Cosmopolitan Pokistan Study Contextual Study pf Pakistan CONTEXTUAL STUDY OF AKISTAN South Asia basically consists of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, it is most like a peninsula due to the fact that one side is covered by Arabian sea with Pakistani shores, and the Indian ocean that is spread all over from Gujrat to Calcutta up to gulf of Bengal. 7 *0 kraine Kazakhstan L nay ais Mongolia $ € Georgia ‘Gxppien Sea Bana,” i eh J \gex Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan “wf ions ., — Tayhistan in: 3 Alghanistary Iran Kuwait’ Persian cut Pakistan \, Saudi “Bya Arabia e a dag Oman Arablan Enkeat Yemen.” Sea © opal “Gillofacen . "Somalia Fig (1) Map of Asi:Contextual Study of Pakistan . Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study South Asia historically, always had been centred of ancient civilizations like gandhara, Harrapa.. Moenjodarro civilizations. Some of the detail is given below to study briefly about the history of subcontinent. Q: Pakistan has been cradled of great civilizations. Indus Valley Civilization One of the world’s oldest and greatest civilizations emerged between 3000 and 2500 BC in the valley of the Indus: River. Sites and remains of this Indus valley Civilization at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (both in present-day Pakistan) have been extensively excavated. Harappa is a city in Punjab, southeast Pakistan, located beside a former course of the Ravi River, about 35km southwest of Sahiwal. The modem town is built beside the remains of an ancient fortified city, which was part of the Indus Valley Civilizations. The city existed from about 3300 BC until 1600 BC. Mohenjo-daro (literally, “mound of the dead”), like Harappa, was a city of the Indus Valley civilization. It is somewhat better preserved than Harappa. and therefore a more informative source on its parent civilization. It was probably built between four and five thousand years ago and was abandoned around 1700 BC, probably due to a change of course of the river which supported the civilization. It was rediscovered in the 1920s by archaeologist. . Mohenjo-daro is a remarkable construction, considering its antiquity. It has a planned layout based on a gtid of streets, with structures constracted of bricks of baked mud, sun dried bricks and burned wood. At its height the city probably had around 35,000-40,000 residents. It had an advanced drainage system, a variety of buildings up to two stories high, and an elaborate bath area. The bath area was very well built and had a layer of natural tar, to keep it from leaking. Being an agricultural city, it also featured a large well, granary, and central marketplace. Perhaps most unexpected, it even had a building with an underground furnace (hypocaust), possibly for heated bathing. The city was: successively destroyed and rebuilt at least seven times. Each time. the new cities were built directly on top of the old ones. Flooding by the Indus is thought to have been the cause of destruction. Other sites have been discovered in India near Simla and Bikaner, Kathtawar Peninsula and the coast of the Gujarat region. The indus, or Harappa, civilization, one-of the most advanced of ancient times, ‘wasCosmopolitan Pakistan Study Contextual Study of Pakistan similar in many ways to contemporary cultures in ancient Babylon which j in Iraq these days. Harappans lived in towns with two- and three- story brick houses, and well-aid-out streets and drainage systems; they used to employ tools of copper, bronze, and stone and used to wear cloths of cotton. sophisticated pottery and other kinds of cooking and serving utensils. Harappa script, which appears on innumerable seals and art works, has not yet been deciphered. Aryan Culture Harappa culture remained with full potential growth until about J500 BC, when the Indus Valley was invaded by Aryans from the Iranian side. Aryans spoke an archaic form of Sanskrit and lefi no remains of cities. burials, arts, orCrafis. What is known about the Aryans has been passed down through religious texts.“the Vedas". Originally transmitted orally, the Vedas describe a highly ritualistic worship with a rich mythology, and.an elaborate fire sacrifice. They also mention the system of classes from which the Caste system took its shape in present Indian Society. The loud classes were the Brahmans (priests), the Aditya (political rulers or warriors). Vaishya (traders and cultivators) and Shudra (the attisans). The Vedas and the caste system remain central to the Indian socio-religious system, Hinduism. Thus, the Aryans gave to India many of its basic institutions and cultural habits. Aryans were warlike people who rode on horseback, pushed southward many of the -northern India’s darker-skinned and shorter inhabitant “The Dravidians”. Aryans viewed themselves as racially and culturally superior and despised the Dravidians. In the north, the area of Aryan dominance. Dravidians. performed many of the unpleasant but necessary tasks in the segmented society that was developing under Aryan influence. s Over the centuries, pre-Aryan and Aryan cultures gradually fused in northern India as the Aryans expanded slowly castward into the Gangetic plain, where the second of ancient India's. great urban civilizations developed such as Palaliputra (near modern Patna), Kasi (modern Varanasi), and Ajodhya rose in importance, In the Bihar region in the 6th century BC a wealthy merchant class (largely Vaishyas) began to support speculation challenging orthodox beliefs. For example, that era's Upanishads (scriptural texts that were part of the Vedas but attempted to goContextual Study of Pakistan Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study beyond them) began to challenge the traditional authority of the Brahmans, In the northeast, where Aryan influence was relatively weak, the religious system, Known as Jainism and Buddhism were founded around 500. Both were widely supported by the merchant and land-owning aristocracies of eastern India and both can be viewed in part as revolts against Brahmanism, Maurya and Gupta Periods In 326 BC, Alexander the Great, with his Macedonian army, invaded the Indus Valley. The subcontinent was still politically fragmented, and no Indian ruler was able to assemble an infantry force powerful enough to stop Alexander's armies. It was, rather, the vastness of the subcontinent and the discontent of his troops that convinced the Macedonian king to retreat. In 321BC, shortly . after Alexander's invasion, the great king CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA (founder of the MAURYA dynasty) established India’s first large empire, centered at Pataliputra. His grandson ASOKA ruled an, empire that extended to the south of central India's. Dekan area and west into Baluchistan and modern Afghanistan and in the east. it included the state of Kalinga, which he had conquered. Asoka,also. attempted to. create a state religion incorporating Buddhism and other faiths as well as Hinduism. A convert to Buddhism, he sent Buddhist missionaries abroad and is, credited with elevating Buddhism to a world religion (although eventually it wanted as a separate belief system within India). Soon after Asoka's death (232 BC) his empire was reduced to the state of Magadha, although the dynasty survived until 185 BC. Under the Mauryas and succeeding dynasties, for.a period of about 800 years, India evolved a civilization that still remains fairly intact. The institution of casté was solidly implanted and Hindu philosophy and legal codes were developed. The era of the GUPTA dynasty (AD c.320- ¢.540) is generally considered to be ancient India’s classicperiod. Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, dance, and music flourished. Despite classical standards, however many variations also came into being, primarily because of the numerous invasions of India by peoples from centralAsia, but also because of the assimilation of elements of indigenous movements such as Buddhism After the brilliance of the Gupta dynasty, India entered its medieval period, becoming divided politically into a number of small kingdoms. sin replaced scholarship, religion became highly ritualistic, and 4Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Contextual Study of Pakistan the arts generally turned from creativity to commentary and dialectic. This period, which was characterized by many invasions and large-scale migrations from the northwest, was one of relative isolation from the more advanced- civilizations of the Arabs and Chinese. It continued until the founding of the Mogul Empire in the 16th century. Among the smaller states that appeared in India in the confusion of the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries were the military aristocracies of the RAJPUTS in Northern and central India. Racially, culturally, and linguistically distinct Dravidian kingdoms also flourished in‘southern India, where they are known to have existed from at least the Ist century BC. Most prominent were the kingdom of the Andhras, located in the areas around present-day Hyderabad, and the Tamil states of the Pandyas at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula; the Cholas, in the region that is now Madras; and the Cheras, who controlled the southwestern coast; From these local kingdoms many Indian ideas and praetices spread to Indonesia and other parts of Southeast Asia. ‘The Pallava dynasty, which sponsored limited colonization throughout the area and played a dominant role in southeast India from the 6th to the 8th century, although of uncertain genealogy, was most likely Brahman and northern Indian inorigin. Through the Palluvas, who were patrons of the arts, elements of Indo-Aryan Sanskritic culture were widely introduced into southern India. Despite the fundamental unity of Indian ‘civilization, political diversity was the rule during the medieval period. Units of government were of all sizes and types. Boundaries were constantly in flux, with kings and mahiarajas usually unwilling to band together even in federal arrangements. Small personal kingdoms were frequently overturned, and newly victorious rajas were able to make quick deals with village kin leaders. A tradition of relative autonomy for villagesgoverned largely through kinship groups and paying tribute to rulers of regional kingdomshelped preserve much of the stability: that might otherwise have been lost in the confusion of changing boundaries and sovereigns. Cultural unity was encouraged by shrines and pilgrimage sites throughout the subcontinent, by a great body of Sanskrit oral tradition and myth, and by cooperation between Brahman religious and political leaders. The ability of Hinduism to accommodate new peoples and ideas without conceding anything fundamental to them also helped to promote civilizational continuity.Contextual Study of Pakistan Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Q: How Muslim influenced sub-continent? MUSLIM INFLUENCE IN SUBCONTINENT Islam first entered the Indian subcontinent in AD 712 when a young Arabian general, Muhammad bin Qasim, fought his nto the Indus © Valley. The state of Sind was added to'the Arab caliphate and its people converted to Islam, but it did not serve as the springboard for a Muslim advance deeper into India. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Arab traders began to convert mariy Hindus in port cities along the southwest coast. Cultural influences were transmitted in both directions. Baghdad scholars were especially impressed by Indian mathematics, astronomy, and other natural sciences. The chief Muslim conquerors of India were not Arabs, however, but central Asian converts to Islam (Turks, Afghans, Persians, and Mongols) who began to enter the subcontinent around 1000. From Ghazni a center of Persian culture controlled by Turkish tribes in the area that is now Atghanistan, MAHMUD GHAZNI led (998-1030) a series of raids into the Punjab region. Mahmud's tactics secured for the Muslims a gateway into the Indian subcontinent. The Muslims eventually converted many low-caste Hindus and Buddhists (particularly in Bengal and other eastern areas) as they pushed across India. Many converts hoped that they would become part of a more egalitarian society and gain the protection of the powerful armies of the invaders The first Muslim empire based in India was established in Delhi in 1206 by Qutb-ud-Din Aybak (1210). This Delhi Sultanate, a constantly expanding and contracting empire, was ruled by a line of 34 succeeding sultans. The history of the sultanate was filled with bloodshed, tyranny and treachery: it was divided among five dynasties (the "Slave" kings, the Khaljis, the Tughlugs, the Sayyids, and the Lodis). During the Tughlug dynasty, TIMUR, the great conqueror from Samarkand, desolated (1398- 99) the entire sultanate. Under the Lodi kingdom, which endured until ~ 1526, the Delhi Sultanate stretched from the Punjab in the west to the Bihar region in the cast. ‘The first ruler of the Mughal dynasty was BABUR, who claimed the subcontinent as his right of inheritance because of the conquest of Delhi by his ancestor ‘Timur. Babur (1526-30) was a highly cultured man from central Asia who disliked 1 nuy faces of Indian life but nonetheless’ established the most gl “ious empire in India's history. Babur's son 6Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Contextual Studv of Pakistan er Humayun reigned from 1530 to 1540 and again in 1555-56 despite the challenge mounted by the Afghan Sher Shah Sori, who ruled north India for five years. Untill707.a series of able emperors expanded and added to the glory of the Mughals, each in his own way. AKBAR (1556- 1605), who built the administrative machinery that forms the basis for many present- + day practices in India. A tolerant man, Akbar abolished much taxes on Hindus and did -offreal all of work to combine Hindu and Muslims in regards to architecture, art, literature, and music. Akbar's son and successor, Jahangir, who reveled in luxurious living, as did Jahangir's son Shah Jahan. Best known for his great building program, which culminated in the TAJ MAHAL, Shah Jahan was also instrumental in extending the Mughal Empire to the Dekan Plateau. Both Shah Jahan and his son and successor Aurangzeb did most of Islamic reforms in their reign that was pretty much undone by Babur to Jahangir era. After the death (1707) of Aurangzeb, the Mogul Empire disintegrated quickly, although ineiecuve rulers remained on the throne at Delhi until 1858. Mughal. Emperors untortunately did not pay much attention towards education or any new innovative effortsas done during past centuries-by central Asian Muslim rulers and Baghdad caliphate periods. Due tosubcontinentcould not achieve the necessary progress goals while in the same time, Europe was progressing day by day due to innovative revolution during 1500 era. EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN SUBCONTINENT Extensive European contact with India began in 1498 when Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese navigator, landed ‘with three small ships at Calicut, on the southwest coast. Both the Portuguese and the Dutch attempted to colonize India during the 16th century, but neither proved strong enough to maintain the naval presence necessary to rival the British and French. The Portuguese, who were further handicapped by their heavy-handed policy of trying to convert Indians to Christianity by force, ended up with only a few small outposts in India, the most prominent of these being GOA on the western coast. The more tolerant Dutch concentrated on building a trading monopoly, through their Dutch East India Company. By the mid-17th century, however, they had turned their attention almost exclusively toward Indonesia. The British empire in India was established by a private trading firm, the East India Company (founded 1600), which governed with the consentContextual Study of Pakistan Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study ciament until 1858. The company bought.a strip of sandy beach at Madras in 1639, acquired a lease to the port of Bombay from King Charles II in 1668, and in 1690 secured from the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb permission to build a settlement on a muddy flatland that eventually became Calcutta. Company built a fort, known as a factory, from which the British conducted their trading activities. The French got off to a slow start in their attempt to build a trading empire in India. The government-run French East India Company (established in 1664) never succeeded in fostering a trade volume comparable to that of the British. In’ the 18th century both Britain and France thought to protect their trading interests by allying with native princes to fill the growing power vacuums created as the Mogul Empire disintegrated. f As part of the War of the Austrian Succession, the two European powers came into conflict in India in 1746, when the French, under the aggressive leadership of Joseph Francois. Dupleix, seized Madras. However, in 1761, during the Seven years’ war, the French surrendered their territory of Pondicherry to the British, and after the 1763 peace treaty the French retained only a few trading centers in India. The British were able to defeat the French largely because the British East India Company had a better navy, greater flexibility, arid more reliable funding than the French East India Company. The: hero of Britain's battles against the French, Robert Clive, was a military ‘adventurer’ who had started as a teenage clerk with the East India Company in the 1740s. Clive's greatest triumph came at the Battle of Plassey (1757), when he and 950 other Europeans combined with some 2,000 Indian soldiers 10 defeat a force of more than 50,000 led by a degenerate local Mughal Nawab (provincial governor). Victory at Plassey led to effective political control over the vast riches of the Ganges Valley in 1765, when the Naavab surrendered to Clive the right to collect land revenue for most of eastern India. Some of the directors of the East India Company initially demurred at the prospect of governing the eastern region, Bengal, preferring to sel up puppet princes to administer the area while they exploited its wealth for their own private gain. ‘ To counter the growing corruption within the company and to reform the governance of India, Parliament passed the Regulating Act of 1773..Warren Hastings, governor of Bengal in 1772-73, helped to lay the administrative foundations for British rule under the provisions of this act. 8Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Contextual Study of Pakistan As India’s first Governor-general (1773-85), Hastings consolidated many of Clive’s territorial gains. He attempted to assert the British right to interfere inthe affairs of the Marathas, who became the leading rivals to the British after the virtual collapse of the Mughal Empire. He successfully met the challenge presented by the state of Mysore and its leaders Hyder Ali and his son Tippu Sultan in the carly 1780s. Hastings was later tried before Parliament for high crimes and misdemeanors during his administration. He was eventually acquitted (1795), but his lengthy trial was an important factor leading to a genuine attempt by the company to put its house in order. Lord Cornwallis, governor-general of India from 1786 ‘to 1793, established the administrative, legal, and land- revenue codes that made British rule possible, Cornwallis separated the administrative and commercial functions of the company, organized a prestigious civil service, raised salaries to the point where irregular profits were unnecessary, and established disciplinary measures that made it possible to curb private trade by company employees. . Because of his belief that considerable corruption stemmed from contact with Indians, Cornwallis.excluded people of Indian origin from higher posts of government. This policy led, during the 19th century, to a widening socioeconomic gap between the British and their Indian subjects, with British settlements taking on the character of prosperous English towns in the midst of increasingly squalid Indian slums. Indian poverty was encouraged by a rapid spurt in population growth that followed the establishment of peace and the adoption of public health throughout the subcontinent. : British unwillingness to allow large-scale industrialization within India further intensified poyerty. (The British preferred a subordinate economic role for their colonies within the British imperial systema system . that helped Britain to become an industrialized world power). Lord WELLESLEY, governor-general from 1798 to 1805, launched a policy of expansion, which culminated in the mid-19th centurywhen the East India Company controlled more than three-fifths of India with the remaining two- fifths being run by 562 local princes who were clearly subordinates of the British raj (government). .Contextual Study of Pokiston Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Coupled with British policies of expansionism and exclusivity, British insensitivity to Indian traditions and religious practices helped to increase tensions, Among the Indian elite’s resentment of British rule grew, especially during the regime (1848-56) of Lord DALHOUSIE, who attempted to modernize and westernize India. In 1857 many tradition groups, largely in north India, revolted, led by freedom fighter in the army. The rebellion had diverse religious, social, political and economic causes, The Indian soldiers had their own list of grievances against the Company Raj, mainly caused by the ethnic gulf between the British officers and their Indian troops. This violent and brutal Indian rebellion was put down by the British in 1858. As a direct result of the revolt, the crown looks ‘over most of the functions of the British East India Company. The revolt also intensified widespread feelings of distrust between the Indians and the British. Such feelings deepened as both Indian poverty and British wealth became magnified during the next century. THE NATIONALIST MOVEM! SUBCONTINENT Indian nationalist sentiments found expression early ‘in the 19th century in the writings of Rannohun ROY, a religious reformer, who hoped the modern state of India would combine the best of both Hindu and western cultures. The first organizations attempiing to reform British rule were also formed early in the century. In 1885 they were welded together in the Indian National Congress by a retired British civil servant, Allan Oclavian Hume (1829-1912), and a number of prominent Bengali leaders. The Congress was originally an elitist and moderate constitutional lobby, advocating such reforms as more seats for Indians in the legislatures and more schools. Early in the 20th century the British made some attempts to meet its demands by widening Indian political participation. However, the extreme wing of the Congress increasingly demanded complete independence. By 1907 the organization had split into a moderate group led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915) and a militant faction under Bal Gangadhar Tilak. At about the same time (1906) Muslim leaders, dissatisfied with Hindu dominance of the Congress, formed their own nationalist organization, the Muslim League. Although India's various nationalist groups united temporarily in 1916 in support of Britain's World SIN 10Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study -Contextual Studv of Pakistan War | effort, the increasingly dominant militants were disappointed in Britain’ s gradual approach to its professed goal of eventual self-rule dof India. British prestige fell. precipitously in 1919 with the passage of laws réstricting political activity and with the massacre of Indian civilians by British troops at Amritsar. During thé 1920s the Congress acquired a mass base, the support of prominent Indians, and increasing militancy under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who introduced. the highly successful techniques of passive resistance and civil disobedience. During the 1920s, however, Muslims staged a large-scale withdrawal from the Congress. By. the end of the decade, Muslim leaders such as Muhammad IQBAL were proposing the creation of a separate Muslim state. During World War: II the Muslims, led by Muhammad Ali JINNAH and now demanding their own independent state (Pakistan), supported the British. The Congress, however. insisted that Britain should leave India. When‘Indians refused to cooperate in repelling the Japanese attack on: the subcontinent in 1942, Britain arrested many leaders’and outlawed the Congress. A group of extreme anti- British Indian nationalists led by Subhas Chandra BOSE even fought on the Japanese side in Burma and India. At the end of the war Britain agreed to self-rule for India. However, in the 1946 elections the Muslim League won the most of the Muslim vote, and Gandhi was unsuccessful in preventing the partition of the subcontinent into Muslimand Hindu states. In August 1947, India and Pakistan achieved independence. Pakistan came into being as first state built on the two-nation theory basis and according to Islamic ideology. Five months later Gandhi" was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic. The task of governing India fell to its first prime minister, Jawaharlal NEHRU. Quaid-e-Azam (the great leader), Mohammad Ali Jinnah became governor-general of the Muslim nation of Pakistan, which was then comprised of two feparate territories, East and West Pakistan. . Pioneer of the Two Nation Theory. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan first used ‘the word ‘Two Nation’ for Hindus and Muslims. Sir Syed Ahnied Khan was convinced by the hatred of Congress and Hindus towards the Muslims that both nations cannot stay unite’ in the single country and the future of the Muslims will safe only if they have their own separate country. 11Contextual Study of Pakistan Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Q: What was Quaid’s Vision about Pakistan? Vision of Quaid-i-Azam! A Cosmopolitan Pakistan Almost seven decades after independence, the Quaid’s words scem to resonate in national consciousness, as a reminder, and a call to action. In a message on their gyration of Pakistan Broad caring Service, on August if 1947, the Quaid said: . On 11" August 1947, Quaid ensured minorities. for their rights of religious freedom while addressing the opening session of the Federal Assembly of Pakistan. “You are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or any other place of worship in this state of Pakistan.” The creation of the new State has placed a tremendous responsibility on the citizens of Pakistan. It gives them an opportunity to demonstrate to the world how can a nation, containing many elements. live in peace and amity and work for the betterment of all its citizens, irrespective of caste or creed. 4 Our objective should be peace within and peace without” The Quaid has rightly been credited for his poignant expression. In the above simple statement, one could easily catch his drift by the key word’s responsibility, opportunity, nation, peace, ‘elements.’ As one looks around at the social and political scene today, one is baffled on two courits, Quaid’s foresight of how he envisioned Pakistan, and how this vision was violated over the years. Today, while the country is back on the democratic track, many remain concerned at the political dispensation and issues of governance. 2 —Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Two Nation Theory & Idelogy of Pakistan Se TWO NATION THEORY & IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN Q: Write the Islamic interpretation of Nation & Nationality. ISLAMIC INTERPRETATION OF NATION AND NATIONALITY Nationalism represents a mass state of mind or national consciousness of comparatively recent origin among the majority of people. West concept, of nationalism laid stress on race, language and culture while Islam encourages nationality on the basis of religious. spiritual and moral relationship. In Europe religion has ceased to be a decisive factor in the grouping of nations, and there is no conflict between one Europeans state and another on.the basis of religion. Islam stands to provide maximum possible chances for the fullest development of map's personality belonging to any caste, race and country. There can be no distinction amongst the Muslims on the basis of caste, class, country, continent, language, colour and geography. There is an important relation however between religion and nationality among Muslims. The Concept of a Nation Nation is a single people, speaking the same language, a distinctive culture and hasped to common mound by many generations of shared historical experience. The concept of nation in Islam is determined by the equality and brotherhood of mankind. It aims at the Worship of one God. purity of soul and good actions. All those who follow this belong to one nation and those who' don’t follow this message belong to ollie grep, “Any of us Indian Muslims travelling for instances in Afghanistan, Persia and Central Asia among Chinese Muslims. Arabs and Turks would at once be made at home and would not find anything to which we are.not accustomed. On the contrary, in India, we find ourselves in all social matters total aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our Hindu fellow townsmen live”. 13Two Natic Theory & Idelogy of Pakistan" . Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study This is the exclusive nature of the Muslim nation. The major factor in creating this national unity is Islam itself because traternity jg fundamental doctrine of Islam which lays emphasis upon faith and seeks to eradicate the differences created by birth and environment. Q:What is the ideological base of Pakistan? . PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY Definition and Explanation. The creation of Pakistan was unique in the sense that it was based on an ideology which sought its roots from the * religion of Islam. The famous slogan “Pakistan ka matlab kiya, La ahalliallah” became the core of the freedom movement and the basis of Pakistan. Two Nation Concept. Pakistan ideology was based on the fact that the Muslims were a separate nation having their own culture, civilization, customs, literature, religion and way of life. They cannot be merged in any other nation because their philosophy of life is based on the principles of Islam. As the Muslims of India found it difficult to live according to the principles of Islam in the United India, they were forced to demand a separate homeland to safeguard their national and religious identity. Pakistan Ideology was erected on the Two-Nation Theory which meant that Hindus and Muslims were two separate and distinct nations whose understanding of life was glaringly different from each other. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the pioneer of the Two-Nation Theory used the word Two-Nation for Hindus and Muslims after being convinced of the Hindu and Congress hatred and prejudices for the Muslims. The Muslims were a separate nation who always adored to their religious identity The Muslims of the subcontinent did not want to see their image as a distinct nation being tarnished and therefore strictly adhered to it. Q: Describe the Significance of Ideology in Post-independence period. VITALITY OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN As far as the meanings and defi concerned, it basically means that Pakistan should be a State where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to their faith and creed based on the Iskumie principles. ‘I hey should have all the resources at ition of Pakistan Idéology is Li,Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Two Nation Theory & Idelogy of Pakistan their disposal to enhance Islamic culture and civilization because this was the sole purpose of demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims. ~The vision of common nationhood for India is a Beautiful Ideal and has a poetic appeal, but looking to the present conditions and the unconscious trends of the two commodities, appears incapable of fulfillment.”(Allama Muhammad Iqbal) Ideology Ideology means the science dealing with the belief. notions and theories growing out of fundamental assumptions held by the members of a group; sometimes the member makes a conscious effort to acquire the right kind of idea; more often he accepts them unconsciously. In every socicty, culturally unique ways of thinking about the world unite people in their behaviour. The word “ideology” has been derived from the French word “ideology”. Antoine Destull Tracy first used it during’ the French Revolution. Ideology means science of ideas and the study of the origins of evolution and nature of ideas. Q: Discuss Ideology according to the sayings of Quaid-e-Azam. ~ QUAID-I-AZAM AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN (History of Establishment of Pakistan) According to the saying of the great personality that led the Muslims of the subcontinent to a safe place and materialized the concept of a Muslim state, was Quaid-e-Azam who said while explaining the ideology of Pakistan that Pakistan came into being when the first Hindu became a Muslim, in the annual meeting of 1943 at Karachi Quaid-e- Azam said while clarifying the relation of Pakistan and Islam. “What is that relation which has made Muslim a single body? What is that rock on which the structure of Millat is restored? What is that base which has secured the safety of the boat of this millat? That relation, rock and base is the Holy Quran.” While addressing the students, in 8 March 1944 he said, "our guide is Islam and this is the complete’ code of our life. On 21 March 1948 he addressed the people in Dhaka and said, . "I want not to sce you to talk as a Sindhi. Balocl Bengali. What is the fun of saying that we are Punjabi. § We are only Muslim. i. Punjabi and indhi or Pathan’? _ ASCosmopolitan Pakistan Study Two Nation Theory & Idelogy of Pakistan Base of Pakistan ; ; While addressing at Aligarh he clarified the ideology of Pakistan in these words: z . “What was the motive of the demand for Pakistan and a separate electorate for Muslims? What was the need of the division of India? Its cause is neither the narrow mindedness of Hindus nor the tactics of Britishers, but is the basic demand of Islam? Muslim are separate Nation In the light of the history of the subcontinent Quaid-e-Azam argued that Muslims have never been a minority. They are a perfect nation and have the right to establish an independent state in those areas where they, are in majority. . Q: State Iqbal’s View in regard to Muslim Nation of India with reference to Allahabad address Muslim is separate Nation ALLAMA IQBAL AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN Disgusted from Nationalism . . Allama Iqbal categorically stated that the Hindus and the Muslims can’t live together in one state and that the Muslims would succeed in making their own separate state sooner or later. He rejected the idea of one nation the sub-continent and advocated the separate nationhood of Muslims Declaring Islam a complete code of life Allama Iqbal in the annual Session of All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, demanded a’ Muslim state in the North West of the sub-continent. * Iqbal made it clear that ‘ "India is not a country, it is a Sub-continent of human beings belonging to different languages and practicing different religions. Muslim are a separate nation. . : Disbelieve in Hinge’s un Regional Nationalism The historical experience of the Muslim community.of South Asia was given philosophical’ exposition by Allama Muhammad. Iqbal. Analyzing the nature of the multi-religious séciety of the subcontinent he said: “Experience ... shows that the various east units and refigious units in India have shown no inclination to sink their respective individualities in a larger whole Each group is intensely jealous of the collective existence." He 16Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Two Nation Theory & Idelogy of Pakistan , believed that “religion is a power of utmost importance in the’ Jife oF individuals as well as of states” and that “Islam is itself Destiny and will not suffer a destiny.” He was of the view that the religious ideal of Islam is organically related to the social order which it has created. The rejection of the one will eventually involve the rejection of the other. “Discussing the’ pivotal role played by Islam in the development of the Muslim Society in South Asia in his Address delivered at ‘Twenty-first Session of the All-India Muslim League held at Allhabad on December 29- 30, 1930 Iqbal said” Islam as a people building force “It cannot be denied that Islam, regarded as an ethical . ideal plus, a certain kind of polity. by which’ expression I mean a social structure regulated by a legal system and animated by a specific, ethical id been the chief formative factor in the life history of the Muslims of India. It has -furnished those basic emotions and loyalties which gradually unify scattered individuals and groups, and finally transform them into a well- defined people, possessing a moral consciousness of their own Indeed it is no exaggeration to say that'India is perhaps the only country in’ the world where Islam, as a people building force, has worked at its best What I mean to say is that Muslim ‘society, with its remarkable homogeneity and inner unity, has grown to be what it is, under the pressure of the laws and institutions associated with the culture of Islam” * Iqbal considered India “Asia in miniature” anda “continent. of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages, and professing different religions. He claimed that the Muslims of, India were a separate nation. He argued: “We are 70 million, and far more homogeneous than any other people in India. Indeed, the Muslims of India are the only Indian people - who can fitly be described as a nation in the modern sense of word”. Formation of Muslim state.... Is tide wp. with destiny. of J Indian Muslim On December 19,1930. Iqbal issued an apa to the seaaigh Muslim figures of Khyber Pakhtoon Khawah, Baluchistan, Sind and the Punjab. In this appeal he candidly ‘pointed out that "God in His infinite wisdom; knowledge and omniscience; had not kept Muslim’ majorities in. these 7 . voTwo Nation Theory & Idelogy of Pakistan Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study provinces without any purpose, and the purpose was gradually revealing itself to all those who were endowed with reason’ and intelligence Therefore, the time had come for the Muslim leaders to realize: the will of God by working collectively to safeguard the rights of the Muslims.” Iqbal considered the life of Islam as a “cultural force” in India very largely" dependent on “its centralization” in a specific territory.” He put forward his solution of the Indian problem in his Address. He declared: I would like to see the Punjab, the Khyber Pakhtoon Khawah, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of North- West Indian Muslim State appears to me the final destiny of the Muslims, at leapt of North-West India. Jinnah .....In the light of Iqbal’s saying Iqbal the ideologue found in Jinnah the man of action. He wrote to him: “You are the only Muslim in India today whom the community has the right 10 look up for safe guidance.” Jinnah’ considered Iqbal “sage philosopher” and “national poet of fslam.” He regarded his views on the political future of India “unambiguous” and "absolutely in consonance" with his own views, which finally led him .to “the same conclusions." Jinnah admitted that Iqbal's views "found expression in due course in the united will of Muslim India as adumbrated in Lahore Resolution of All India Muslim League, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution." According to M.H. Syed, Jinnah's secretary and biographer, after passing of the Lahore Resolution Jinnah, who by that time had become to be known as Quaid-i-Azam said to him “Iqbal is no more amongst us, but had he been alive, he would have been happy to know that we did exactly what he wanted us to do.” Muslims and Hindus are two separate nations and both nations are quite different from each other. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim Icader who presented the idea of ‘Two Nation Theory he was the pioneer of the ‘Two Nation Theory. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan first use i the word ‘Two Nations for Hindus and Muslims. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was convinced by the hatred of Congress and Hindus towards the Muslims that both nations cannot stay unite in the single country and the future of the Muslims will safe only if they have their own separate count.Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Two Nation Theory & Idelogy of Pakistan Analysis Ideology in itself is only an embodiment of faith in certain explicit values, principles and cthos to be followed in practice.At a corporate level ofa state, an individual commitment towards an ideology is never eflective: It does have an impact but no substantial changes. It is always workable if” the leadership practices it themselves and indoctrinates it in the people. In the absence of it, ideology cannot leave indelible imprint. In Pakistan leaders have been extending lip service to the Islamic ideology. .Making Islamic studies compulsory up to degree levels does not infuse ideological thinking in the youth. Partial enforcement of selected things of religion also not inwardly accepted by the people.The liberal ‘and secular forces have been playing dynamic role in the globalized world. To control it is to live in fool’s paradise. It requires a rational element. religions Ulemas and men of vision to sit together, resort to Ijtehad to find out a road map forvactions of the people are either unaware of Islamic ideology or even if they know a bit; they are generally confused about it, {? In the election -of 2002, some of the religious parties formed a coalition of Muthida Majlis-e-Ama’al (MMA) who claim that‘ they stand for Islamic ideology, no doubt, they obtained good number of seats and formed government in K.P.K, but to enforce ideology is farfetched thing. Others. even, doubt their claim. Some situation sustained in local bodies Election of 2022. i Q: What is the historical perspective of the two-nation theory? * HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The foundations of Two-Nation Theory in the historical perspective can be vividly earmarked Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah stated that the foundation of Pakistan was laid down on the very day when the first Indian had embraced Islam Muslim Expedition t Some are of the opinion that 15+years after the demise of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), the Muslim expedition touched the shores of Sindh, but could not get rooted in the soil. 19Two Nation Theory & Idelogy of Pakistan Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study ee Se ean Study Muslim Navy Deputed Another contention is that the Muslim Navy was dispatched to enter the Indian ocean to conquer the littoral states in 636 A.D: When Hazrat Umar-e-Farooq was the Caliph. . Muslim Traders There is other who adumbrate that the Muslim trader from the Arab world used to move along the coastline of Indian Ocean. They came in contact with the people of India, transacted with them and entered in conjugal relations:in certain eases. Attraction for Conquest Military conquest of Mohammad Bin Qasim of Sindh and lator * invasions of Muhammad Ghori and Mahmood Gaznavi of the Norther areas of the sub-continent’ paved the way for the establishment of the Muslims rule in India. Muslim Ruler’s Encouragement Trader’s invaders and Muslim rulers in India did encoutage religion scholar’s mystics and saints to this part of the world. Their teachings, character and charisma converted many towards Islam some of the religious leaders resorted to Jihad against evils and rule of pagans. Bab-ul-Islam : : Some believe that the Muslim rulers in India played a dominant role in spread of Islam. It appears to be an exaggeration. No doubt, they did provide a base, but the environment to indoctrinate Indians were not provided Q:Write note on Urdu Hindi controversy? HINDI URDU CONTROVERSY In 1867 with the support and patronage of the British government the commissioner of Murshadabad (Banaras) replaced Urdu with Hindi. The Muslim reacted to that and demonstrated against the decision. On this Sir Syed Ahmed Khan stated that cooperation: and Possibility of- unity amongst the Muslim and the Hindus was not possible, rather it would be parting of ways. The step in Banaras created a chairi reaction in other areas, ‘The agents of the British government substituted Urdu with Hindi in Bihar, U.P 20Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study Two Nation Theory & Idelogy of Pakistan, and other areas, which emerged as a challenge for the Musi: tellectuals. Various newspapers in Urdu were started and several associations were organized to protect the rights of the Muslims and resist displacement of Urdu language. The efforts launched by the Muslims were too less, and weakly organized to resist the cultural on slaught. This was a calculated step to give incentives to Hindus to step forward to establish their cultural hegemony, but the difference was aggravated. Perhaps the British and the Hindus had not realized that whenever national communities or ethnic groups encounter cultural invasion or threat to their socio-political position, they converge to. their core and strengthen their position from within. They remain dormant and emergé in.a vigorous way when the government is weak or the environment is conducive: 21Muslim Nationalism in South Asia Cosmopolitan Pakistan Study No - 3 MUSLIM NATIONALISM IN SOUTH ASIA Q:What were the factors that gave rise to Muslim separatism in the Sub-continent? What is the role of Islam in defining Muslim Nationalism or Two Nation Theory in the Sub-continent? OR Q: Where do the roots of Muslim separatism in India lie? THE RISE OF MUSLIM NATIONALISM IN SUB- CONTINENT “Akbar S. Ahmed says that shock effect of 1857-58, and the continuing blows of fortunes perhaps acted as a catalyst and the Muslim society. gave birth to the rise of nationalism. Muslims like Ameer Ali, Yousaf Ali, the Ali: Brothers, Rahmat Ali and Allama Iqbal, clearly illustrated the synthesis between the Islam and the modern world. Islam gave the Muslims of India a sense of identity; dynasties like the Mughal gave them territory; poets like Allam Iqbal gave them a sense of destiny. Jinnah's towering stature derives from the fact that, by leading the Pakistan movement and creating the state of Pakistan, Hic gave them all three. (Samucl Butler) Pakistan ideology was based on the fact that Muslims were a separate nation having their own culture, civilization, customs, literature, religion and way of life. They cannot be merged in any other nation because their philosophy of life is based on the principles of Islam. Pakistan's ideology was erected on the two-nation theory which meant that the Hindus and the Muslims were, two separate and distinct nations. There is a general impression that thie concept of Muslim nationalism in the Indian subcontinent arose as a‘result of certain developments in the 20th century, History does not support this view. We ¢an trace the roots of Muslim nationalism in the following factors: - 22