Preposition of Agency or Instrumentality:

These prepositions are usually placed to connect the doer and the doing, basically
the noun and the verb. Agent, as you know, is the connector. It’s that which
makes something happen. So that means Preposition of Agency or
Instrumentality are placed in a sentence to fulfil the purpose of showing an
agent. Let’s see which words do this and how:

1) By:

 This food store is constructed (აშენება, აგება) by my father. (A doing was

done by a person- Construction is the action and father is the noun,
and by is the preposition connecting them to show their relation.)

 Harry Potter was written by J.K. Rowling.

 The much acclaimed song “Something” was written by none other than Sir
George Harrison.

 This sweater was knitted for me by my grandmother.

2. With:

Usually used to show a doing by a thing, with is another Preposition of Agency or

Instrumentality. Let’s see a few examples:

 We drove away the mosquitoes with the repellant spray. (A doing was
done with something- Drove away is the action and the repellant spray is
the noun that the preposition with is connecting. The purpose of the
preposition here as you can see is to show the agent of the action-
Preposition of Agency or Instrumentality.)

 We flushed out the dirt from the terrace with water. (The verb or the action
here is flushed out and the noun is water. The act was done using the noun,
water and the word showing this agency is shown using the the
preposition- with.)
 Mother chopped onions with a knife.

Prepositions of possession(საკუთრების გამომხატველი წინდებულები)

The Possessive form is used in a sentence in context of things that belong to a
person or animal. We can also use it to show a connection between things. Some
of the most commonly used prepositions of Possession are of, with and to. We
will show you a few examples:

 This is the house of Mormons.

 He’s the boy with the olive sunglasses.

 This book is a property of the Half Blood Prince.

 The house on the mountain belongs to my grandmother.

 She’s the one with the ponytail.

The preposition form words and their usage:

Of: This preposition of possession is usually used for cities, countries, people, and
possessive pronouns. Of is placed in a sentence to show possession of a place like
a city, country or people or possessive pronouns like mine, yours, etc.

Usual form: Of + noun/possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers)

The preposition of

explains to whom the person or an object belongs to. In this case Let’s see a few
examples:

 Canberra is the capital of Australia.

 This is the house of my uncle.

 He is a friend of ours.

 Taj Mahal is the finest monument of India.

 A friend of mine had a car accident yesterday night.

With: With is used with objects/materials/animals, accents, and physical
characteristics. To fully understand this definition, read the examples below and
come back again to this definition to see what we mean:

Usual form: With + adjective/noun

Let’s see a few examples:

 I saw a girl with a pink purse.

 The boy with the dragon tattoo is sitting by the corner.

 The cat with black spots on her tail is my pet.

To: A preposition that shows possession, this is usually used in the expression
“belong to“.

Usual form: To + object pronouns (it, him, her)

Let’s see a few examples:

 This race course belongs to the Government.

 This garden belongs to my old aunt Mercy.

Preposition of reason(მიზეზის გამომხატველი წინდებულები)

So what is a Preposition of Cause or Reason or Purpose or Motive or

Destination or Target (all of these words snowballed into a broader
term, Cause)? These are the prepositions that in general show the reason of a
happening or being in a sentence. They generally answer the question of why.
 They basically show the cause of something happening or the purpose of an
action. As the name suggests, these show the reason in a sentence.
For example:

 A train is used for travelling to different places. (Why is a train used? The
purpose of a train is to travel. The preposition for is the preposition of cause
in this sentence as it is showing the purpose of a train.)

 Virat Kohli received a Padma Shri for his exceptional performance in the
field of cricket. (Why was Virat Kohli given Padma Shri? The award was
given because of his exceptional performance. The reason of the Padma Shri
award is being indicated by the preposition for.)

Let’s see some Prepositions of Cause:

1. To: Usually used to show the purpose of the noun. This preposition joins a
noun with a verb.

 We use coal in hydraulic plants to make electricity.

 She ran to deliver the mail before the bus left.

 My baby sister always goes to our father to ask for sweets.

2. For: This is also used to show the purpose of the noun. This preposition joins a
noun with usually another noun or an adjective. If it joins the noun with a verb,
usually the verb is in it’s gerund form.

 I need a fine profile for getting a job at the Wall street.

 Thank you for bringing us a casserole while our mom is out of town.

 My cat goes out in the garden for emptying her bowels.

3. Because of/ on account of : Joining a verb with the noun, this preposition is
pretty straight up. It shows the reason of the happening.

 I need to stay home because of my naughty brother.

 The moon shines because of the sun.

 On account of the flight delay caused, the Prime minister will reach the
office later than expected.
4. Owing to: Shows a cause

 Owing to the brilliant example set by Ellen Degeneres, she received a Medal
of Freedom by President Obama.

Preposition of Contrast and Concession (კონტრასტის, შეპირისპირების

გამომხატველი წინდებულები)

Concession are words like “though”( despite the fact that) or “although” that are
used to show a different idea than suggested by the main part. For example:

 Although my best friend is very tall and atheltic, she didn’t make it in the
basketball team.

 Though she is an animal lover, she eats non-veg food.

 Although my sister is very studious, she is not popular among teachers.

You see how ideas mentioned in the above sentences are quiet contrasting. In the
first example, a tall and athletic person should make it to the basketball team, she
didn’t. In the second one, you’d expect the person who loves animals to not eat
them. In the third sentence, a studious one should be popular among teachers but
she isn’t. In the above sentence, the irony of the sentence is shown by the
preposition of contrast and concession, though and although.

Preposition of Contrast and Concession:

1. Though and Although

These words are commonly used alternatively. You must have seen above how
these words are used to show contrasting ideas.
 Although my sister exercises daily, she has serious health problems.

 Though my sister exercises daily, she has serious health problems.

 Huge though it is, an elephant is a very peaceful animal.

 Small although an ant is, it is very hard working and persistent.

2. As and Though

Used after an adjective or adverb, the preposition as can be used in the place
of though. Let’s see how that works:

 Studious though he is, he is not a popular student among the teachers.

 Studious as he is, he is not a popular student among the teachers.

 Punctual though he is, he missed today’s train for his office.

 Punctual as he is, he missed today’s train to his office.

3. In spite of and despite

These prepositions of contrast and concession can be alternatively used.

 In spite of being so huge, an elephant is a very calm animal.

 Despite being so huge, an elephant is a very calm animal.

 In spite of attracting an income tax raid last year, the minister kept his scams
going.

 Despite being so rich, they are not very kind to people.

4. Nonetheless, nevertheless and however (მიუხედავად ამისა)

Well, these are not exactly words that connect clauses. They usually mark
discourses between sentences. Let’s see that with an example:
 This cat is quick at its feet; however, it can’t catch a mouse.

 This cat is quick at its feet; nonetheless, it can’t catch a mouse.

 I am usually not interested to attend weddings; nevertheless, I will be at my

best friend’s wedding.

 I am usually not interested to attend weddings; however, I will be at my best

friend’s wedding.

 I love to sleep all day long; nonetheless, I also like to play football.
5. All the same (despite what has just been said) and At the same time
(ამავდროულად)

Just like the above category of Preposition of contrast and concession, these
prepositions do not connect two clauses. They are used after a semicolon to show
the contrast of ideas in the two clauses. Let’s see an example:

 Elephants are huge; all the same, they are very calm creatures.

 Elephants are huge; at the same time, they are very calm creatures.

 Lions are the strongest; all the same, they keep the hunting for their
lionesses.

 Lions are the strongest; at the same time, they keep the hunting for their
lionesses.

Prepositions of Manner

Prepositions of Manner is all about how a certain thing happened or is done.

Sometimes even referred to as Prepositions of Method, these
include words like on, by, with, like, etc.

The most commonly used Prepositions of Manner are “by” and “with”. We make
use of By whenever we talk about actions and it is usually followed by the gerund
(verb + -ing) or a noun, while we make use of With to talk about objects or tools
that are used to achieve something and it is often followed by a noun.

1. Prepositions of form- By, With. They have the same purpose in the sentence
but not the same meaning. Both of them show the form of the noun. They
show what was used to make something happen.
By is used as –By + noun OR By + -ing + noun
With is used as – with + noun
For example:

 He will die by the sword. (the sword will be the manner of his death)

 He faces danger with courage. (he is courageous when faced with danger)

 She left the room in tears. (she was crying when she left the room)
Answering the question of how:

 She lost 2 pounds by going vegan. (how did she lose 2 pounds? by going
vegan)

 They went through the blizzard with courage. (how did they go through the
blizzard? with courage)
2. Preposition of method- As if, like, on, as. These show the method with which
something was done.
For example:

 She spoke as if she was the head of the team. (in the manner of the head)

 He acted like there was no other option. (in a manner that there was no
other option)

 They traveled on foot. (they walked)

 I have worked as a teacher and counselor. (in the capacity of a teacher and
counselor)
Try answering the question of how from the following examples:
 She went to South Bombay by cab.

 Our mother sings like a cuckoo bird.

 The skydivers were dropped by a plane.

 He fell in the ditch while walking home.

 The tourists arrived on the Havelock island on a ferry.

 I reacted with anger to his mistake.

 My sister speaks like an old wise woman.

Preposition of Inference, Motive, Source, or Origin

As easy as it sounds, Preposition of Inference, Motive, Source, or Origin is about a
preposition whose functionality is to basically show the origin or source of
something in a sentence. What is that something will be clearer to you as you read
further.

1. From: Usually, this preposition joins two nouns in a sentence, or a verb and
a noun. Let’s see a few examples to understand this.

 My father bought me a new playstation from Dubai.

 She has to bring her tiffin from home.

 Shehnaz is from Oman.

 I got these sweets from Tbilisi.

 From this experiment, we can derive that plants need sunlight

for photosynthesis.

 His dedication to crack JEE exam is rooting from his desire to excel in life.
2. Of/Out of: Now this preposition joins two verbs usually. Let’s see a few
examples to understand this.
 From what we know of our father, he is a reliable man.

 Out of respect, the knight bowed down to the king.

Task 1: Choose from the following prepositions at, below, by, in, on, to and
complete the sentences and questions.

1. Hamlet was written Shakespeare.

2. John is a student Oslo university.
3. The temperature was zero.
4. You have to write the paper hand.
5. We live the main road, so it is always very loud.
6. The trains are seldom time.
7. There were a lot of people our party.
8. Your room is the second floor.
9. Can you translate this from English French?
10. August 1st we'll go Stratford.

Task 2: Choose from the following prepositions at, between, below, by, in,
on and complete the sentences and questions.

1. My mum studied a university.

2. There is a spider the corner of my room.
3. Death Valley is 56 metres sea level.
4. The train to London stopped the station.
5. Emily sits Susan and Greg.
6. There was an accident the crossroads.
7. Congratulations your new job!
8. Would you buy a coffee credit card?
 9. What is behind the rise Wall Street?
10.This flight goes to Washington DC Charlotte.

Choose from the following prepositions at, by, for, from, in, on, with and
complete the sentences.

1. Where do you come ?

2. My cousin lives Norway.
3. They are walking the bridge.
4. I don't like flying, so I went to Paris bus.
5. You can stay me tonight.
6. My birthday is 29th February.
7. I'll see you Christmas.
8. Put the books the table, please.
9. I haven't seen you ages.
10.I like this house the river.

Choose from the following prepositions across, at, from, in, on, to and complete
the sentences.

1. My parents got married 2010.

2. The police station is the right.
3. We're going Italy for our holidays.
4. We borrowed the bikes our uncle.
5. There is a bridge the river.
6. I saw Chris the bus.
7. Be nice your brother.
8. Let's meet the afternoon, not night.
9. My friend lives the house the end of
the street.
 10.They are not home the moment.

Choose from the following prepositions at, before, for, on, to, with and
complete the sentences.

1. Turn right the traffic lights.

2. She is not here, she is holiday.
3. A comes B in the alphabet.
4. The cat is sitting the wall.
5. Emily left school the age of 16.
6. I'll see you Monday morning.
7. Do not open the tin a knife!
8. This laptop belongs our teacher.
9. The film was very funny the end.
10.We've been here four days now.

Write the correct prepositions into the gaps.

Hide example

EXAMPLE:
Look! The people are getting the train.

ANSWER:
Look! The people are getting on the train.
1. She was born 2004.
2. They are waiting the bus.
3. Don't forget to bring some flowers you.
4. I haven't smoked ages.
5. You can look up the word a dictionary.
6. She is allergic insect stings.
7. I'm looking my keys. Have you found them?
 8. The song was written Madonna.
9. He likes to travel Spain in summer.
10.The police car chased the robbers the streets.

Task 3: Rewrite the following sentences using the preposition of contrast and
concession:

 It was dark at night, but we decided to step out.

– Although_____________________________.

 Although she is not very tall, she plays basketball remarkably well,
– In spite of ____________________________.

 In spite of being in an unprivileged school, Sheila topped the university

exams.
– Although_____________________________.

 Even after losing her parents, George didn’t lose hope.

– Despite____________________________.

 Despite being so talented, O.J Simpson didn’t do well in life.

-Although_____________________________.