HUMAN RIGHTS & CRIMINAL JUSTICE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction................................................................................................................................3

European Court of Human Rights..............................................................................................4

Purpose of ECHR...................................................................................................................4

Understanding Article 2 of the ECHR....................................................................................6

Tensions Between Human Rights Protection and State Practice...............................................7

Use of Force by State Authorities...........................................................................................8

Death Penalty..........................................................................................................................8

Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman Treatment.....................................................................9

Use of Force by Several State Agents..................................................................................10

Legal Safeguard and Human Rights Protection.......................................................................10

The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006..................................................................11

Right to Privacy and State Surveillance...............................................................................12

Human Right Perspectives.......................................................................................................12

State Perspectives.....................................................................................................................13

Robust Legal Procedures and Different Safeguards.............................................................14

Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman Treatment...................................................................14

International Oversight and Co-operation............................................................................15

Effective Investigation..........................................................................................................15

Technological Advancements and Privacy Concerns..............................................................16

Conclusion................................................................................................................................18

References................................................................................................................................19

2
Introduction

The right that is for life is an inside within article two of the “European Convention on
Human Rights which is one of the fundamental and many other human rights that serves as
the cornerstone of human dignity as well as justice. However, it is very essential to have a
delegate balance which is mainly between protecting this right and the several practices that
are performed by the state within a criminal justice contract often giving rise to different
tenses and that is for the negotiate the establishment as well as maintenance of different
robust legal President and different safeguards as well. However, the following discussion
will develop Article 2 and at the same time, it will clearly explore its implications within the
criminal justice system. Also, the following discussion is going to explore major implications
in the criminal justice system and will also we will wear that how the major tenses which are
mainly between human rights protection and several state practices have undergone the
requirements for legal measures. Tensions between human rights protection and state
practices mainly include the use of force by State authorities several penalty provisions for
torture and in human treatment use of force which are used by several state agents and it also
includes legal safeguards and Human Rights protection. Furthermore, there will be a critical
examination of the Safeguarding Vulnerable Group Act and many other acts as well. Further,
the discussion will also provide sound knowledge on the prohibition of torture and human
treatment and the role of the government of the UK to stop any kind of different ‘inhuman
treatment’ in the country.

3
European Court of Human Rights

European Court of Human Rights was mainly initially has been significantly established in
the year, 1959 and became permanent in 1998 as a judicial organ. Strasbourg Court is the
other name of this court is an international court of the Council of the continent, Europe. The
main function of this international court is to interpret the European Convention on Human
Rights. The court is located in Strasbourg, which is present at France. In 1960 the first case
lawless vs Ireland was decided in this court. Not only judgements but also advisory opinions
are issued by the court. Within the context of the Council of Europe, the convention was
adopted. For the convention, there are contracting parties from 46 member states [ 1]. The
living instrument doctrine is the primary means of judicial interpretation of this court. One of
the significant as well as most effective international Human rights court in the world is
considered to be your European Court of Human Rights by different scholars who were from
several areas. implementation of the convention is overseen by the European Court of Human
Rights in the 46 councils of European member states. The European Court of Human Rights
is considered a regional Human rights judicial body. After its establishment in 1959 about
10000 judgments have been delivered and the European Convention on human rights’ s
alleged violence was included in 1000 judgments. To hear the case and render the verdict an
individual might be petitioned but only those who believed that either someone violated they
are human rights or he or she is unable to remedies through their National legal system. For
non-renewable nine-year terms, more than 40 judges are elected along with seven-judge
chambers [2].

Purpose of ECHR

To protect people's human rights and basic freedom a treaty has been signed among all 46
Council of Europe member countries under the European Convention which is on Human
Rights (ECHR). As a safety net, the European Court of Human Rights acts. Against any of

1
Leloup, M., 2020. The concept of structural human rights in the European Convention on
Human Rights. Human Rights Law Review, 20(3), pp.480-501.

2
Helfer, L.R. and Voeten, E., 2020. Walking back human rights in Europe?. European
Journal of International Law, 31(3), pp.797-827.

4
the 46 member states Human rights complaints can be made to the court in Strasbourg [ 3].
Here every possible chance can be made to appeal to them on a national level. Justice to the
individual has been provided by the European court if it is found that the applicant's human
rights have been violated. thus, the court can ensure that this type of incident will not happen
again. National authorities in response to the judgement from the court took the action that
the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers supervised [4].
Using different ways, within the countries this process protects European convention.
Ensuring that the state not only respects the rights but also guarantees and also effectively set
out in the convention is the main task of the “European Court of Human Rights”. This purity
is given by examining individuals' complaints against their violation of rights. The right to
life is protected by this convention as well and freedom of thought and expression is also
ensured to keep safe and these are a few important aims of this international court. the court
not only ensures the rights of an individual but also works as a safeguard as torture, death
penalty, discrimination, and slavery are prohibited by the European Court of Human Rights
[5].
The right which is associated to respect for private as well as family life, the right to life,
freedom of expression, the right to a fair hearing, freedom of thought, religious freedoms, and
property protection right, all are ensured protected by the European Court of Human Rights
as all these are its main purposes. The parties to the convention and its protocol undertook the
observation of engagement that is insured by the “European Court of Human Rights” as it is
its principal function [6]. According to Article 1 to respect every individual's Human right as

3
Spano, R., 2021. The rule of law as the lodestar of the European Convention on Human
Rights: The Strasbourg Court and the independence of the judiciary. European Law
Journal, 27(1-3), pp.211-227.

4
Ramos, J.R., 2021. The Right to Life of Migrants and Refugees under Article 2 ECHR:
Outside, Inside and Along the Way. In Aliens before the European Court of Human
Rights (pp. 16-45). Brill Nijhoff.

5
Ulfstein, G., 2020. Interpretation of the ECHR in light of the Vienna Convention on the
Law of Treaties. The international journal of human rights, 24(7), pp.917-934.

6
Davio, V. and Muir, E., 2023. Introduction. The ECHR in the ECJ’s Case-law Post-Charter:
A Dual Perspective. European Papers-A Journal on Law and Integration, 2023(1), pp.317-
322.
5
set out in the convention itself is the responsibility of the state where on the other hand
articles say that we should not be killed by anyone as we all have the right to live. Nobody
should have torture or abuse in any circumstances comes under article 3 and if noticed in
articles 4 and 5 it is evident that slavery is prohibited and liberty is protected in this. ‘No
punishment without law’ in Article 7. All these articles clarify the purposes, goals or aims of
the European Court of several areas including Human Rights. Apart from this, there are many
protocols to solve the many other issues regarding education, election or property [7].

Understanding Article 2 of the ECHR

Article two of the ECHR clearly states that each person in the country has the right to life and
it needs to be protected by the law. At the same time, this article is also emphasizing that this
is one of the fundamental rights of individuals. Article two of the ECHR also emphasises
that these fundamental rights impose both negative as well as positive obligations within
different states in the country [ 8]. It has been seen that both negative as well as positive
publications have few major impacts as the negative publications are clearly prohibiting
States from arbitrarily taking the life of an individual. It has also been seen a positive
obligation requires them to effectively take accurate and necessary steps to save the lives of
the paper which mainly includes an effective investigation of several lawful deaths [ 9].
Article Two of the “European Convention on Human Rights” clearly states that each person
within the country has the right to life. While article two of protocol number 4 which is to the
convention is freedom of movement. this protocol further explains that each person lawfully
within the territory of a state is required to have the right of Liberty of movement as well as
freedom and need to have the right to select their residence. at the same time, this protocol
also highlights the power that the people have so that everyone shell is free to leave their

7
Dopplinger, L., 2021. Legal Persons as Bearers of Rights Under the ECHR. University of
Vienna Law Review, 5(1), pp.1-46.

8
Medvedeva, M., Vols, M. and Wieling, M., 2020. Using machine learning to predict
decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 28,
pp.237-266.

9
Yeung, K., Howes, A. and Pogrebna, G., 2020. AI Governance by Human Rights–Centered
Design, Deliberation, and Oversight. The Oxford handbook of ethics of AI, pp.77-106.

6
country even their own as well. The main points of the European Convention of Human
Rights mainly indicate that each individual has the right to responsibility and has the right to
write what are they thinking and to give and receive information from others as well [ 10].
However, there are few major tenses that are required considering these aspects of the right to
life and the obligations of a state which is under Article to of the European Convention on
Human Rights.

Tensions Between Human Rights Protection and State Practice

The tensions which are mainly between human rights mainly indicate the idea of concept that
most of the people which is regardless of several aspects including several aspects such as
nationality, religion, gender, caste or any other factor are required to be granted certain
protections as well as “state sovereignty”. The idea clearly states that the “nation-state” has
the authority as well as independence are very great and need to be fully resolved as well.
Key tensions between human rights as well as a state of unity mainly include the specifc
areas and also a very absolute nature of Human Rights which is particularly laid out within
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the Year 1948 [ 11]. Along with that it has been
also seen in Article 30 that it is a binding states document which is the previous articles and it
is also not to influence several ratifying states. There is an interconnection between human
rights and the states and it has been seen that human rights issues are effectively linked to the
modern state. There are a few major tensions between human rights and state practice which
may include the use of force through state authorities. This penalty provision of torture and
any type of human treatment and many others as well [12].

10
Rainey, B., McCormick, P. and Ovey, C., 2021. Jacobs, white, and Ovey: The European
convention on human rights. Oxford University Press, USA.

11
Spadaro, A., 2020. COVID-19: Testing the limits of human rights. European Journal of
Risk Regulation, 11(2), pp.317-325.

12
Sánchez-Monedero, J., Dencik, L. and Edwards, L., 2020, January. What does it mean
to'solve'the problem of discrimination in hiring? Social, technical and legal perspectives from
the UK on automated hiring systems. In Proceedings of the 2020 conference on fairness,
accountability, and transparency (pp. 458-468).

7
Use of Force by State Authorities

States have few major authorities and the state can use force in several areas as well. There
were almost 608,164 incidents that have been effectively recorded. In these accident cases, it
has been seen that the police officer has significantly reported the effective 'use of force' on
an individual in the country, England as well as Wales within the year which was ending on
31 March in the year, 2022. This compares with around 562,277 in the year ending 31 March
2021, it is also a great increase of 45,887 which is approximately 8% [ 13]. Along with that, it
has also been recognised that "a person may effectively use such force as is almost reasonable
within these areas or this type of circumstances in the prevention of crime. At the same time,
it is also effecting or can also assist in the lawful arrest of a number of offenders or many
suspected offenders or of different persons unlawfully at large." Another significant area is
also identified by Common Law, which states that if no more force has been used then is very
reasonable to clearly repel the attack, and this type of force or any such force is not very
unlawful. When an honestly held has been belief that one or another, is within imminent
danger, then one may also be required to use such force as is reasonable as well as also
require to avert that danger [14].

Death Penalty

The Human Rights Act has significantly and also startingly end the penalty of death within
the UK. This also clearly states that a public official, which mainly includes the police or any
courts, cannot directly and in systematic ways execute any person or can also sentence them
to death which is as punishment for any act done by them. Another major area has been seen
associated with the death penalty is that the death penalty is mainly illegal in the UK and at
the same time it is also highlighted that nobody has been executed here for nearly 60 years
[15]. However, one thing that has come into existence is that Tory MP Lee Anderson directly
spoke out which is in support of the death penalty earlier this year, in an interview. This has
13
Ali, S.S., 2021. Gender and human rights in Islam and international law: equal before
Allah, unequal before man?. In Gender and Human Rights in Islam and International Law.
Brill.

14
Gallon, G., 2022. NGO Strategy for Oversight of Human Rights in a Constitutional
Regime: The Colombian Case before the Commission on Human Rights. In The Protection
Roles of Human Rights NGOs (pp. 270-282). Brill Nijhoff.

8
been given several days which is before he has been appointed deputy chair of the
Conservative Party. The last execution in the UK was on 13 August in the year 1964, where
two men, had been effectively convicted just a few weeks earlier of murder, and they were
also led to the gallows at separate prisons within Manchester and the other place is Liverpool.
No one who had been involved knew it at the time, however, both of them who were Gwynne
Evans and Peter Allen were the last executions which was happened before the punishment
which was capital and was also abolished in Britain [16].

Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman Treatment

There are a number of strategies used by the government of the country in order to reduce
torture and abolish any kind of inhuman treatment. In particular, no person, no one shall be
subjected without his free consent to medical or any type of experimentation associated with
science. More specifically, the country in the UK has also signed and ratified the UN
Convention which is against torture and many other Cruel and Inhuman, or many other areas
which is including Degrading Treatment or Punishments. Along with that, it has also been
seen that this entered into force on 26th June in the year, 1987 [17]. The policy of the British
Government is clear where it has been stated that they do not participate within several areas
such as solicit, and are also not encourage or condone the major use of any type of torture or
any kind of mistreatment for any purpose as well. At the same time, they also take all
allegations or any type of concerns of torture and mistreatment very seriously and will make
strategies to effectively follow up with several actions, as appropriate. Although, on the other
hand, the common law has been significantly prohibiting torture. While, the Privy Council
has been continued to issue several torture warrants until Felton's case in the year, 1628 and it
was not also until the Long Parliament in the year, 1640 that the practice was abolished

15
Ford, L. and Parkinson, N., 2021. Legislating Liberty: Liberated Africans and the Abolition
Act, 1806–1824. Slavery & Abolition, 42(4), pp.827-846.

16
Scriven, T., 2022. Slavery and abolition in Chartist thought and culture, 1838–1850. The
Historical Journal, 65(5), pp.1262-1284.

17
Carpenter, M., 2020. Intersex human rights, sexual orientation, gender identity, sex
characteristics and the Yogyakarta Principles plus 10. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 23(4),
pp.516-532.

9
formally. In Scotland, torture was also significantly prohibited by section 5 Treason Act of
the year, 1708 [18].

Use of Force by Several State Agents

Another significant area of the tension is mainly the use of several forces which are used by
the different state agents which may include several law enforcements officers. This also
includes several cases of police short shootings and it also includes many other instances
where the force has resulted in the loss of life these are directly raising a number of questions
which is about the proportionality and the requirement of these actions. The primary legal
sources include the case law which is from the “European Court of Human Rights and the
national courts” [19]. This area can lie in the interpretation of article two which concerns the
use of force by state agents. This tension within this area has been greatly demanding
rigorous legal procedures. At the same time, it is also demanding accountability mechanisms
that are key sources to prevent arbitrary and any type of excessive usage of force by any type
of state agents and many other people as well.

Legal Safeguard and Human Rights Protection

Protection of human rights is found to be one of the key strategies for any country which
allows the country to effectively make society good by encouraging each person to perform
well in society. Human Rights have significantly served as a moral and it is also serving legal
compass that directly provides a great foundation. This is further helpful for an equitable
society within the country. These rights are significant and are also very helpful in
systematically establishing the several fairness principles of non-discrimination. On the other
hand, it is also effective and useful in establishing respect for each person within the society.
These principles have been significantly established for any type of person who belongs to
several cases, different races, any gender, numerous religions, or also any other nationality or

18
McAdam, J., 2020. Protecting people displaced by the impacts of climate change: The UN
human rights committee and the principle of non-refoulement. American Journal of
International Law, 114(4), pp.708-725.

19
Bennoune, K., 2020. “Lest we should sleep”: COVID-19 and human rights. American
Journal of International Law, 114(4), pp.666-676.

10
any type of other characteristic as well. The Human Rights Act” of the year, 1998 has
significantly protected human rights in Britain. It has also been seen that Anyone within the
country who is also for any reason has been greatly protected by the Human Rights Act
which is regardless of citizenship or it may also be regardless of any emigration status [20].
However, the above discussion shows that the tenses between human rights protections which
is mainly particularly related to the right to life and several practices performed by the State
within the criminal justice context are required continuously for robust several legal
procedures as well as different safeguards. However, these primary as well as legal resources
help in clearly gaining an understanding of these tensions which are associated with the
country and also undergoes the significance of holding a number of fundamental rights even
these are challenging as well even in the circumstances which are also very challenging.

The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006

“The Safeguarding Vulnerable Group Act 2006” or the Act 2006 act has significantly come
into force on the 8th of November in the year 2006. At the same time, it is also seen that this
is also very applicable in both England and also applicable in Wales. This act of the year,
2006 has significantly provided an effective system for mainly employers that allows them to
effectively check the suitability of employees. It also allows them to check the suitability of
volunteers to work with children or work with vulnerable adults as well. This act is one of the
key pieces of legislation mainly for the business when they are making in tension in equating
several new staff members and any volunteer with the organisation [ 21]. This was mainly
passed to help avoid businesses liquid people who are not suitable to work with the children.
The safeguarding law in the UK is the Safeguarding Vulnerable Group Act 2006 and also the
Protection of Freedom bills. these acts aim to avoid any harm or risk of harm as well which
is mainly through preventing many people who are not suitable to work with the children or
any adult.

20
Rodrigues, R., 2020. Legal and human rights issues of AI: Gaps, challenges and
vulnerabilities. Journal of Responsible Technology, 4, p.100005.

21
Gaer, F., 2020. The Committee Against Torture: implementing the prohibition against
torture. Research Handbook on Torture, pp.128-153.

11
Right to Privacy and State Surveillance

The surveillance of the country, UK has effective powers to systematically intercept foreign
communications are effective in set out primarily mainly within the Regulation of
Investigatory Powers Act of the year, 2000 (RIPA), has been seen that it is soon to be
replaced by the “Investigatory Powers Act 2016Bill”. It has been identified that the
government considered that whatever has been overtime surveillance within public places is
in pursuit of a legitimate aim or goal. At the same time, it is also meeting a pressing need that
is mainly due to this is very essential to characterise surveillance through consent and this
type of consent within the community part required to be informed consent and also not
assumed by any system operator as well [22].

Human Right Perspectives

The major right to privacy is one of the fundamental human rights enshrined in several
international as well as national legal instruments. At the same time, individuals have also the
right to stay free from any type of unvented intrusion within their private lives. The UK has
also reached a history of protection of Human Rights which is found both through domestic
legislation as well as international commitments. There are few major laws as well as acts
that effectively reflect the Human Rights perspective in the UK.
Magna Carta (1215): There are a number of acts that have been associated with the Human
Rights perspective in the UK. Among these acts and losses, one of the major well-known
acts is the Magna Carta which is mainly considered a Foundation document that is associated
with legal principles. It also includes the major theme and the idea that the monarch is
subject to the law as well [23].
Slavery Abolition Act (1833): There are a number of principles of human rights among
which this act has been considered. The slavery abolition act has been come into act in the
year 1833 which emphasised the abolition of slavery which is in most of the British Empire.

22
Joarder, B., 2022. Comprehensive Prohibition of Torture: Challenges and Loosening of a
Taboo. In Human Rights and International Criminal Law (pp. 164-192). Brill Nijhoff.

23
Vogiatzis, N., 2022. Interpreting the right to interpretation under Article 6 (3)(e) ECHR: A
cautious evolution in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights?. Human
Rights Law Review, 22(1), p.ngab027.

12
Through the assistance of this act, it becomes easy to effectively the principle of fundamental
human rights and all persons are born free as well [24].
Bill of Rights (1698): Apart from the Magna Carta Act and the slavery abolition Act, another
significant act is including the Bill of Rights which came into act in the year 1689. This is a
well-known act and it establishes the Supremacy of the Parliament and this right also includes
provisions for the freedom of speech within the parliament. At the same time, this is also
emphasizing the pro hen of any type of cruel and unusual punishment to any individual.
Habeas Corpus Act (1679): The Habeas Corpus Act was introduced in the year 1679 and
was mainly formed to protect the right of individuals to personal liberty. This act is very
helpful for individuals that assist each of them to protect their right to personal liberty and it
is done through prohibiting and it type of unlawful as well as any arbitrary detention.

State Perspectives

The legal Framework within the UK has been operating in both National as well as revolved
levels. along with that, it has been seen that the UK has been mainly comprised of four
constituent countries and these are including England Scotland Wales as well as Northern
Islands. Each of these countries has its own legal system and has also certain powers for their
different respective legislatures. A few major examples of laws within the UK from mainly
include the Human Rights Act of year 1998, the terrorism act of 2000 data Protection Act of
The Year 2018 and many others.
Human Rights Act (1998): One of the significant acts is the “Human Rights Act” of the year
1998 it has been seen that this act clearly operates the ‘European convention’ mainly on
human rights within the law of the UK. this act is very significant as it allows individuals to
effectively enforce their personal Human Rights even within domestic courts. this act
provides rights to each one to fight for themselves even in the domestic quotes [25].
Terrorism Act (2000): and other significant and tell including the terrorism act which was
established in the year, 2000. This act is also very significant This act provides a very well-
24
Lock, T., 2020. The Future of EU Human Rights Law: Is Accession to the ECHR Still
Desirable?. J. Int'l & Comp. L., 7, p.427.

25
Wolfe, S., Rojek, J., McLean, K. and Alpert, G., 2020. Social interaction training to reduce
police use of force. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, 687(1), pp.124-145.

13
structured legal Framework for effectively dealing with several issues that are associated with
terrorism. Along with that, this act also includes the right definition of terrorism offences and
clearly explains the powers of the police and their responsibilities towards the people as well.
Data Protection Act (2018): “The Data Protection Act’ is also very significant and it is
effectively alive with the general data protection regulation of the EU. This act is very helpful
because it effectively governs the process as well as the safety or the protection of various
personal data.

Robust Legal Procedures and Different Safeguards

The UK has a robust legal system which has also several procedures and safeguards that have
been well established within the country. the aim of these well-established procedures as
well as saved Guards is to effectively ensure justice and also helpful in protecting individual
rights. Along with that the procedures and different safeguards that have been established in
the UK laws and rules are also helpful in effectively maintaining the rule of law. A few
major aspects of procedures and different safeguards mainly include the forbidden areas of
torture and inhuman treatment while another aspect and cooperation and effective
investigation are also included in the safeguards and different procedures which makes the
laws stronger [26].

Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman Treatment

The Human Rights Act of 1998 has been very significant in the country of the UK this act is
clearing corporating the prohibition of torture and any kind of inhumane treatment within the
law of the UK. This act is very helpful for the people as it allows them to stay confident in
the country and this case such as the death of Gareth Myatt is been undergoing the
significance of preventing a number of different actions which may violate the right to life
[27]. However, this act emphasises that each person is required to be treated equally and there
26
Pardo, L., Acosta, G., Diaz, G., Serrano Bentancour, A., Crissiuma Palhares, L., Renha Jr,
G., Sodre Grund, M. and Mello, L., 30 years of ABACC: the role of state authorities in
supporting its activities.

27
Dovletmurzaeva, M.A., Israilov, M.V. and Chazhaev, M.I., 2021, December. Institutional
legal mechanism of interaction of local self-government bodies and state authorities. In AIP
Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2442, No. 1). AIP Publishing.

14
should not be any type of torture to the paper or any human treatment within the country.
This act is very essential that help to know the significance of preventing different actions
that are causing negative impacts on the lives of the people.

International Oversight and Co-operation

The engagement of the UK with ‘international human rights’ bodies like the European Court
of Human Rights has greatly ensured external oversight. At the same time, it is also
identified that the International Criminal Court of the Year 2001 is one of the key testaments
to the commitment of the UK that is mainly to International Corporations which is effective
in upholding Human Rights as well. Few major areas have seen that international oversight
and corporations have been playing a crucial role. These major areas mainly include security
and defence trade and economics, Public Health Human Rights, cyber security, migration and
refugee issues as well as environmental protection. However International oversight as well
as corporations are very critical that are helpful and very effective in clearly addressing
several global challenges. At the same time, these are also helpful in effectively steering
pieces as well as security. Along with that International oversight and corporations also play
a critical role in effectively addressing several challenges which are also helpful in promoting
sustainable development. However, it has also been effective collaboration is also required in
the countries to effectively work together. It is also required to share the necessary
information and another significant thing which is needed to ensure is too other to several
common agreements as well as many standards [28].

Effective Investigation

There are a number of laws and regulations that have been associated with robust legal
procedures and safeguards among which one of the significant areas which need to be
discussed is effective investigations. The Coroners and Justice Act of the year 2009 has been
significant and this act is enhancing the investigative powers of several areas and corners as
well, emphasizing the significance of several impartial investigations into deaths [ 29].
28
Fraillon, J., Ainley, J., Schulz, W., Friedman, T. and Duckworth, D., 2020. Preparing for
life in a digital world: IEA international computer and information literacy study 2018
international report (p. 297). Springer Nature.

29
Malik, P., Patel, K., Pinto, C., Jaiswal, R., Tirupathi, R., Pillai, S. and Patel, U., 2022. Post‐
acute COVID‐19 syndrome (PCS) and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL)—A systematic
15
However, it has been cases such as Mark Duggan the key source that directly highlights the
requirement or the need for continual improvement within the process of investigation. This
has to find out the right cause behind any case and an investigation is required. This act is one
of the key sources that help to know why continuous improvement within the investigated
process is required to gain a better idea about any cases. And it has been significant that it is
very essential to have the proper Strategies for investigations to get the right outcomes.
Hence it became essential to have several investigation processes that will help to know that
what are the major reasons behind any cases and the proper solution as well. To all these
reasons is to become very essential to have significant strategies that will help to deal with
the different cases and help to know what are the different reasons behind any cases and how
to get the right solution for this case as well.

Technological Advancements and Privacy Concerns

A digitally rich and technology-driven world is the place of living for people today. Every
hour in the public domain a large amount of data gets generated. Personal data is also
included in this. A lot of personal data is contained by many applications such as social
media, E-Commerce smartphone apps and so on. So, if by any chance privacy is leaked then
individual privacy can be harmed.
In recent days significant progress in 5G technology has been made by the UK to develop the
speed of the internet, and connectivity is also strengthened for businesses and individuals.
The Government of the UK also try to find the best solutions and advanced technology for
health, finance and manufacturing sectors, involved in AI research and development
gathering a lot of companies. To protect critical personal data and privacy the country UK are
introducing cyber security technology as digital threats are increasing continuously. The
country is also focusing on the privacy of life by introducing solar and wind technologies
along with sustainable energy resources. In the sector of healthcare agriculture and
environmental sustainability, the country has advanced biotechnology [30].

review and meta‐analysis. Journal of medical virology, 94(1), pp.253-262.

30
Ding, D., del Pozo Cruz, B., Green, M.A. and Bauman, A.E., 2020. Is the COVID-19
lockdown nudging people to be more active: a big data analysis. British journal of sports
medicine.

16
The UK has its privacy concerns too so surveillance technology can be seen there,
surveillance cameras, social recognition and other monitoring tools. This advanced
technology creates a concern for high-level privacy and mass surveillance.
However, it has been identified that technology has been emerging day by day and it has
connected with the concern of privacy. At the same time, technological advancement is also
associated with the daily living of human beings and is affecting various aspects of the
individuals within the world. Hence it becomes very essential to have the proper knowledge
of how technological advancement is clearly and directly affecting privacy concerns. There
are a few major laws and acts that have been made in the UK that will help in protecting the
data and help in securing the information of individuals. Complaints against human rights
violence can be filled by an individual.

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Conclusion

The above discussion has identified the major tenses which are mainly between Human
Rights protection and the several state practices even within the criminal justice context. the
above discussion clearly highlights the right to life which has been stated in Article 2 of
ECHR. Further, the above discussion has also highlighted the significance of continuous
commitment to robust legal procedures and also the necessary set of safeguards.
Additionally, that discussion has also highlighted great balance which is required mainly
between state responsibilities as well as individual rights and has highlighted that it is
required to have effective communication. Further, it has also discussed that effective
protection for fundamental human rights is required in order to build a good society in the
country. The question has also mentioned a number of acts and losses which are imposed by
the government of the country. A few major laws and acts have been discussed in the above
discussion mainly including the” Human Rights Act of the Year 1998” Bill of Rights of the
Year 1698. along with that that discussion has also provided sound knowledge on the
safeguarding for the Never Group Act of the Year 2006 and highlighted the significance of
legal safeguarding and the protection or the safety of Human Rights as well. Also, the above
discussion has mentioned few strategies have been made for the prohibition of torture as well
as any type of in-human treatment that is required to build a good environment.

18
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