“Ga Conversion of Energy ftom One Form to Omer... 43 65 Introduction to Bates. niece Section B : Batteries (66 Clasitication oF Cells = ese eg 67 Lend Ackd Battery ===. es oi 68 Lithium fon Battery 0.0.00 eseeeeeeee oa 69. Characteristics of Battery ee tal {610 Concept of Depth of Discharging - so aaa 6.1L Maintenance of Batteries... . inne Od 6.12. Grouping of Batteries pres Question Bank for End Sem Exam (2-1) t0(a-7) jolved Sample Question Papers (End Sem) aa Solved Sample Question Papers End Sem), Sample Question Paper 1 (End Sem) (SE-1) 9 6E-5) ‘Sample Question Paper -2 (End Sem) (SE-5)W(6E-9) ‘Sample Question Paper ~3 (End Sem) (SE 10) 19 8E-13) ‘Sample Question Paper -4 (End Sem) ‘Sample Question Paper -§ End Sem) IRKING SCHEME EXAMINATION SCHEME & QUESTION PAPER PATTERN End Sem Exam ®) (SE -18) 19 SE-2) Qi Q2 | Unit [18 Mare Q30rQ4 | Unt IW |17 Marks | 24 Hours Q5or 6 | Unit-V [18 Marks | 70 sacks (97 or QS | Unt VI 17 Markesexton _SA Aton vasa os = ‘t= Peyphae AC. Crete a! ne ca gig “ Mind Maps Wind Wap = Unt 1 ingle Phate Transformerswv. Create and wp: U8 sa i Zee)j Single Phase A.C. Circuits ‘34+ AG through Pure Resistance Pope tt te vag ad conn ral et pine. Te fork nyse ne) ‘Ans.: Consider a simple circuit Trait ee + pcg © Oh’ lm, een 2 ote epi tr core) PROMS Mase Me be PB ie 1 (BJanon 1+ This isthe equation giving instantaneous vale ofthe core. ‘+ Comparing hs with standard equation, =, sin (ot + @) 15 moan a of aeatng car = XE 4s ut pl wh he weg pd ‘The waveorms of vollage and current and the corresponding Phusor diagram is ahown i the Fg, Q1.2 (a) and () onip ant Ac. though purine cel at bee a erate ian power I+ py 22205 Si cll vane n te nauseous over na, cots cn be bund by a pons es cues ag, P= veie¥,,sin(at) *T,, sin wt = Vlg sion) = B72 cos 2.00) ine es ot «ron he ve en i er hat inten pore Soe cepa ‘een pore mp acne pnt [Yet] hme, Hose, ate te nga fo ape vlige he vege ve of the facutng cnne componente {eeu se vet nt compte ee +55 reg poner counpion oe ne ec sel Be cot por compre eh lo pk Pm Yl ‘ae + Generally, rm vs ae indicted by cpt ete. B= Vxt wate? R wats aa.ne the altmating creat ren by P2aRbunttColeuae :'). the serge olor) ra value “iowumed the cave passed through ® the cament iD power ‘suance of 10.0. 094 Ans. : Given #0) = 14¢s00m) R108 To ind Tn a Ki KP Comparing it) = sie » 8 Maximum i Average orn factor os Peak factor A) B+ Vig tly Ba gy = EE P = Hyg Ro 10? x10 1 KWeae Tr nae see aa EN ee hat ge ‘raw the compen 4843817 B68 ae naps indecne cat ein ae wi epee s van pmo sou om: Cone 2 i ees ace * fotage gen bye quien ee, Shae a shown in he Fie 31 ie stersting, cent oar fons nigh inductance‘ - trv up ar alematog mag Fig, 1 Purely Inve heat fel turd te inductance This changing ind he col and do os idan rondo se al Ths ert opps he api vas «Ths inc et nthe cli given by €= = LS «+ azall eatats applied voltage, vi equal and opposite to the sll induced exe pure inductance 4 “ tf te vysnor et ied ) ak Eur Bagg Single Phase AC Cots Me and x, -oL2n fa] [rus o-d om 4 The bore equton ary stows hat the cument i purely sinusoidal and having phase angle of —¥ radians ie, ~ 97. This means thatthe cure lags vllage applied by 50. ‘The Fig. Q52 shows the wavelorms and the coresponding phasor diagram. Fig. 082 AC. trough purely Inductive cout The expression forthe instantaneous power can be oblained by taking he proc of tantancousvellge and current Perel =Vyan at (otf) = Vb 0 (48 co) a8 sin (wtf) = co wt p= 28 sin Qo) | as 2 sin oteosut=sinz ot ‘This power curve i sine curve of fequensy double than ies T=ae Single hase AC Craig ne care ove 3 COMpIEE CFSE ayy portant Polat to Remember dnt veces ined ste poston ofr by | a the flow of an altematng the inducance of a crt © sisal cent ‘ete measued x hms and depends the fequency ofthe spd vote + Matematica gien by x= oLe29/L@ J G8 Dow she werton fr volage, current and power for = pure (edanne when tnted by sme valine ‘ns: Th waveforms at shown inthe Fig. 61 ake Egaing 3-7 7 Find the fer cuent which wl flu when pare (Sdectr of 0.2 He coonected cron 230°V, 50 He, AC eupl Drow the phasor dagen, ams oc, Ane :L=02 HV = 200, £950 He Xp + anfL= east a 0X, = OF essa est 290 2 aRiZ Ip = Bla Bx366= 5177 8, or 2a 314189 dl Exprstion forthe cent is f= Lg sn (at-9) |= S177 ain 14159 1-909 A ‘The phasor dgram shown in the Fig, 71 ‘33 AC through Pure Capacitance QE Desve the expetins for cament and power for pur capacne crest when the volage appl To 1 ie Mids Veta Drow the conemponding past ig. aor ay o40 8 be Hat 1% Prove that tm a purely capacie clclt the curent lends ‘tage by 90° RDI Maron. Be 8537, hase ‘Ane :Coesder 3 pure epdtne of Co tate [hy connect sre avon sven 5 ' by the uation v= Vy sin oth q 18 shown in the Fg, 81. The curent io barges the pecior © Fig. 81 Pury capacive cet = T=a Silat AC. hy yatpn tivo one greed aC cecare i eof ow of A ¢cvysa0-C¥n “elwe) tole) “a Spinone ra vam Eee Ot Meta Fare seuty iny sows Bat elma Py ote ps angle f+ Fada e+ 9 ssi ad vi rus ears comet leds voltage applied by 90% The psire Ss tndens aig ate of he ue ig 082 sows waves of volage and cuenta te conser pss dagam Fe-Q82 AC. trough puny epstive cet == — ee sce Egering 3-9 Single Pa AC. Chit ‘The epesin for the lnataneous poner can be obtained by hing be produ of estan lug a HT pe vrieVq sn (00)*%y snore) eventos cto) san(ae8)ecems pe Bsn 209 | a2snotasot~sn20t Thus, power cue is a sine wave of equeny double that of spl volge The average al of sin carve over a complete ple i always 2, + [BB saaeondwn=o {The pare capac never consumes power Important Polos to Remember The capave reactance is defied asthe oposion offre Bectepesane af cate Sow a em sevusoidal current. iy reader iene frequency. eee vender # + Pare apactance never consumes power. 68 a he wos wy, cents poof pe Slecane hen ted ys one ‘Ans: The waveforms ae shown in the Fig, 9. a __e081 Melo vote curt nd ower er ur A Impedance a4 Detae impedance. ‘aa Theopposton ofr By an eectic crt tthe fam cf te aerating cence an inpdanc, It is denoted by 11s he ato fan aerating velage to an altemating care hough the wk peda 1s complex and expend in pol x rang orm, ( Iiportaat Plast Remember |e Te ingens fr poe R pure Land pure C a mthnutealy expel in vecargulr and pot farms as Ze RepeR ce ohms Puek var wy | 2+ WA Jorex,cor-04)x, ohms. Puet! var wv | Be ites P90 = Kee 20 0) Xe Pee C os | 1 Be shove impedances must be used wile sl | reno a cea od ie ioe esi aging 3-1 Sigh Pe A Chats 135 Series RL Cireatt (41 Der the expen fr te cunent for RAL serie clrlt ‘then supled by a vlage v) = Vy la wt. Drow the phasor a mr 8, ep 18, as ‘ana : Consider « RL sees dest as shown nthe Fg, 11 wean Fg, O44 Sore RA cut ‘When the cuit draws a cunt (hen there are fo volage arp, 1) Drop across pure estarce, Vr 1«R ') Diop actos pure inductance, Vj = TX, where X #2 T= rma value of cament dwn Vg 1 Vi = tm vals of th vlage crops 1The Kircthoe volage la canbe apple to the ac. cele but ny the pont remember i the adeiton of voltges should be {phasor (ecto) addon and no longer algebra as In case of ‘The phasor diagram for the above case is shown in the Fg. Q12{) while the voltage tingle is shown inthe Fg. 1120) F112 (e Pratr agra Fe. 112 ()Volage tangle ee zea Sige ase AC post ace Eager Fee: vy a must ot at YS pe Wale mt Be don fn the Fig. Q1120) we og | ae ag = OR ORF 2 = forte vom oa] ‘team be en that cent ag vkage y angle a) = Wy stand it) = fy 98 (t= tet, eee, ‘ree og tig tm "0 Bee re Ie arene agen eon ce oy 16 em os. : From the gien eats of wlage and cunt i is de Ei ge cure gy appt vag by angle @ Ths (Sous es RL Sat ‘The poner is pt of itntaneus values of vologe ad cunt, P= yieVin abe Iya (at 6) = Vy llamo) sin fot] | oy [2s] | Impedance ofthe tai, ~ tafecnp Tee t- ‘+ Now, th ecnd tem is csine tm whose average value ove 2 ae Hs reg pve ene Pay + Ma cos 9 Hea cos cena meat here V and Tare ms. ais asec Egineing 9-38 Sil Pase AC Cite ‘The waveforms of voltage, cuent and power are shown in the ig 121, Gan [| ARS ma] La a ee. te vor | yd J el Fa. a2 8 Dato pda hth an impedance ele, [rd be. Mt 3 [Ane Impedance & defined as then oppostn of cic to flow of ‘Memating coe. denoted by Z and ts ui s ohms ‘fall he sides ofthe voltage triangle are divided by te current wo get a wlngle alld Impedance langle as shown in the Fg. Q131, Fig. 134 Impadanee Ware Sides ofthis wang are eesstance R, Inductive reactance X, and sn impedance Z.ee sont ee oy i ge id So ct Mya Na a olinge ounton of RL Sees ray se power equaion- can oe Mt 2) cog 3) 1. Appr Power (8) is dained a he pdt of fs. vaon of vlage (0) at ‘eth denoted By Se Vi Apparent power measured in_volbamp (VA) 2a or Tron Power P) ‘es dad she product ofthe applied voltage andthe acne compen of he een Thee composnt fhe apparent power, Is measure in wats (W) lew ‘Pe Tra or dive power= Waa @ ra aut romreeay wate 4. Recta Power (Q) ‘ks dened as produto he applied voltage andthe weacne | coment of ce. +8 ah dnd as agar cangnet of he appr pOme| i mpd by “el mewated i u Saa ‘ete (VA or kak ap rcv AVA Q=Reciepoer= Vising VAR ai cil ageing 3-8 Sing hae AC Cts (218 eto poe act. ‘Ans: dln as ator by which th apparent power mist be ‘led monde fo ban he te power ‘Ie the at fr power to apparent poe. f Tse Per Vea [Power tater = Raper Pore” VI 74) «The numeral wale of ese of he phase angle feween the ropled vaoge andthe cient dean fom the spp rages (Sl te porer ator. cannot be rene than + Its dtd the rato of stance the impedance Important Fonts t Remember The nature of power focor is alvays determined by the pst ofthe cuent ih eapec te voip caret as voltage, perfor i sid to be lang cet en gs power factor sai be eding |e Forecin Ri cooal Z = Ra), =1Zi 29 | = feo, | |g ef] ene ratte pt Yor ech, Ha Mar 3] AmcR=7QL=semH | Ve BOV, £90 He x = 2nit my = PexSOxs18e 10 10. Fa. 0183 |asic Engng 3-18 Sige Phase AC res Sala cas @uree) — aso -$)= 0098 ‘Now, second term is cone term those average value over 3 over consumed by th cet 220 Drew wwvefore of voltage, caret and Instantaneous power or RC wate col State the expressions fr voltage, cent and owe ‘Ans: The vlage and cument for series RC cut ae given by, WO-Vq snot ands) 1s (atr «ile th expression forthe instanlancous powers given by, Salm cst rfe + oe pls ag Ir ag (225 Sitch nd expla the phasor diagram of HLL sein eet for Xe > XWLe ates oct ncaa bee ee eae ASP Ae RL “t ‘Fig. 222 Prose grr fo K > Ke The creat is inductive in nature and cen ag the voltage iemunca vote ot ee deen! a as Pe to 1%, sana fC som reese | so Ie,2 ial Pate ACC, crea ging _3- “prin Pons Remember pb ee ih ee pane a pel et arse Supa see dy bea ear eves SE Baa ate pou cet au sacig 3 sows 2 pinta] coat cting of tine Pe Soamncd a pull ato an 26 DY of V = «The etuge aco te impedance 6 8 38 Spy roluget Val | ‘oping aos, (Phar sitin) Whee 2 guile impedance. ‘Te sep ave parallel ac eat Fe 34.AC prt eet 1) The earn inthe niu Bache ae ob aed by ge elton ae hil peng syle Phase AC Grats 2) Vologe must be ken as reference phasor a Its common to all branes | 3) Represent ll the currents mathematically by expressing ‘hem in rectangular frm, Adc them to got the resultant ‘iret dean fom the supply. 4) Expres the resultant cue inthe polar fom, || 9) The phase angle of utant currant i power factor ange | Gane a this angle he power factor ofthe dee 25 What le admitnce ? Which are lt tuo components ? Stuit thee unt: How the admittance le exprened in rectangle sd pas form? aro oe Ma (Of Dene condctance and us i wap eo, 8, 26-98 Ma 2) ‘ans: Adeitunce is dened asthe reiprocl of the impedanes. I is denoted by Y and is measured in wt semen or mho. + Conair an impedance given as, 2» R =| X + Poste sgn fr inductive aed nogative for apace cat. Admitance ¥ 7 27 aX + Raonaising the above expression, REIX RETR Y = G Fj Bwhee G = Conductance = *, 2 = Supine =fe esac 10 he SgUE of he | is defined as the eli [vest (geet! sues E seo tte ann wt carearentent toes (oe - fs sgn i negative, [pest w nec) 80 1 mp [Recs be ce B18 ‘Ait pol em sexes ie ui siemens yeGe{Be || Zésenes or rine aot § | is cnguve idct and Bs pote capaci | Inport Patt Remember \ 1 eae wo mete eect in pel and Ip i the oul ce en cue den le can Be apd to find nal anh ent 25 Te wd 1 The egal impacto hr to Imps ate i re. ode 29% +e engl bem prem in ad plat fr ec gig 9°28 Sig Phare AC Crs Adtace Method to Sole Parallel Ciralt The various sep save the parallel eit by admitance netted ae, | stop 4: Cote Be admitance of cack branch from the respective impede. ye Sip 2: Convert al he admins to the rspcive | secant fom. Sap 3 Calne the equivalent admitane ofthe cut by neg te nia adataces ofthe bance. Ye YUP Yt Gg Bee 1YEZG | stop 4 The tl aan anes Be supp the given cA p= V3%q fap § The diva ranch aren can be and 5 a Ie, eV, AVY “+ can be cece that vec adon fal he above comet isthe tal et cause in sep 4 ‘tp 6 Te anle eneon Vand the power factor angle 4 The cae of hs ange he power cor othe cat. The poner tr of thc can ao be obtained owe + a Ta Theatre ftp fact B dced fo he ig ig 1 maine poe ace ging hie i Poti he power acer ding ap 7 Votage rt beth as refers plano a 8 ‘ooo a backs oda te paseo agaand extn. am et Fania ot sone a of GS an scene sa oe tc et Ao a show che anges icv ang tran Te ig apse cs lon occton 28 Fig art Admtance onl 328 Too cats havin tmpedancen 7 = 8416000 B28 Te crc ted in pe are 200, 80, He ese Cac Cent dau by cach, ca niet ale cet. EE SU Be, Ha 10 286 Assia Las V=200 Vis ens Al 200 Zo “hitvoore Samal | Feat ie crcl apicing 3-31 single Phase AC. Chit = 678 2 as A Lipp of whole ct = com 4990) = 680 aging Te impedance 2, = 90 < 45° 2 and Zp = 4 < 30" 2 ue SEE apm aaom uso pses 0,9. 80 He up litte he cnrent drm) power fcr and (Gicmoerconmoed by he cee Se (Pd Mp Mats 7 ‘ans : The crc is shown inthe Fig. 293, —\_(aawara_}-— Le Eg Fe zest Let V = 0 20°V i reference v mae Dn a RUG sera Aw sam p54 vy moar 7, BaF = SIZ A= 426 -SBSA hits © 5421 —j501 4426 -| 2585 = 9847 -)7976A Ta 2-39 1) caso = cost 37) +07 Lagging i) P= Vip coupe 28012672 «0777 = 64613 w ‘39 : Resonance in Series RL-C Circuit (230 Wht resonace in ain cel ? a SPU e046, 35, Mp6 $7, ae 2 ‘Ans: Both, and X. ae the functions of equeny f When fis vated both and Xiao get vasta 3 re) nels Serum gen we sen ee aartee ‘occurs is called eg ot i aaah ches of enn reve: ioe va woes rca, vlage apple CO! and rueey vale eae ae a ge idan 0,0 ay Tad wap of X, apt 6 stag IME ping tig rg yc een sXe ie fe yo of Xe gue (ecg hyperbola. he vale of X * Xe at this fequency equal 1 Xe Sch a rig, "sexes resonance ged fo 0 106 Xe rede and He g 034 Chae of sn resonance 2 AXA oe Be phot X gat atom Be 4 forfefy the Xe %, and nat reactance X is epacitive while far fhe X, > Xe and et ecune Xs indtve. os Single Pane ACC LE ZARA/Xe Rs | KX bata fo fy X, = Xe and X face te net impedtace 2» R which pely Yesstive. So Impedance is minimarn snd ‘pasty resistive at series 45 Te graph of Z agains also shown inthe Fig, QL 6 As impedance is minim, the curen = V/z i maxioum at 17. The power factor cos q = B(Z and at ff, a8 Z~ Re the power factor unity nd a ts muxmum at eis resonance, Fort fits leading in nature whe for #> fis Iain in mata (32 Deine the equation forthe revenant quency in series LC dat raw the peer dla, Tord Sco4062935, mapO236373% Mc 3 Ara:let f be the resonant y, feequency ta Heat which XyrXe ie ALS TR Series resonance 9 ‘Ans: The cat shown inthe Fig. 331 For cument to be maximum, the circuit must be in resonance condition Teenawre ott she c+ arse Power far Unity Resoran P= veo Pe nweo2et=2m6W (034A calf inductance 18 mH aed reitance 25.0 resin ‘Secte tn soe wih capecior “C acout 230 V, 80 Hy ‘Sos Fade vis of capacitor so that healt dows maxima ‘Stat wil be the paver factor and power onwumed ? Bip bit kote am: Le imi R=20, (950K For masimum caret Z=R= 250 and X, 1 ce _s aexapFaasci0> ret arth slg be C+ oes coset el UNIT-1V. Single Phase Transformers Soc A.C. Circuits and Important Ponts to Remember ina tows phase supply system there are dnc voltages with 2 ne magnitude and fequeney but having « phase dference of 12? between them. 4 The equations forthe tte phase vollages are on En sn(et) ey = sinut-120) cn 7 Em sn(ut=247 ) = Ey sin(ai 120) The phasor diagram ofthese vltges can be shown atin the Fig Al Fig. 44 Phator diagram + 1 we add theo voltages vectnally can be observed that the ‘sum ofthe three voltages at any instant i zero, “Fg, 44 Sr conection "ycomecing one end of winding 0 starting deer rns ae coinoed 10 OTM & cosy fa oor om ir tee ja sir py teil ate otf ad 7 Teen de 2d 4 The dela concn s shown i the ig. 42 Fs, 42 eta eooneeton {6 Balanced and Unbalanced Load (28 Dene tnlacad ad balanced lad [rma ab 408 96,0035 sc 3 Ans : 1 Blacd led: The ld is sid tobe balanced when smapitde of a be impedances Z.,2jn and 2g ae equal and Seiphve angles fal of ha ial and Sane nae ‘either all inductive or all capacitive or aie Pope AC Crenand ave fcinparing 4-5 As ees tn ese of falaned leds, al pase voages fave equal snogntode end are displaced frm exh ober by 120 wh all plas caren lo have equal magne and are displaced frm {ache by 2 2 Unbalanced Lond: The lod is sit to be unbalanced when imagiade ofl the impedances ZZ and Zy a ene Id te hase angles ofall of then are equal and ir ature is also diferent. +n cae of unbalncedlads, he pate vlages ace unegal ed fot Spliced from each ctr by I! The phase cunt ae {is nog end rt dpsed fm ach te y 2 Important Pins o Remember «The potent ifrencebrbaen any ings of spy Caled ine voliage and cuentpasing trough any Anes ‘Sie ie caren + Line voliges are denoted by Vi, which ar Vy Vn Ad Yon re ne ans re no hich ay ly a Ip The volge aout any branch ofthe owe phase ad Le cons Zo Zuo yy i ld pha voltage ard int onng toh any Munch of tw te phe Ind led pase corent hae wotagee are dood as Uy whe the phase cores a eno 3 + tn sar cnncton eek we be. “65 : Relations for Star Connected Load ea olages tr ‘coe ‘ionected "roms thre phase tc tpg. Derive lto power ‘Snrumed byte lead For: bt 605 mayo 2143, a 8) sige yeh = aaagan hee a TO Ma g omen he bac tr cree oad + SW fe pe 6: Star oot ond Ey ty and neces ee yy Phas age pS YS 04 ae cas fy #1 “ly th a be seen at the ne came te ste as the phase commie sFomieg OSI meow Bye = Sat By Bt BoB (Gem i io ec rps vata Hee | W-% (060) ‘Sin, Wut Bes Ta Ty WB | 106 et | Bh a) 1 eps vole pl by 12 om each = ry se ad «he pte dp by rm m2 Tey rd opto Otsu wee pte a wep 30 Hon yk os we panes i sin i in et 9 a ‘tps Heve C8 bes ng wee ete ineat gg ve, Fin asz + fod peer Ate ee OB ee OC c= [<8 i fort omen = “That ine voltage isthe phase valtag in tar connection ‘The lagging or leading mare of cuent depends om per pase Impedance, Lyolypate AC Cray, ie ey oar weed in ac pa is HEM HARE poy, 1 dnga for lagging pow for tg Siecle how tthe Fig, 72 t ? | t 74 ran agp nd Fach a sete yy ange Sa eee lhe AC Chit end pun Buttea Eneing 4-8 ip ae Pores “46 : Relations for Delta Connected Load Dee the relation beeen line and pave vans of cents Si inn er cree wail nd Seni eyo etn" ‘ine power comme yg Dt 25073257, Ma O67, ORO, MS ‘ana Consider the balarced dla connected load as shown in the Fig 08 ig. Data connect oad YL Nay 7 Nan Yee and ltl ls ge Nay = Nea Phase curently * Ta * tae ‘ts can be seen tht the Une volages ae same as the phase vallages ie rane “To dative the ration between, and I apply the KCL atthe rede Rothe lo Shown in the Fig. 8 Dlencie * Dhning at Me R Ta tian * Ty te: phy oan) Applying KCL at node Y and B, we can write equations for line ‘utente ly and I as, ‘tie voltages Line cures Phase volages Nox and1 kh ‘ iy bach th by vine casa at re et OF er weciptaemivarne feos tee ie gg ved gst—hegm ae displaced fom exch other by 129, added 1 fy 10 BU mean «ppt AC nm ec OB bi te ec Oh were SELF eg teen dy hh et00- wat Coca + From tang O48, 37 = 2 [tes yy and Vyse VL fr deli conection ‘Thus lin cunts ines the phase curen in della eomection, “Power cnt ch phage pha poner ge ta * Yu cond ee ripening ett Plypse AC Cent Site ise rcs stole Poh, Dylan pew PAS Vutone 9m comnts ph tapam fe tee ae din Ce 2er ace lod cheneciad tons dite ste Metts Sin bs The complete phasor dlagram for lagging factor deta Socal beds tome neg 5 Lae Fo. o8sPaya AC Cet ant ue tel Baeing 4-1 ‘Sine Pas Testor usec pring 4-19 Stl Pas Trent ‘ait A dele connected balanced load sero 4 400 V S.phase Sapp comin of thee Ident! impedances, each, ual to [oT Pd the line coment. athe power and fete pore ei vais bare Y= OV, 2 2184512 MeIv2ICARe a een eel poe et Ph ‘Ans. The equations »» Magnitude seco FOMETS 5, lkamperes (VA) oF HVA Tea apes ome eae oats (8) oF kW pw 93 fy esSKanam2e 360069 A. Magrtade Ree re aes eee ‘Tol meine pore "© ‘Active power P = 3 ¥; 1,coso= 19.5105 kW pats the Fig, Q101. ‘Reactive power Q = V3, 1 sinp=15.609 kVAR “Te power angles 8 sow ‘a2 Thies Identical impedances each of 6 + #8 0 are connected (2har acroas Sip, 400 V 60 He wc, suply. Calcloe IP tine Cont eave power i) Reactive ower er bc 18, Met 7 Ans. :Zyy 26 4)8 210 25817 OY, «OV | a ‘ars = YL 23096 v (star connection) ee 1 oh ame ~ BAT = 308 2-851 A Fg 104 Powe angle nas cy (rie sing Hr pase problems A + y= 28088 A tmagniade) 1) en sappy sages ae alas ine voltages B Bees 2 Deeps vag depending on wheter lad is a a Satine wes ten pianos (eda race . be fi) Q= BV, A, sin 9= 3 400 «28054 x sin 319) >) Ten determine phase cent Ig = = 125 kVAR 4) Demi ine caret depending on weber load i #19‘ Ane Impedancen ech of 6 + J8 0 ae conected of dts cnr | tn dain aerus 3p, 400 V, 50 He ac apply. Calelate 1) Line 5) 61s ange betwee Spang, Vale of 6 canbe cba, eR I) Power fier Ml Active power Renctve power fom grenZ,. eo stata 7 16, Th tl poner ensued is [3h cos Ans :Z,5 #6480010 253139 V, =400V Ns Use pola forms Use ps —_[=_ —— a = aap AC Crt, “Single Phase Transfers eee, deta and assume eet 4020 gy £5818 A weeny peel 9 et 7, ZB a3 worn A PR = cond cas S810)> 06 OB revo Bust x6922x08> 268 kW Bly agi, a ER ee ramen 2a ae eee a 8 a Shep i neg ct a Site Reg eee oa ha Feo te ee gas ane! Toa maa gc 7 sel ty Mgt) = fy age = 8296 A 1) co = co 36867) = 08 Igging B= BY lpenso= (Fo ax 829608 = 5120 W (018 A dea comected lad dons + ne cet of 15 ampere at 2 gan ewer fcr of OS Kom 2 400 V 50 Hs, 3 phase Shen Pd te eee and indetence of exch ne ed ew comet In, cleat the EF 5, Ha up Palypte AC Cretnd ite Eng 4-18 rts 2, ie er Ty” EZ 98.26 +) 428106 Ry +) Xiy For say = P = sF¥jh eos (Bxiooxsx05- 2015 KW {48 Each phase of sar comeced lad hae an impedance (25, + 180) conected across Sphune, 415 V, 60 He spb Deter 1) Line cient 1 Active Reactive and Apparent Per (9m pt man 0a 717282 Vy, =4I8 V Bae6y Nin 298 = BPS 5079 8 magnitude) ee » es LX soo RAW cre 2 886 Auge 541 ng 30887 VAR Rone Yer keaoy eta ii, = a609 VA Appa 4p alg 866 2st TePolyphase A.C. Circuits ang Ste Ph Tensor, oe ‘a7 Dehn wanormer ad ate 4 wt rece of apparatus BY means of ee sneer Pa Steal pow ha hel ah he dered aT i SRY an sam ut change SE aa or oer te aerating vues & Pr te Sa be dient wages of cell network a bution and wsization, ration, ransmision dition and “23 Working Principle of Transformer ne wing pine tem bean aits rameinle ogra c20 Mask 6) ‘Ana: The tagsfoner works onthe pane of mutual induction Ai Nee that when two cle are inductively coupled and if inert in one cal is changed uaormly then an ert get Induced in te ober ‘ls ts emery for. const of to inductive cos wich are cena sprite but aed through a common magnete cat The two cols have high mutual inductance The base tearm shoe nthe Fig QS The cl to whih auply $6 given called primary winding having Ny umber of ume andthe oer winding connected 0 the ad cal scondy ending hating N,ramber of rams When primary winding is ected by an alerting vole i coculture. 4+ This caren pres an alerting fe (9) which comple ath Brough common magnetic cove as shown dored in the Fg, © 181 Bale wantomer Fig QUS1 Thus an alemating fax inks th the secondary andng As the fx is ahematng, according to Faraday law of an Gscromagnete inducton mutaliy indued em Gleveloped inthe secondary winding ee Thi secondary induced emt des the load Thus though there is no elec contact btwn the to ening» an eleeincal energy gets taste from primary Yo the secnry (410: Construction of Transformers] ea shah t9 show he conection of cove and pes mh me 19 Daw {Ball pe vanfornes Ans. 1 Core ype wansfomer si has « single magnetic creat The core recangula hang two libs. The winding ences te core =———— =regs 918 us aticol ageing 4-19 ‘ine fine tens a sen eee _$-1h_ Sree ono wos the schematic representation OF the cap, shel snatorme Fa Oe a ee eee he arn) ad Cammece adl op amtnn Pe tse FO 0 sree ean, mm SEarensactin a Sone] Gore one Sat ope The wig nc Ge | Thom nde a pak " ottewinnge The ginal pate] Gewnly, ons ax | mod Sid ted ‘As wings a sted] Ax wn a sound Geran coding snore” | ty thers tear! (rneeacin (0)coarcton aie. amas ore ig. 184 Core ype transformer ‘The cols an bay |For emovng ay winding | Rinoved Fem mameuace |e aan ‘Bot th cae pla on bth te nbs. The Tow volage cx | ren | Ribera ae [Eplce ride near the cone whe hgh voltage coi surrounds ‘ef een Te the low voltage col pate eames “The concen peered | The enscien we or ‘eta dnl sgt at The crea he ibs [Eivetereatiers | ae tah the windings ase placed on th cna Limb. The ce ihn stage mappee | Rs bi mae coche et prt fe ings oe oe 4 The Fig. 1926) shows the achemte representation whe ke [7 | Thala phe pee | In ge abe om he Fie Q192%) shows the actual cartrcton of the shel ype easier (221 Wid eat sketches, expan the varus yes of lamination = ‘used for the construction of core of wingle phase transformer. cee Wate Ueha Bf fat I rH ‘Ans: The core of the transform is either squate or retangula in seat] oe A | ‘Cae 6 made up of laminations, Bec of laminated pe of ==" tous sy cant ae pte oo fag ees ia ' (031005: thick] are used, These laminations are insulated P0102 typ eater fom char by ng nator eh —— easPolyps AC. Cina, ey ae iT signage — acne a 8 sa teat arg _ Spee enor, of wo tat fo 30080 The a gap are overlapped ats at TT ped ot T Spe mat, % ee ca =cemawe wt - ae oe ie ee rtp fox inks wit secondary wining though the common - magnetic core It produces indword em. Ey in the secondary nuance at he fins he aerate Lye wg This is mutually induced em To avoid Neh Te eM fen wine te fons TNs iS cle tye yaious quite which affet the magne fe induced sagen emia «The cose secon of th ib depends om the YP of cl ‘9 = Fuxand @,, > Masimum value of fx ed eer clo rectangul IN; = Naber of primary winding tus Ny = Number of secondary winding tums {a1 EME Bp ‘Transformer {= Frequency ofthe soply volage Fy ~ RMS. valve ofthe primary induced ent an nat Sent ein 1 = RMS. vale of the secondary induced emt eee = RMS val secondary induced (sts mayo4s032 1538, be-9605.06.0708.08.10.13, Ma eet 7A80930.1% Hs yy Faraday’ law of eetromagnatic induction the average Antes the primary winding is ected by an altemaiy "em indice i each tum i proportion othe average rate of ‘hitge Vy it Gta alemaing coment producing © hange of fx shang Hus 6 * ioe ine ee ee Feo “ huge in i Now, Gt” Tine ued orcange i Tas ‘The arsing fox 6 Ling weith the primary winding ie Induces an een it denoted aE, = re Tiape en HAC. Chay aveage eb PE rar isl ove peo ut x average" ive fom © LIL 4L0 AA, Te hence the RMS. vale MS va Risto 2 se oe aes Tenn te! Cee ef many te Be ie eed em secondary denote i? aera ante ct femdom esses [e, <4urto,y; vos and Important Ponts to Remember The nao of scandary indvend em fo. primary induce ce ieacnn a vallage tansforntion ratio danoted a8 K y ge Phase Tren _ Sane en Potphase AC. Cire and Sp ase enorme a Ts ea 4 aged if I ey ee ont ae Mh ME va ring ofa wansomer Tags * Tbh “e-the fll lod primary and secondary curens indicat the safe eum valves of currents which Uansformer windings can 1000 fo express in KV sea ul load caents can be obtained fom te HVA taut jg ond = EVA SREIIDY a0 ove VA VA) seat nd = 2 eOD 1023 A stogle phase 4 AVA tanaformer has 400 ture om te cia ed ena fe nt oneal no 8, "50" He vopply, Calelate plemeeait £0, wine, velo of fe denslty In the core, ary sn oT 500 = $44 50%0 2400 Le. oq = 56306 mh 83062107 ggg Wh)?© Single Phase Transforget oe Ret etn = 4 te oare neon nee eae ry So nu =— Eres meal tr Mg sev gener eaeveniian ei oem 2. sy Bye met be th the sides of, EME pee tum remains same on Bel we, = belt Ns £98 2B = a Om” TEKST w» 1 yeu} aus TOS pita nce et 400 Vf 0) Mimum Se este Bema deat te core (educa be meenday. amb. Moe) fen yea a5 =A, ot He Dads ie te ETD ten tat eee Pe ee eT Pepin AC Cty, Scheer oS rmnany fb comanal Ln Se Saou aid usc ih Epering 435 Fv apt fa ‘Ant: Refer 24 forthe procedure and very the answer at Ep 67 VA) VEL) «2277 4) YL) «34090 A 44.12: Equivalent Resistance of Transformer 27 How to caluate equals rence renal te eT secondary Ina taaormer™ moan Let Ry = Peary winding resitance in hms 1, = Secondary winding estan bins The resstince of the two windings can be taser to any one side elle primary” of seordary without alfeing. the performance of the tansormer 4 The total coper ls dito both the ressances can be sed ans oul copper low = HR ER, =H © {Now the expression 1) nates hat the total appr can Be This meine expressed a5 1 Bs te resistance sale of Ry shied 10 primary se which causes same copper ows ith ya ese th 4 This value of resstance RIE wich the ae of rere to primary ad equivalent revista of secondary refered to rman. fs denoted aseR sting Tecc eorel fo cy a Mn ee ge! ese o rm dyad deed Rae igh volage side Low cent Side + High estan tw vlage side High urent side + Low rss Important Points to Remember The tnomer primary and secondary windings hu lekageeaances dened as X, and, respective; ‘Suir to restunces the leskage reactanes alo ca tener rr primary to secondary or viewer. 4+ Theta lage ecance refered to primary eX, oh scenery toy Ma tnd setecattarne tay etre Yay AK where Xj = 2x, The tl impedance fray winding 2, « + The toa ingedance fe wey weg 2 Bry a | lat 2,=Totl eae inpdinr eere opriayte, Ferhat 2% Nye 2 2025029 4 Siuaty 2 = Tos +X, 0 ) 2 lvl snpedanee tefered to sendy et Bae Bag hy By BrUaZeR 2, 6) {me mpsinde 2, 22, oe EL ot ATE 0 413: Voltage Regulation of Transformer (228 Why secondary tema ope reduces on od? rr nb, a3 ans: As the transformer i loaded das more cen Thus here inca ins par a wel a sonar cue Theres volage drop aig se sce he wing resisances and leakage reactance, As the corentincrass, the vege dep aco the nndng arama abo inceasen ‘Because of the vlagediop set the primary and scary impedances A chewed tat te secondary trial volage = cy"Sige Phase Travafomen aaiceuercttgineng 28ST Tray ) to asd vale (V3) 8 Toad ang rope fen sno loud value fond czrent increases «Hance the secondary volage rt dp a inn a ects on lod in transformers sas [+8 "nsx ot wnt crn oy 2 Date eat Pha he can se oe names errr en te enone nce 8 ROH Valag ee ee td ne A ee nay el wha SP wy Ta do vals led eiton supe oft se ereptn se he angen eae age when aed lad at sped power seca ena Tg pinay vole matard te ed °° peat oe ed Hein oon ta y= Seong mil aap 0d 531 Senn cma page ge ad then tently age spon oven Toa ane ‘Voge repation = Fata Theat (~ VW)scalepe unit regolation. ‘The ssonday terminal voltage doss not depend only on the Imagitde ofthe loud curent bat ago on the natu of the power factor ofthe lad, In case of lnging power for Vp < E, and we get postive ‘volge regulation, whe fr lading power far F, €V, and we set negative vgs regulate, == sapere oberg tomy ape A Cina ‘she Fig, 294 shows the regulation i aileren loud pore aco, TP a sp, ~ 2 tyson anes 18 pin > (ae Fig, 029.1 Reglatonchactrits at tae por Important Potts to Rew 4 The voltage regulation of transformer can be expresed a, a ERs 088 # Xs, sing foc 10 Iehere = Seondary caret on oad, Vy = Steondary tage ad M2) Eguivalent ress eff scndary Ngo Equivalent ected enany os 9= Load power tr ‘sgn fo lagging power factors whi for lading factor loud po ‘The regulation can be exprested infers of ly Vp Fy aR Hse 2X6 %R SSPe » secs — oo = pre tess in TH ‘tansdormer. In which a eich pon \ fr wich factors SS a0 tt he He ae Bem? O = tor et ses? rputores0at48 Oe — losses. rene, eo A nt jee oro 4. coro on es up in the magnetic core of te Tae eae Bt Rp 072030, aera ft are sos of ene” Proc, eee rsaenty [Homi B27 «Hyco depends on mate an 1, = Moimem fi desty "= pequney aa v= Voune fhe or a Te induced emt in he oe bes ost up COE te ‘hea eres for the ey cron ose, The dy ‘St sve by ly cameos = Kathi volume whee K, = Eddy uma constat and = Tk te coc ‘The fo inthe cis crs as suplyvliage Vat rtd neuency Fis bays cesta. Hey, te fx deny Bn the cove and fence both pst and ely current loses. we const ase tal the nds ‘The in ss ac mimi by wing high grade core mata ke icon se having. very aw Iyseces bop and By alain the coven the frm of lamas ea corey _* secomatoamemy on Mt ra 2 Oo et edn 2 phat ts ca pve wel fo te Sr wn mata te aay eal ce noes st pts magn ere be dpa ere of he curs Palsy sheenrectiverpties ermal ton Go os = BER 1 ARG) O oR Ry 2 Re “east curtent i the Winding depends on the lad, the copper ‘eer lao vary withthe load, Thus copper loses are called vaiable Fontes ‘eth for a wansforme, “otal ses» Lon loses + Copper lasses ‘othe copper loses ate apt msi by designing the windings eth oe sistance values. 4.15 : Efcleney of Transformer 231 Dein lcency of tanatormer, Obtain the expremion fo tora ayant 8) Ans; Dus to the losses in warstormer, the output power of transformer ls than the input power supple, Power output = Rover input ~ Toa loses Power input = Power oul + Toa losses = Power ouput +, + Poy bere P, = Irom losses and Po = Copper loses ‘The efcieney of any device is defined asthe rate ofthe power ‘output to power input 1 So fora transformer the efficiency can be expressed 25 TesPolyphase A.C. Crei 7 en ag Sara po forse It ape Fs = pwerinat ” FRE NEY Pesg whee 08 0° L584 POE Fay 1-Voh + Power cup Land wie po i oud of cortent aK WH egy he tansfomer SP voltage V on fll oad = 13 Roy OF = 1? Ry, vp, = Copper oss ol ' fon OPE cot bat a vy = Wasaing ofa baformer_ ee (WA ming) 08x 100, 94+ HO Ps Palgase AC Chests and on Pau Tenors pus tea Enginerng New Poy * 8 gy) FL «The copper losses get reduced by n? white iron loses semain same «+n general for factional lad the efficency a gven by, an = UA ein on IVA ring cosge Fn IPL wher Fraction by Which oud is less than fll oud or all types of load power factors lagging, leading and unity the efficiency expression doesnot change and remains same. 44.16 : Condition for Maximum Efficiency ras is fa ad pate fleey HB Tk = Full ag Senda cet i Important Pons t Remember ge enema jee factor od he ng en qt te efiency cn be ine Let Fracon by which oa is diferent than fl load New = n(jeL. Susy the output ¥ 1 csty also reduces by the same fron, Thus facion of VA aig i avaiable atthe oxtput Si os copper ses propetial © square of cure (232 Dente the condition for the masimum eficency for * Saantormer saad ‘Ans: The loud current at which the efcieney attains maxi fale i denoted as Ty, and: maximum effisency is denoted ‘am ‘The effiency 6 2 fancon of load Le. lad current I, esuming os constant, The secondary terminal voltage Vy is abe assumed constant. 1+ So for maviswm ecieny, an XI costs = 0 while n= @, y R+ERy, ya ewes aa (5 no + + Ry) 0080 (4 hemes) (04 6080: #215 Ry) 0 + Canceling (019; fom Bot the terms we get, We ty cons #418 Roe VG boosts 21hiw soa of os of fl oad current feng, lency 1s ven by, rast ld met ty 6 WV upd at mum ene 6 ven BY, eta * A ID + Sibson Mu the expression we ar wee eo eh 3 Nite Meu? RE 100 = 2 Wb oer of een, Pot = Pulpit suc Eicl ngierng 635 ‘Sasser usec Enpierng 6-38 Sl Phan Tromso (a2 A S000 V. 50 He, 50 KYA tnsormer bat fll load pe ood of 1600 watts and ton loa of 1600 wets. Estimate (be wanforme eficlency a 1) Fall load abd 07 lagaog pf) Half oad and 0.85 lgaing 1 [0 36 6) ns Pog (FL)= 16001, F, = 180, 80 AVA, 1 Fal load, m= 08 = 07 ane aVAcose ——_sYAcs¢ _ 199 AVA G0+F + In Pe FOL 8x1! x07 Sox i09 07% 15005 1600 4 Hatf lad, n= 05, cos = 038 05 x50810?x0i O10 085 ~ 100 (0571 (224 A 600 RVA tantomer hasten late of LW and hal lad copper losses ae 2 AW, Calculate the effceny of wanelorner at 1) Ha lad 08 pi lapping aed) Fallon 08 tga ES oe, tats 6 ‘Ana 1600 VA, B= AAW PHL) =2 8 e100 = 6% ne 00 = 618% a} ra.) va } =AF ie FORD = “4 Pal) « 4xRQ HL) = 4x2 + SEW 1) Hn on, cos 0= 08 aVAse wae X100 n= 05 for half oad AVAcmo+ R45 07D) 1560003 x08 Seca x08 4x09 22a? 100 = 9755 %Polyphase A.C. Circuits cee Egeing 438 soe oe iw Fa ad on 9-08 Vacs er *0* Veer At Pa ED (60010? x08 7 2100 = 9756-% aoa 08-00 a0 oe a tH 1 ek SL Et ttt ter ae See ee irvine 9 OM4R * Tiger (fa)FL 100 = _Moz10?x081100_ grap, Toe 10?x046 9661303 Wa)FE A) cos = 055, =, 9608 BVA ae 0 DVR 00 Fl ser BWWAatnag = Ae om emnacrava % Mw * 00 94.2710 x85 ett O85 an 596 SaarTe1o x0Rse Dem A 004 #200 Yo, eat ony onsen: a Pape ec —_ Shara py « YA. Ba! meter Yt) = YE = BO sss, Pay FL)» [FUP RR, «33057 9 Geo Vise Wien ry = an Dat zona ae “I 37 A 80 BVA, 1000250 V. tpi 50 He 1 80 W and ful load opper’ power actor = 1 Fm hos none ‘Ass Given: 80 BVA F = 800 W, PF) = 20 ‘find np. Ma, ‘)Fullloud n= 1 cos 9 08, Son © ——BVAleos VAD, 1380x109 x08 Dea t0 x08-+8i06 Fr 1 Ha oan = 05,co8 6 1 Seng, = 08210 at 0590510" 1400050 aa San = 100-9697 % sam 9730% 417 : Direct Leading Method of ing ‘iiency and Regulation (238 With te ep of eat chet daa, debe tented of feng sone pave trsforer by dec nog apa hot0384 eprinetl eto ect eng acoary ameter wlimete and Wee ae Ongena a scrtakape and walage on beh ‘onesie fo esse cen ‘Ses of torn. «The jose psormthe esis Make sure tt oad sof sith on the suppiy and adst cari 0 Be at primary og to be observed on vole 8 Vy 2. Observe the reading on old fst and note down Vb Wy Ve gand Wy itcan be observed hat on oad I =O ard fume Vs 4 Sith on he lad step by sep and note down the varous singe [ep pray ogy aways estan wih te Felp of varag] iste vase 1 Te following sbsevaton ble is prea ein ie Teed SBP ea o] EXTGA LO] No tot mating Csr agaecing 4-0 PW Cretan pose etic EOPMTNS _S°7_ Sg Phas Fras penton 84 UO Be id te apt power PADSY and eat ne ee ad of,” wom | “ie te regulon an be oid ay pe as f= Vz.00 ma load condition th regulation is zo on no fa forte nt aio cn std ye Upove epson The Vp repress sconday emi aly Prevod aa a8 A dnc laos test I be candued om Ighse 228 J0.V. ZAVA frraforme 1 determine efceny tnd ahage lnm, Draw tbe eat conection dogam td we deve he al te nctr edith ese. EEL: hp ee fine: Connection diagram : Refer Fig. Q381 Meer ages haw = va , Dao hey for primary : Voter: 0-280 V, Ameer: 0-10 8 a Wass 250 V, 10.8 For secondary : Voltmeter 0-180 Ammetr 0-20 A a Wasme 150 V, 20 4 4.18: Autotrnsformer (240 We note on autowansormer [ues 9608 mye ma 6) (OR Esplin the working principle of astacansforeslit Chay peepee AS a eee eee se ceo acter 84 Sete cad nek eee ein tlm or canbe steppe up as, t any deed vale "PP smut om seta ne intr. ep crepes eepetene pe spent ee 3 a polos of edo ¥ bop fs ey Se ee F eon ieee oo Sag, TS Samay windy wets ny Wong ; ain | te {| de | ue ,o4 / Mawson recmt hactemtemr Dh tepy ‘The operating principe of the autotransformer i ame ae that two winding anton, 1 Th cur in the portion CB Le secondary, in cs of step dows, tut tafe the veo difference of I, and I; whe furent the paton QS Le. primary, in case of stp ap futtanlomer ite vector dtreceo sand 1 Nepecting te loss, the lelage reactance and the magni catent we an wate the tarsformation rato of th Sotoransonmer as ‘Due to the use of single winding, compared to nocmal tne ‘ninding tansomes, for the sane eapacty and voluge ri, here is ubstantal saving in copper, in atotansformer SS : sae estima Of Seige Alea ag ae toy "The AdvaNLIRE of sttertony, tens ot s we oe 8 se amsemer teow be Fa Dee aes Peano peta ane eo no Errington, oe epee kre Bh iS meine pe msi ng ten piney nd nts Cpe lye pps nh eye ing in Saher wha cee en ae eas pei ben, Py a ay 9M iver ig ape Bie tan atc Dr bascenetng ten Wish a ear megy Soe ioe afr, ning oes tain he ni oe, Racoe ore 23 togressnal fot + etn ce ar as 4) fo om ner ting ied py ag 5, Asa van ay vlan sty ee Ses Gn ha Ra ee “oneeny e Sang gente ns. Mts Se demest he soa short eit cura for stat END —— ee T== { 5] com) oJ | —S | Tmprtat Fins toReener «fay arngenent fh vcs ltl ener sus ao Be ferent creat ements Ie called an dean ce «A putet entree a poo by tel won seri el branch poet whee tae 0 more ences mtb ele | ition pt A porto whch (wo o teas met Ae ad, The int pi de odes nee + Met Lop at of nhs rig «ced pat peo owt ¢ wy hatte eth bead ek ening mance tom a tp _——— 51: Classification of Electrical Networks 1 Cita the elec! neice RHP 83208, BOLO, ks ‘Ans: The elec neta are ced 1 Lae Network 1A clit of network whose parameters ie elements We ‘evans, inductances and capctancs ate aeays, conan imespeive ofthe change in te, volage, temperature ei now 2 near eter panna sp non nea Netwar or Meet whose parameters chang ME the ages ie EPA OLA ei og gg tM change ig rest example is # ict Pen ier netvar athe Ig of & do et ya St Le en Soxbptiby ome 4. ae ay a ee Satie Tra! ‘ied ellie hy ae, bras fed ample of tal mornin! Mr Wet pom reeenae sc at hs tra + crt consiting dade wth als fv of caren oh ene drei s good example of unr sees as ete Network 1A cult wh conan easton source of emg activ, An energy source may bea vatge or caren Sue i Pazsve Network 4A oct which conn no every sou ed pase sci vip Lumpod Notwork 1 A petork in whieh ll the netork: elements ae physically separable is Laon 3 ped network, ‘Most of the cece networks ate amped in nace which casts elements ke R LG valtge sure ee lsat Network +A oetwotk in which eet elements ke sesame, Inductance et. cannot be physically pune fr amass Pupses, called distbuted network