LIFE TABLE The life table gives a life history of a cohort of persons dismissed by deaths. It gives a more detailed investigation of mortality and is useful for obtaining estimate of widowhood, chances of marriage and remarriage, population growth and for population projection. ‘A life table is a mathematical model for depicting mortality situation experienced by the population. Keyfitz defined a life table as “a scheme for expressing the forms of mortality in terms of probabilities.” According to Barclay, the life table is a life history of a hypothetical group, or cohort of people, as it is diminished gradually by deaths. The record begins at the birth of each member, and continues until all have died . Consider a group of children born in a year. They will all be of exact age 0 in the year they were born; exact age | in the next year and so on. Of course, not all will survive to age 1; some would die between exact ages 0 and 1. If we continue to follow these children throughout their lives until no body remains, we have complete data on their survival status at each exact age from 0 (when all were alive) to the end age of life (when none of this group was left alive). These data can be placed on a Lexis diagram-along a diagonal-and the probabilities of dying from one exact age to another can be calculated. These probabilities are the sole basis of the construction of the life table. Separate life tables are made for males and females. The life table just described is called the cohort (or generation) life table as we traced the mortality experience of a real cohort (children born in a year). The other life table is a cross-sectional (or period or current) life table in which mortality experience of different generations in a year (or period) is traced. A current life table, therefore, may be viewed as a “snapshot” of current mortality It is an excellent summary description of mortality in a year or a short period.The cross-sectional life tables are said to be tracing the mortality experience of a hypothetical cohort. It should be noted that the data for the cohort life table are not easy to assemble as one will have to follow the original cohort from its origin (birth) until each member of the cohort has died. Such data covers the whole life span of the cohort. The cross-sectional or period or current life tables, on the other hand, utilize death data for a year (or over a period) from vital registrations and the mid-year population estimates from census enumerations or the post censal estimates; the data which are easy to assemble. In other words, the current L.. is based upon the mortality experience of a community for a short period of time such as one year, three years of an inter-censal period during which the mortality of a community has not changed substantially. The current L.T. does not depict the mortality experience of an actual cohort. It assumes a hypothetical cohort which is experiencing the ASDRs observed during a particular time. Types of Life Table Complete and Abridged Life Table: There are two usual ways of presenting a L.T., namely, complete and abridged life tables, according to the length of the age interval in which the basic data are presented. In a complete L.T., information is given for every single year of age from birth until the last applicable age. In abridged L.T.s, information is given only for broader age intervals such as x to x +5 years. The single abridged L.T. is usually prepared rather than the more elaborate complete life table since the abridged is less laborious to prepare and sufficiently reliable for most purposes and often more convenient to use.Life table: A life table presents a comprehensive picture of a population that gets depleted systematically through deaths at each age and thus portray the process of life itself. The concept: The concept of life table is simple and agrees closely with the demographic process Suppose Ay individuals are born at an instant time. If they are observed at the end of each year from then on, it could be seen that the cohort would get reduced in size to P,,Py,...,P,. where @ is the maximum length of life then P,=0 . The sequence P).P,,Ps,....P, describe the death process in a cohort and is useful to study the rate of depletion and several other relationship. This type of life table is called cohort life table. Cohort life table has a serious drawback. i. the life span of a cohort can be anywhere near 100 years or more. Thus the study of the sequence requires long period of waiting and therefore has only a limited use. The question therefore is whether it could be possible to obtain a sequence corresponding to Py, Pi, Pys-.-s Pa Say lovlyslys--ely such that it can depict the current mortality pattern of a given population. A life table so constructed using current population data is considered as current life table. The life table constructed on the basis of sequence P,, P,, P,.....P, is called cohort life table or generation life table. Here we shall consider the current life table unless it is specified. Assumptions: (1) Life table population is close to migrations and it is also stationary (A population having zero growth rates is said to be stationary population). (2). The Life table population is the total of pieces of several cohorts who being born at different time and should have been expose to different condition, yet once the Life table is -onstructed, the population is treated as a single cohort.(3) The death schedule is also assumed to operate in a set pattern and periodic variation due to random causes or otherwise is not considered. Thus the life table is purely deterministic model. (4) The number of deaths during a year is taken to be spread uniformly over the age interval, especially when the interval is of one year except the initial years of life. Remark: (1) The life tables are constructed separately for male and female as their mortality experiences have been found different. (2) For algebraic simplification generally Jy is taken as one lakh or 10 lakh. Note: All the columns of life table are interrelated. It is possible to calculate all the columns of life table if a crucial column and J) are known. In cohort life table, the /, column is crucial and if the information is available regarding |, column, then all the other columns are derived from the interrelationship. On the other hand in a current life table the main problem is to obtain the /, values except I) which is arbitrary. In current life table, q, column is the crucial column and all the other columns are directly derived from it. Various columns of life table: Column (1): Age interval (x,x+1): Each interval in this column is defined by two exact ages stated except for the final age interval, which is half open with beginning age denoted by @. The age x is included in the class but age x+1 is excluded from the class. Column (2): Proportion of dying in the age interval (x,x+1), q,: Each q, is an estimate of the probability that an individual alive at exact age x will dieduring the age interval (x,x-+1). The figures in this column are derived from the corresponding age specific death rates of the current population. Other columns are directly derived from this column. Column (3): Numbers of persons alive at exact age x,i.e. /,: The first number in this column is arbitrary while each successive res represents the numbers of survivors at the exact age x. They are calculated by the following formula: he 1 Igy => bees = bea) a) Since q, is estimated by current age specific death rates and [y is known in advance, thus /, is calculated as follows: | 01-40) 4d-4q) And so on. Column (4): Numbers of persons dying in the interval(x,x+1), d,: This column represents the total numbers of death occurred in the interval (x,x+1). The figures in the columns /, and d, are computed from 9.41;42s-+s40 and the cohort /y using the relation d=lq, = 0d eS x=0,1,....0 @) Column (5): Fraction of last year of life for age x, a,: Each of the d, person who die during the interval (x,x+1) has lived x complete year of life plussome fraction of year in the interval (x,x-+1). The average of this fraction is denoted by a, and plays and important role in the construction of life tables. Column (6): Number of persons years lived in aggregate in the interval (x,x+1), Ly: Each member of the cohort who survives the year (x,x+1) contributes one year to L,, while each member who dies during the year contribute on an average a fraction a, of a year. ie. L.=(,-d)+ad, — x=01....0 (4) Where the first term of RHS is the number of years lived in the interval (x,x+1) by (L, -d,) survivors and the last term is the number of years lived in (x.x+1) by the d, persons who died during the interval. When death is 1 assumed to be uniformly distributed then ay =; and = = A thet bale pds = (5) Column (7): The number of years lived beyond age x, T,: This total is equal to the sum of the number of years lived in each age interval beginning with the age wie. Ty = Ly tly tently, x= 0)....0 © T= Le +Tea -Column (8): Observed expectation of life at the age x, e°: This column of life table gives average number of additional years a person aged x can expect to live. of, - =| x=01,...,0 (8) eg is the expectation of life at age zero. It is the average age at death or average longevity of a person of a cohort. Some other quantities which are not listed in the conventional life table are Proportion of survivors in the age group (x,x+1), p,: Term p, represents the probability of survival in the age group (x,x+1). L Lett Obviously Px =~) 7 and nPx= PxPrst- Paint (9) Where “sis the probability that a person of age x will survive in the age interval O* +"), Curate expectation of life “*: Curate expectation of life gives the average numbers of complete years of life lived by the cohort after age x by each of the persons attaining that age. If death occurs uniformly throughout the year then =e 1 vty (10) Theorem: », Pe ~n+1 Px =n+1 IeWhere symbols have their usual meaning. Proof: we know that ay ent l= Xd; (12) Proof: Expanding the summation given in RHS, we have 1 Sd) =dy+dyay tet dy = Upbeat) * Cpa oan) tot pag ho) * lyn ly) =l, As |, =0. Theorem: If deaths are uniformly distributed throughout the year then 1 Tea Shot lear Hagar (13) Proof: If deaths are uniformly distributed throughout the year then 1 b= eth) And T, =Ly+ Lei teeth This implies that1 1 1 T, =a thant zen thet esa tyy3) to et leet +l thoes t- Theorem: If deaths are uniformly distributed throughout the year then info(ltha that) (14) Proof: If deaths are uniformly distributed throughout the year, then in view of (13), we have Ls L L, L | <1 tLe thee thas te ge thet these thes This implies that fast a L oul [fetter } ‘Theorem: If deaths are uniformly distributed throughout the year then Lat thee thas te 1 1 (1s) Proof: As we know that e° =e, 3 This implies that e, = e? — s now using (14), we have wt. [tnt tantAnd hence the result. Theorem: If deaths are uniformly distributed, then =— (16) exer Ps Proof: In view of (15), we get Ney = lyst these thya3 t+ ay Peteet =e thes thea + (8) Subtracting (18) from (17), we get Le,-l Hex —es@art = best Or 1 e Ney = Iya (A+ egy) = tt = x — eee en) ph lear @ Therefore p, =“ =—®—, 1 1+e yy Other life table rates and relationship: The columns of life table are interrelated, It is possible to calculate all the columns of life table if a crucial column is known. The main difference between cohort life table and current life table lies in the knowledge of this crucial column. In cohort life table, the 1, column is crucial and if the information is available regarding 1, column, then all the other columns are derived from the interrelationship. On the other hand in a current life table the main problem is to obtain the 1, values except Jpwhich is arbitrary. It is through q, column the current life table establishes its connection with the real life. Central mortality rate m, : It is the probability that a person whose exact age is not known but lies between x to x +1 will die before attaining the age x +1, dy m= = T. qd) This measure has a close resemblance to age specific death rates of the population which is (2) Itcan be shown that @« and 4* are functionally related. If deaths are uniformly distributed then (3) 2m, +m, (4) Ix One of the approached to the construction of life table is therefore to equate m, by M, and then use (4) to obtain the q, values. Force of mortality 2,: If 1, is assumed to be a continuous function of time then death can occur at any time and the instantaneous death rata is defined as() The negative sign is because /, is a decreasing function of x. quantity i, is the continuous equivalent of q, Relationship between /,, andy, : From (5), we have d —logl, =—y, Fake Hx Integrating both the side in the interval (0, x), we get conn At x=0, c=, hence ly ox -j Hy «| 0 (6) Relationship between m, and 1, : From the definition of central mortality rate dy m, = 54 Ly 1 And for continuous time L, = [ /,,, d¢ and 0 dl, _d} la iL re pe | bese t= J bese Ut Lest y= boat be dx dxg * odt 0 If the death rates are uniformly distributed. then1 L=Phudt=l / ba This implies thatA stationary population is a special example of a stable population with a zero growth rate, neither growing nor shrinking in size, and is equivalent to a life table population. Stable populations are theoretical models widely used by demographers to represent and understand the structure, growth and evolution of human populations. By definition, stable populations have age-specific fertility and mortality rates that remain constant over time. It can be proved mathematically that Populations with unchanging fertility and mortality patterns grow (or shrink) at a constant rate and acquire a characteristic age structure that does not change over time.