CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF INFECTIOUS

NCM INFECTIOUS
BS Nursing 3-1 | PROF. Yhenne Palad | SEM 1 2022

INFECTIOUS 5. Contaminated article equipment (needle

INFECTIOUS and syringes)
 Diseases are illnesses caused by harmful 6. Placental transfer
agents (pathogens) that get into your body. CHAIN OF INFECTION
The most common causes are viruses,
bacteria, fungi and parasites. Infectious
diseases usually spread from person to
person, through contaminated food or
water and through bug bites. Some
infectious diseases are minor and some are
very serious.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
 Define as an illness caused by infectious
agent or its toxins, which can be
transmitted directly or indirectly to well
person. Communicable disease are caused
by bacteria or virus.
 Source of infection consist of man, animals, CAUSATIVE/INFECTIOUS AGENT
contaminated food and water, insect and  Pathogenicity: ability to caused disease.
environmental factors such as dust and dirt.  Virulence: (disease severity) and
CONTAGIOUS invasiveness (ability to enter and move
 Easily transmitted through direct or through the tissue).
indirect contact.  Infective dose: number of organism needed
Transmitted via: to initiate infection.
 Airborne: measles (tigdas); rabies o Mild
 Droplet: PTB (pulmonary tuberculosis), o Moderate
Hepatitis A, diphtheria o Severe
 HB Sag means that you are positive in
 Organism specificity: (host preference)
Hepa B.
antigenic variation.
INFECTIOUS
 Elaboration of toxin: kung gaano siya ka-
 Not easily transmitted.
harmful.
Transmitted via:
 Viability: ability to survive outside the host.
 Blood transfusion: AIDS, Hepatitis B (most
 Invasiveness: ability to penetrate the cell.
contagious)
RESERVOIR
 Several intercourse; multiple sex partner
 Natural habitant of the organism that is
1. Bacterial: gonorrhea, syphilis, STD
where reside and multiply.
2. Viral: AIDS, Hepatitis B
o Human: man is a reservoir of the disease
3. Fungal: candidiasis
that is more dangerous to human than to
4. Protozoal: trichomonas vaginalis
other species.
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF INFECTIOUS
NCM INFECTIOUS
BS Nursing 3-1 | PROF. Yhenne Palad | SEM 1 2022

o Animal: responsible or infestations with o Drugs: bacteremia resulting from infusion

trophozoite worm etc. of a contaminated infusion product
o Non-animal: street, dust, garden, soil. o Blood: hepatitis b
CARRIER C. AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
 Can harbor the organism but without sign o Droplet of nuclei
of infection. o Dust particles in the air containing the
o Ex: amoebiasis patients infectious agent
CATEGORIES OF CARRIER o Organism shed into environment from
 Incubatory: no sign and symptoms skin, hair wound, or perineal area.
 Convalescent: disease subside D. VECTOR BORNE TRANSMISSION
 Intermittent: occasionally disseminate the  Arthropods such as flies, mosquitoes, ticks
infectious organism and other.
 Chronic: carrying the infectious organism  PORTAL OF ENTRY (mode of entry of
for a years. organism into human)
PORTAL OF EXIST (mode of escape from  Respiratory tract
reservoir)  Gastrointestinal tract
 Respiratory tract: (most common in man)  Genito-urinary tract
 Gastrointestinal tract  Direct infections of mucous
 Genito urinary tract membrane/skin
 Open lesion  SUSCEPTIBLE HOST: a person or animal
 Mechanical escape (include bite of insect) which parasite depend for its survival.
 Blood Host Factor:
MODE OF TRANSMISSION  Age, sex, genetic
 It indicate the potential of the disease,  Nutritional status, fitness, environment
conveyance of the agent to the host it can factor
be by common source transmission, contact  Presence of underlying disease
source, air-borne transmission.  Patient treated with following
FOUR MAIN ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION antimicrobials, corticosteroid radiation
A. BY CONTACT TRANSMISSION or immunosuppressive agent
o Direct contact: person to person CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
o Indirect contact: usually an inanimate  Control of communicable disease under R.A
object 3573, public health workers (PHW) to
o Droplet contact: from coughing, sneezing, report any occurrence and incidence of
or talking by an infected person communicable diseases.
B. BY VEHICLE ROUTE (through contaminated PHW’s are member of the health team who are
item) professionals namely:
o Food: salmonellosis 1. Medical officer
o Water: shigellosis, legionellosis 2. Public health nurse
3. Rural health midwife
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF INFECTIOUS
NCM INFECTIOUS
BS Nursing 3-1 | PROF. Yhenne Palad | SEM 1 2022
4. Dentist
5. Nutritionist
6. Medical technologist
7. Pharmacist
8. Rural sanitary infection
FIVE COMMUNICABLE DISEASES TO BE
REPORTED WEEKLY AND MONTHLY
1. Rabies
2. Measle
3. Polio
4. Neonatal tetanus
5. STD
TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION
1. Active immunity: antibodies produce by the
body
o Active natural: antibodies are formed in
the presence of active infection in the
body: lifelong
o Active artificial: antigens are administered
to stimulate antibody production
2. Passive immunity: antibodies are produce
by another source
o Passive natural: transferred from mother
to newborn through placenta or colostrum
o Passive artificial: immune serum (antibody)
from an animal or human is injected to a
person
IMMUNOLOGY
 is the scientific study of the body's immune
system, which is a complex network of
cells, tissues, and organs that work
together to protect the body against
pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and
parasites, as well as other foreign
substances.
 The immune system plays a critical role in
maintaining health and preventing the
development of disease, and a proper
understanding of its functions and
mechanisms is crucial for the development
of new and effective treatments for a
variety of medical conditions.
 At the heart of the immune system are
white blood cells, or leukocytes, which are
produced in the bone marrow and circulate
in the bloodstream. There are several
different types of leukocytes, each with its
own specific functions, but they all work
together to identify and neutralize foreign
invaders. Some leukocytes, such as B cells
and T cells, are responsible for producing
antibodies, which are proteins that
specifically target and neutralize pathogens.
 Others, such as natural killer cells and
phagocytes, are equipped with specialized
structures that allow them to physically
engulf and destroy invading
microorganisms.
 The immune system also relies on a series
of signalling molecules, known as cytokines,
to coordinate and regulate its responses.
Cytokines can stimulate or inhibit the
production and activity of various types of
immune cells, and they also help to
communicate between different
components of the immune system
 The immune system also has the ability to
recognize and remember pathogens that it
has encountered in the past, which allows it
to respond more quickly and effectively to
subsequent infections. This process is
known as immunological memory, and it is
the basis for the development of vaccines,
which work by exposing the body to a
harmless form of a pathogen and thus
stimulating the production of memory cells
that are capable of responding more rapidly
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF INFECTIOUS
NCM INFECTIOUS
BS Nursing 3-1 | PROF. Yhenne Palad | SEM 1 2022

if the individual is subsequently infected RABIES: is a viral zoonotic disease that

with the real pathogen. causes progressive and fatal inflammation of
 Immunity refers to the body's ability to the brain and spinal cord.
recognize and resist harmful pathogens, Main problem:
such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.  Acute viral disease of the CNS; by saliva of
There are several different types of an infected animals.
immunity that play a role in protecting the Etiologic Agent: RHABDOVIRUS
body, each with its own unique mechanisms  Bullet shape
and functions. Understanding these  Sensitive to sunlight
different types of immunity is important for  Resistant to antibiotics
developing effective treatments and Incubation period:
vaccines against infectious diseases.  2-8 weeks (up to 1-15 years)
Mode of transmission:
 Bite of the infected animals
 Man to man transmission
 Airborne transmission
Clinical Manifestation:
1. Prodromal or invasion stage
o Fever
o Anorexia
o Pain and tingling sensation at the site of
the bite
2. Excitement or neurological phase
o Hydrophobia
o Aerophobia
o Maniacal behavior
3. Terminal or paralytic phase
o Patient become unconscious
o Loss of urine and bowel control
o Progressive paralysis
o Death
Complication
 Paralysis of respiratory muscle
 Respiratory failure
 Death
Diagnosis procedures
1. Florescent rabies anti body
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE 2. Negri bodies
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF INFECTIOUS
NCM INFECTIOUS
BS Nursing 3-1 | PROF. Yhenne Palad | SEM 1 2022

Treatment modalities  3-9 weeks

1. Location treatment of wound Mode of Transmission:
o Wash immediately with soap and water  Airborne
o Emergency for further treatment  Droplet
2. Active immunization Types of tuberculosis:
o Lyssavac 1. Latent TB: in this condition you have a TB
o Imovax infection, but the bacteria remain in your
o Anti-rabies vaccine body in an inactive state cause no
3. Passive immunization symptoms.
o Head and neck bites 2. Active TB: this condition makes you sick
and can spread to other. It can occurs in
o Deep/extensive bites
the first few weeks after infection with TB
o Contamination of lips, mouth, and
BACTERIA or it might occurs years later.
conjunctiva
Manifestations (ACTIVE TB):
Nursing Management
 Coughing that last 3 or more weeks
 Isolation
 Coughing up blood
 Promote optimum comfort
 Chest pain
 Darken room and quiet environment
 Fever
 No running water
 Night sweats
 Concurrent and terminal disinfection
 Chills
Prevention and Control
 Loss of appetite
1. If dog is apparently healthy- observe the
Risk factor:
dog attitude
 HIV/AIDS
2. If the dog dies or shows signs suggestive of
 Diabetes
rabies- consult physician and bring the
 End stage kidney disease
head to laboratory
 Certain cancer
3. If the dog is not available for immunization
 Chemotherapy
– submit for immunization
 Malnutrition
4. Have domestic dogs 3 months to 1 years
 Very young or advance age
old immunized
Complication:
TUBERCULOSIS: Is a potentially serious
 Spinal pain
infectious disease that affects the lungs. The
 Joint pain
bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread
 Meningitis
from one person to another through droplet
 Liver or kidney problem
and released into the air via cough and sneeze.
Main problem:  Heart disorder
 Infection in the lungs cause by bacteria Diagnostic procedures
Etiologic Agent:  Blood test
 Bacillus mycobacterium tuberculosis  Chest x-ray
Incubation period:  Ct scan
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF INFECTIOUS
NCM INFECTIOUS
BS Nursing 3-1 | PROF. Yhenne Palad | SEM 1 2022

 Sputum test
 Sputum culture
 Interferon Gamma Release Assay or IGRA
Nursing Management:
 Adherence to a months-long treatment
regimen – RIPES
 Maintain respiratory isolation until patient
response to treatment
 Always check sputum for blood or purulent
expectoration
Nursing Intervention:
 Promoting airway clearance
 Adherence to the treatment regimen
 Promoting activity and adequate nutrition
 Preventing spreading of tuberculosis
infection
 Acid-fast bacillus isolation