Hazlitt (1767–1837), the miniature-

painter. See Mr. W. C. Hazlitt’s Four Generations of a
Literary Family, I. 210–18.
151. ‘The vast,’ etc. Cf. ‘The wide, the unbounded prospect, lies
before me.’ Addison, Cato, Act V. Sc. 1.
‘Bear a charmed life.’ Macbeth, Act V. Sc. 8.
‘Bidding,’ etc. Collins’s Ode, The Passions, 32.
‘This sensible,’ etc. Measure for Measure, Act III. Sc. 1.
152. ‘Wine of life,’ etc. Cf. Macbeth, Act II. Sc. 3.
‘As in a glass darkly.’ Cf. 1 Corinthians xiii. 12.
‘So am not I.’ Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vol. V. chap. vii.
Note. The Art of War (1795) by Joseph Fawcett (d. 1804), an
early friend of Hazlitt’s. See vol. VI. (Table-Talk), 224–5
and Mr. W. C. Hazlitt’s Memoirs, etc., I. 75–79.
153. ‘The feast of reason,’ etc. Pope, Imitations of Horace, Sat. I.
128.
‘Brave sublunary things.’ Cf. ‘Those brave translunary
things.’ Michael Drayton, To Henry Reynolds.
‘The stockdove,’ etc. Cf. Thomson, The Castle of Indolence, I.
St. 4.
Note. ‘Had it not been,’ etc. Works, II. 254.
Note. She says of Richardson. See Works, II. 285 et seq. and
222.
Note. Monstrum ingens biforme. Cf. Æneid, III. 658.
Note. ‘His spirits,’ etc. Works, II. 283.
156. ‘The purple light of love.’ Gray, The Progress of Poesy, 41.
‘The Raphael grace,’ etc. Cf. ‘Match Raphael’s grace with thy
loved Guido’s air. ‘Pope, Moral Essays, VIII. 36.
‘Gain new vigour,’ etc. Cowper, Charity, 104.
157. ‘Beguile,’ etc. Cf. ‘Lose and neglect the creeping hours of
time.’ As You Like It, Act II. Sc. 7.
158. ‘Robbers.’ Schiller’s play, produced in 1782.
‘From the Dungeon,’ etc. Coleridge, Sonnet, ‘To the Author of
The Robbers.’
Don Carlos. Schiller’s play (1787).
158. ‘That time is past,’ etc. Cf. Wordsworth, Lines composed a
few miles above Tintern Abbey, 83–85.
159. ‘Even from the tomb,’ etc. Gray’s Elegy, 91–92.
‘All the life,’ etc. Cf. ‘For a’ the life of life is dead.’ Burns,
Lament for James, Earl of Glencairn, st. 6.
‘From the last dregs,’ etc. Cf. Dryden, Aurengzebe, Act IV. Sc.
1.
160. ‘Treason domestic,’ etc. Cf. Macbeth, Act III. Sc. 2.
‘Reverbs its own hollowness.’ Cf. King Lear, Act I. Sc. 1.
ON READING NEW BOOKS
Published with omissions in Sketches and Essays. The essay was
written at Florence. See Mr. W. C. Hazlitt’s Memoirs, etc. II. 154.
PAG
E Note. See vol. VIII. (Lectures on the Comic Writers), p. 22 and
161. note.
162. ‘Has just come,’ etc. Cf. Richard III., Act I. Sc. 1.
164. A Manuscript of Cicero’s. Hazlitt probably refers to Cardinal
Angelo Mai’s (1782–1854) discoveries.
A Noble Lord. The Marquis of Blandford, who bought
Valdarfer’s edition of Boccaccio for £2260 at the Roxburgh
sale in 1812. Cf. ante, p. 43.
Mr. Thomas Taylor. Thomas Taylor (1758–1835), the
Platonist. The ‘old Duke of Norfolk’ (Bernard Edward, 12th
Duke, 1765–1842) was his patron, and locked up nearly the
whole of Taylor’s edition of Plato (5 vols., 1804) in his
library.
Ireland’s celebrated forgery. The main forgery, Vortigern, by
William Henry Ireland, was produced at Drury Lane on
April 2, 1796.
Note. Mr. G. D.’s chambers. Lamb’s friend George Dyer
(1755–1841) lived in Clifford’s Inn from 1792. His History
of the University and Colleges of Cambridge, etc. was
published in 2 vols. in 1814. In reference to the number of
corrections in this work, Lamb spoke of Dyer as
‘Cancellarius Magnus.’
Note. Another friend of mine, etc. Leigh Hunt. See his essay
‘Jack Abbot’s Breakfast’ reprinted in Men, Women, and
Books (1847).
166. ‘Proud as when,’ etc. Cf. Troilus and Cressida, Act I. Sc. 3.
167. ‘Like sunken wreck,’ etc. Cf. Henry V., Act I. Sc. 2.
168. ‘Full of wise σατυς,’ etc. Cf. As You Like It, Act II. Sc. 7.
‘An insolent piece of paper.’ ‘A piece of arrogant paper.’
Massinger, A New Way to pay Old Debts, Act IV. Sc. 3.
‘Somewhat musty.’ Cf. ‘Something musty.’ Hamlet, Act III. Sc.
2.
Longinus complains, etc. See Longinus, On the Sublime, IX.
169. Irving’s orations. Cf. vol. IV. (The Spirit of the Age), p. 228.
The Jew’s letters. Dr. Philip le Fanu published in 1777 a
translation of the Abbé Guenée’s Lettres de certaines
Juives à M. Voltaire.
That Van Diemen’s Land of letters. These words were
omitted in Sketches and Essays.
Flocci-nauci, etc. Shenstone, Letter xxi. 1741 (Works, 1791, III.
49).
‘Flames in the forehead,’ etc. Lycidas, 171.
170. Mr. Godwin composed an Essay, etc. Hazlitt perhaps refers
to the letter added by ‘Edward Baldwin’ to his own English
Grammar. See vol. VI. p. 388.
Note. A certain poet. This note was omitted in Sketches and
Essays.
171. ‘By Heavens,’ etc. Wordsworth Sonnet, The world is too
much with us.
171. ‘Trampled,’ etc. Cf. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in
France (Select Works, ed. Payne, II. 93).
‘Kept like an apple,’ etc. Cf. Hamlet, Act IV. Sc. 2.
172. Note. ‘Speak evil of dignities.’ 2 Peter ii. 10.
Note. The Queens matrimonial-ladder. One of William
Hone’s squibs, published in 1820, and illustrated with
fourteen cuts by Cruikshank.
ON DISAGREEABLE PEOPLE
Republished in Sketches and Essays.
174. ‘Discourse of reason,’ etc. Loosely quoted from Hamlet. Cf.

Act I. Sc. 2 and Act IV. Sc. 4.
‘The whole,’ etc. Cf. S. Matthew ix. 12.
‘As when,’ etc. Thomson, The Castle of Indolence, St. 64.
177. ‘Yea, into our heart of hearts.’ Cf. Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 2.
‘The volumes,’ etc. Roscommon, Horace’s Art of Poetry.
‘That dallies,’ etc. Cf. Twelfth Night, Act II. Sc. 4.
178. ‘Wit at the helm,’ etc. Cf. ‘Youth on the prow, and Pleasure at
the helm.’ Gray, The Bard, 74.
179. A butt, according to the Spectator, etc. See The Spectator,
No. 47.
181. ‘Hew you,’ etc. Cf. Julius Cæsar, Act II. Sc. 1.
Tempora, etc. Cf. Æneid, IV. 293–4.
‘Not to admire,’ etc. Pope, Imitations of Horace, Epistles I. vi.
1–2.
The Westminster School of Reform. Hazlitt refers to the
writers, including Bentham and James Mill, associated
with The Westminster Review, founded in 1824.
182. ‘Milk of human kindness.’ Macbeth, Act I. Sc. 5.
ON MEANS AND ENDS
Published in Literary Remains with many variations presumably
introduced by the editor, and again in the same form in Winterslow.
PAG
E ‘We work by wit,’ etc. Othello, Act II. Sc. 3.
184. ‘Leaps at once,’ etc. Cowper, The Task, V. 686.
185. ‘From Indus,’ etc. Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, 58.
Hinc illæ lachrymæ. Horace, Epistles, I. xix. 41.

187. ‘Constrained by mastery.’ Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, The
188. Franklin’s Tale, 36; Wordsworth quotes the line in The
Excursion, VI. 162–5.
189. ‘Makes a sunshine,’ etc. The Faerie Queene, I. iii. 4.
190. David’s and Girodet’s pictures. Jacques Louis David (1748–
1825) and Anne Louis Girodet (1767–1824).
‘Potations, pottle-deep.’ Othello, Act II. Sc. 3.
192. ‘In a phantasma,’ etc. Julius Cæsar, Act II. Sc. 1.
‘Courage,’ etc. Paradise Lost, I. 108.
193. ‘His thoughts,’ etc. Cf. Ibid., IX. 467.
Note. Strong passion, etc. Cf. The Rambler, No. 1.
Note. ‘The lunatic,’ etc. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Act V.
Sc. 1.
194. ‘Set but a Scotsman,’ etc. Cf. Burns, The Author’s Earnest Cry
and Prayer, Postscript, St. 4.
‘And it alone,’ etc. Cf. Twelfth Night, Act I. Sc. 1.
‘We read his works.’ Lamb’s Essay ‘On the Genius and
Character of Hogarth’ (Works, ed. E. V. Lucas, I. 71).
195. ‘The darlings of his precious eye.’ Cf. ‘Make it a darling like
your precious eye.’ Othello, Act III. Sc. 4.
196. ‘The jovial thigh,’ etc. Cf. Cymbeline, Act IV. Sc. 2.
197. ‘They are careful,’ etc. Cf. S. Luke X. 41–42.
198. ‘And with their darkness,’ etc. Cf. Paradise Lost, I. 391.
‘They also serve,’ etc. Adapted from Milton’s Sonnet, No. XX.,
‘When I consider how my light is spent,’ etc.
ON PERSONAL IDENTITY
Published with some omissions in Winterslow.
‘Ha! here be,’ etc. King Lear, Act III. Sc. 4.

‘If I were not Alexander,’ etc. The saying is given by Plutarch.
Note. Zoffani. Johann Zoffany, or Zaufelly (1733–1810).
Note. Reynolds’s Speculation. A comedy by Frederick
Reynolds, produced in 1795. George III. was much amused
by it. See Life of Reynolds, II. 208–210.
199. ‘Wishing to be,’ etc. Cf. Shakespeare, Sonnet XXIX.
‘The rub,’ etc. Cf. Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 1.
‘Put off,’ etc. Ibid.
200. ‘What more felicity,’ etc. Spenser, Muiopotmos, St. 27.
201. ‘That something,’ etc. Cf. Pope, An Essay on Man, IV. 3–4.
‘Very choice Italian.’ Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 2.
‘Vows,’ etc. Cf. Paradise Lost, IV. 97.
‘The native hue,’ etc. Cf. Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 1.
202. ‘Shut up,’ etc. Macbeth, Act II. Sc. 1.
‘I’d sooner,’ etc. Cf. Julius Cæsar, Act IV. Sc. 3.
Sir Thomas Lethbridge. A sturdy Tory, member for
Somersetshire. He is possibly the L—— referred to in vol. VI.
(Table-Talk), p. 94. Though a staunch Protectionist, he
voted for Reform and Catholic Emancipation.
203. ‘Ethereal braid,’ etc. See vol. IV. (The Spirit of the Age), note
to p. 216.
Had I been a lord I should have married, etc. This sentence
and the next were omitted in Winterslow.
204. ‘Give me,’ etc. Cf. 3 Henry VI., Act I. Sc. 4.
‘Monarchise,’ etc. Richard II., Act III. Sc. 2.
‘Tenth transmitters,’ etc. Richard Savage, The Bastard.
‘In the catalogue,’ etc. Cf. Macbeth, Act III. Sc. 1.
‘Swinish multitude.’ Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in
205. ‘The fair,’ etc. Cf. As You Like It, Act III. Sc. 2.
The person who bought Punch. Cf. post, p. 353.
206. Why will Mr. Cobbett, etc. Cobbett had recently (1826)
unsuccessfully contested Preston.
The bird described by Chaucer. See Chaucer, The Canterbury
Tales, The Manciple’s Tale, 59 et seq., and The Squiere’s
Tale, 603 et seq.
You say there is a common language, etc. These words, down
to ‘And he will laugh in your face,’ were omitted in
Winterslow.
207. ‘A certain tender bloom,’ etc. Cf. ‘A certain tender gloom
o’erspread his face.’ Thomson, The Castle of Indolence, I.
St. 57.
208. ‘Stuff o’ the conscience.’ Othello, Act I. Sc. 2.
‘Laggard age.’ Collins, Ode, The Passions, 112.
209. Like Benvenuto Cellini, etc. See Life of Benvenuto Cellini,
Part II. lxxviii.
APHORISMS ON MAN
Now republished for the first time. In The Monthly Magazine they
appeared as follows: I.–XI. October 1830; XII.–XXXVI. November 1830;
XXXVII.–XLVII. December 1830; XLVIII.–LV. April 1831; LVI.–LXVI. May
1831; LXVII.–LXX. June 1831. They are described as ‘by the late William
Hazlitt.’
PAG
E Monmouth-street. In St. Giles’s, now partly occupied by
210. Shaftesbury Avenue. Allusions to its old-clothes shops are
very frequent in eighteenth-century literature.
211. ‘In the deep bosom,’ etc. Richard III., Act I. Sc. 1.
‘At one fell swoop.’ Macbeth, Act IV. Sc. 3.
214. O’Connell. Hazlitt no doubt refers to the proceedings of
O’Connell after his election for Co. Clare in 1828.
215. ‘The soft collar,’ etc. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in
‘The iron rod,’ etc. Cf.
‘When the scourge inexorably, and the torturing hour,
Calls us to penance.’ Paradise Lost, II. 90–2.
217. An editor. Cf. ante, p. 136.

218. ‘There goes my wicked self.’ Hazlitt was perhaps thinking of
the saying attributed to John Bradford (1510?–1555), who,
on seeing some criminals going to execution, is said to have
exclaimed: ‘But for the grace of God, there goes John
Bradford.’
‘To be honest,’ etc. Hamlet, Act II. Sc. 2.
L——.? Lamb.
219. ‘Leave others poor indeed.’ Cf. Othello, Act III. Sc. 3.
‘To be direct,’ etc. Othello, Act III. Sc. 3.
220. ‘Tout homme,’ etc. Cf. vol. I. (The Round Table), note to p.
117.
221. A popular author. Scott, no doubt.
‘Writes himself,’ etc. Cf. The Merry Wives of Windsor, Act I.
Sc. 1.
223. ‘To triumph,’ etc. Gray, The Bard, 142.
224. A certain bookseller. Sir Richard Phillips. See vol. VI. (Mr.
Northcote’s Conversations), p. 418.
225. ‘From every work,’ etc. The Faerie Queene, I. IV. 20.
226. ‘Melted,’ etc. Cf. Hamlet, Act I. Sc. 2.
Beau Didapper. See Joseph Andrews, Book IV. chap. IX.
228. ‘Damned spot.’ Macbeth, Act V. Sc. 1.
229. ‘The web,’ etc. All’s Well that Ends Well, Act IV. Sc. 3.
The Devil’s Elixir, etc. The Devil’s Elixir, or the Shadowless
Man, a musical romance by Edward Fitzball (1792–1873),
produced at Covent Garden, April 20, 1829; The Bottle
Imp, a melodrama by Richard Brinsley Peake (1792–1847),
produced at the Lyceum, July 7, 1828, and at Covent
Garden, Oct. 17, 1828.
Mr. Farley. Charles Farley (1771–1859), the actor, to whose
skill as a theatrical machinist at Covent Garden Hazlitt here
refers.
230. ‘La Belle Assemblée’s dresses for May.’ Cf. ‘In the manner of
—Ackerman’s dresses for May’ (Moore, Horace, XI. ii.),
quoted elsewhere by Hazlitt.
M. Stultz. M. Stulz, the well-known tailor, referred to by
Bulwer in Pelham and (more than once) by Thackeray.
A CHAPTER ON EDITORS
Republished with some omissions in Sketches and Essays. In the
Magazine there is the following note by the Editor:—‘We give
insertion to this article, one of the posthumous papers of Mr. Hazlitt,
to shew that we do not consider ourselves implicated in the abuses
complained of; and that we have no right to any share of indignation
so whimsically lavished upon our fraternity. Ed.’
PAG
E ‘Our withers,’ etc. Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 2.
230. ‘Tittle-tattle.’ The phrase is so printed in the Magazine and in
Sketches and Essays, but Hazlitt probably wrote ‘kittle
cattle,’ a distinctively Scots expression for what he meant to
say.
‘Lay the flattering unction,’ etc. Cf. Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 4.
231. As Mr. Horne Tooke said, etc. See vol. IV. (The Spirit of the
Age), p. 236 and note.
232. We only know one Editor. Hazlitt possibly refers to the
Editor of Blackwood’s Magazine.
We will not mention names, etc. This sentence was omitted in
Sketches and Essays.
‘More subtle web,’ etc. The Faerie Queene, II. xii. 77.
233. The conductor, etc. This sentence and the next but one were
omitted in Sketches and Essays.
‘Here’s the rub.’ Cf. Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 1.
THE LETTER-BELL
Reprinted with considerable omissions in Sketches and Essays.
235 ‘One entire,’ etc. Othello, Act V. Sc. 2

Blue hills. Cf. vol. VI. (Table-Talk), p. 256.
236. ‘I should notice,’ etc. A long passage from this point to
‘accumulate to a tolerable sum’ (p. 237) was omitted from
Sketches and Essays.
From —— to ——. Sketches and Essays reads ‘From Wem to
Shrewsbury.’ Cf. My First Acquaintance with Poets, post,
p. 260.
‘And by the vision splendid,’ etc. Cf. Wordsworth’s Ode,
Intimations of Immortality, 73–74.
‘What though the radiance,’ etc. Ibid. 179–82.
‘Like morn,’ etc. Cf. Paradise Lost, v. 310–11.
And may he not yet greet the yellow light, etc. Cf. post, p.
271.
‘And from his neck so free,’ etc. The Ancient Mariner, 289–
91.
238. Vangoyen. Jan Van Goyen (1596–1666), one of whose
landscapes, it would seem, Hazlitt had copied.
‘The slow canal,’ etc. Goldsmith, The Traveller, 293–4.
‘While with an eye,’ etc. Wordsworth, Lines composed a few
miles above Tintern Abbey, 47–49.
‘The secrets,’ etc. Cf. Hamlet, Act I. Sc. 5.
‘Entire affection,’ etc. Cf. The Faerie Queene, I. viii. 40.
‘His shame,’ etc. Cf. Goldsmith, The Deserted Village, 412.
‘Made good digestion,’ etc. Cf. Macbeth, Act III. Sc. 4.
239. An ingenious friend and arch-critic. ? Jeffrey.
‘More germain [germane],’ etc. Hamlet, Act V. Sc. 2.
240. ‘Hark!’ etc. Cowper, The Task, IV. 1, et seq.
Lord Byron denies, etc. See vol. VI. (Table-Talk), p. 210 and
note, and vol. XI. (Fugitive Writings), p. 492.
240. The telegraphs. A system of semaphores, presumably.
Electric telegraphs belong to a later date.
The new revolution. The Revolution of July 1830. Cf. post,
pp. 456, et seq.
The beacon-fires. See the Agamemnon of Æschylus, ll. 281–
316.
ON THE SPIRIT OF MONARCHY
Republished in Literary Remains. The essay was published (?
1835) as a pamphlet (together with ‘The Moral Effects of
Aristocracy,’ by Godwin).
PAG
E ‘And by the vision,’ etc. See ante, note to p. 236.
242. The madman in Hogarth. The Rake’s Progress, Plate VIII.
‘There goes,’ etc. Cf. ante, p. 218.

We once heard, etc. In vol. VI. (Mr. Northcote’s
Conversations), p. 387, this sentiment is attributed to a
‘Mr. R——.’ It is clear from the present passage that this
person was not Mr. Railton, but William Roscoe (1753–
1831), the well-known historian, and that therefore the
reading of The London Weekly Review was correct. See
note to vol. VI. p. 387.
243. ‘That within,’ etc. Cf. Hamlet, Act I. Sc. 2.
‘To fear,’ etc. Othello, Act I. Sc. 2.
244. ‘Peep through,’ etc. Macbeth, Act I. Sc. 5.
‘Great is Diana,’ etc. Acts xix. 28.
‘Your gods,’ etc. Cf. S. Matthew xiii. 13.
In contempt of their worshippers. Cf. Burke’s Reflections on
the Revolution in France (Select Works, ed. Payne, II. 17).
Note. Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, I. 100–3.
245. ‘Gods partial,’ etc. Pope, An Essay on Man, III. 257–8.
‘Any mark,’ etc. Cf. I Henry IV. Act III. Sc. 2.
246. Note. See vol. III. (Political Essays), p. 298 and notes.
247. ‘From the crown,’ etc. Cf. Isaiah i. 6.

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The University of Sydney

The University of Sydney

9781488616785_C.indd 1 23/06/16 12:09 PM

DIGITAL BUSINESS INNOVATION

Project Management Team Leader: Jill Gillies

ISBN: 978 1 4886 1678 5

Printed and bound in Australia by The SOS Print + Media Group

Part 1 MIS and You 2

Business Processes, Information and Information Systems 26

Organisational Strategy, Information Systems and Competitive Advantage 47

Part 3 Using IS for Competitive Advantage 90

Digital Commerce and Web 2.0 114

Business Intelligence and Information Systems for Decision-Making 147

Chapter Extension 2 194

Navigation Bar – Use this information to navigate

IS in the Life of Business Professionals DIGITAL BUSINESS INNOVATION

CHAPTER 1 IS in the Life of Business Professionals

FIGURE 1.1 Computer Price/Performance Ratio Decreases

Price Performance Ratio of Intel Processors

Are There Cost-Eﬀective Business Applications of Facebook

Future business professionals need to be able to assess, evaluate and apply

You need knowledge of this subject to attain that skill.

CE1 Improving Your

Q1 Why management information systems (MIS)?

Q1 Why Management Information Systems (MIS)?

CHAPTER 1 IS in the Life of Business Professionals

FIGURE 1.1 Computer Price/Performance Ratio Decreases

Price Performance Ratio of Intel Processors

Are There Cost-Eﬀective Business Applications of Facebook

Future business professionals need to be able to assess, evaluate and apply

You need knowledge of this subject to attain that skill.

IS in the Life of Business Professionals CHAPTER 1

How Can I Attain Job Security?

Rapid technological change and increased international competition place the

Whether you are majoring in accounting or marketing or ﬁnance or information

Examples of Critical Skills for Non-routine Cognition TABLE 1.1

CHAPTER 1 IS in the Life of Business Professionals

How Can MIS Help You to Learn Non-routine Skills?

IS in the Life of Business Professionals CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1 IS in the Life of Business Professionals

FIGURE 1.2 Five Components of an Information System

Hardware Software Data Procedures People

IS in the Life of Business Professionals CHAPTER 1

EXPERIENCING MIS INCLASS 1

InClass Group Exercises

CHAPTER 1 IS in the Life of Business Professionals

Development and Use of Information Systems

IS in the Life of Business Professionals CHAPTER 1

Achieving Business Goals and Objectives

Q4 How Does IS Diﬀer from IT?

Situation E: Suppose that you work as a network DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 1 IS in the Life of Business Professionals

Information technology drives the development of new information systems.

Q5 How Do Successful Business Professionals Use IS?

IS in the Life of Business Professionals CHAPTER 1

Q6 What New Opportunities for IS are Developing

1. Facebook—some examples of how Facebook is being used by business are found

Q7 What is Your Role in IS Security?

The secret is to personalise the material. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS