KET4733 ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS

TUTORIAL 4
CHAPTER 4

Part A – Digital Modulation

1. Define M-ary encoding with the support of mathematical expression.

2. Find the number of voltage levels which can represent an analog signal with
a. 8 bits per sample
b. 12 bits per sample
3. Calculate the rate of serial data flow, given the one bit time of 2µs.
4. A modulator transmits symbols, each of which has 64 different possible states, 10K
times per second. Determine the bit rate.
5. If an audio frequency signal is band limited to a range of 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz, find the
minimum frequency required to sample the audio signal in order to be transmitted
without aliasing. Also find the Nyquist interval.
6. Digital modulation can be grouped as Amplitude-shift keying (ASK), Frequency-shift
keying (FSK) and Phase-shift keying (PSK). Briefly explain each of them with your
own words.
7. What is a constellation diagram?
8. A typical dial-up telephone connection has a bandwidth of 3 kHz and a signal to noise
ratio of 30 dB. Calculate the Shannon limit.
9. For the digital message 1111 0100 1001, sketch the waveform for the following:
a. ASK
b. FSK
c. PSK
d. QAM
10. For 16-PSK system, operating with an information bit rate of 32 kbps, determine:
a. Baud
b. Minimum bandwidth
c. Bandwidth efficiency
11. List down the factors in choosing the digital modulation technique for a specific
application.
 Part B – Digital Transmission

12. What is the sampling process?

13. Differentiate between Natural Sampling & Flat top sampling.
14. Sketch the waveform of pulse modulation for
(a) Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
(b) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
(c) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
15. A CD audio laser disk has a frequency bandwidth of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. What is the
minimum sample rate required to satisfy the Nyquist sampling rate?
16. What is meant by quantization?
17. Sketch the diagram that shown the quantization error.
18. Explain the companding process.
19. A PCM system requires 72 dB of dynamic range. The input frequency is 10 kHz.
(a) Determine the number of sample bits required.
(b) Specify the minimum sample frequency to satisfy the Nyquist sampling
frequency.
20. (a) A companding system with µ = 100 is used to compand maximum 10 volts
sinusoid signal. Draw the characteristic of the typical system.
(b) Repeat the same step in (a) but using µ = 350
(c) Draw an 8 level non-uniform quantizer characteristic that corresponds to the
mentioned µ in (a) and (b).
21. Explain the details of Delta Modulation circuit’s problem.
22. Sketch the data wave form for a bit stream 1101 1110 using
a. NRZL
b. NRZI
c. Bipolar AMI
d. Pseudoternary
e. Manchester
Part C – Multiplexing

23. What is multiplexing?

24. Briefly explain the following
(a) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
(b) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
(c) Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
25. With the aid of diagram, explain the transmitting end of FDM system.

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