GRADE 8 ENGLISH HOME LANGUAGE LANGUAGE MODULE 1 2022 CONTENTS: SOURCES: Old Tests, Survival Guide, EHL Comprehension Grades 8-12, Macrat EHL Grade 8, Spelling Rules Solutions for All, Grade 8. Root words, prefixes and suffixes ‘Synonyms and Antonyms Homophones and Homonyms Dictionary Work Parts of Speech: Nouns and Pronouns a[PageCOMPREHENSION Read Text 1: Why We Lie below and answer the set questions TEXT 1 Why We by Yudhijit Bhattacharjee Honesty may be the best policy, but deception and dishonesty are part of being human. In the Autumn of 1989 Princeton University welcomed into its freshman class a young man named Lexi Santana, whose life story the Admissions committee had found extraordinarily compelling. He had barely received any formal schooling, He had spent his adolescence almost entirely on his own, living outdoors in Utah, where he herded cattle, raised sheep, and read philosophy. Running in the Mojave Desert, he had trained himself to be a distance runner. Santana quickly became something of a star on campus. Academically too he did well, earning A’s in nearly every course. His reserved manner and unusual background gave him an enigmatic appeal. When a roommate asked Santana how his bed always seemed to be perfectly made, he answered that he slept on the floor. It seemed perfectly logical that someone who had spent much of his life sleeping outdoors would have no fondness for a bed. Except that Santana’s story was a lie. About 18 months after he enrolled, a woman recognised him as somebody she'd known as Jay Huntsman at Palo Alto High School in California six years earlier. But even that wasn’t his real name. Princeton officials eventually learned that he was actually James Hogue, a 31-year-old who had served a prison sentence in Utah for possession of stolen tools and bike parts. He was taken away from Princeton in handcufts. In the years since, Hogue has been arrested several times on theft charges. In November, when he was arrested for stealing in Aspen, Colorado, he tried to pass himself off as someone else. The history of mankind is strewn with crafty and seasoned liars like Hogue. Many are criminals who spin lies and weave deceptions to gain unjust rewards ~ as the financier Bernie Madoff did for years, duping investors out of billions of dollars until his Ponzi scheme collapsed. Some are politicians who lie to come to power or cling to it, as Richard Nixon famously did when he denied any role in the Watergate scandal. Sometimes people lie to inflate their image — a motivation that might best explain President Donald Trump's clearly false claim that his Inauguration crowd was bigger than President Barack Obama's first one. People lie to cover up bad behaviour, as American swimmer Ryan Lochte did during the 2016 Summer Olympics by claiming to have been robbed at gunpoint at a gas station when, in fact, he and his teammates, drunk after a party, had been confronted by armed security guards after damaging property. Even academic science ~ a world largely inhabited by people devoted to the pursuit of truth — has been shown to contain a rogue's gallery of deceivers, such as physicist Jan Hendrik Schon, whose reported breakthroughs in molecular semiconductor research proved to be false. These liars earned notoriety because of how brazen or damaging their lies were. But their deceit doesn’t make them as unusual as we might think. The lies that imposters, swindlers, and boasting 10 15 20 25 30politicians tell merely sit at the top of a pyramid of untruths that have characterised human behaviour for centuries. 35 | 8. Lying, it turns out, is something that most of us are very skilled at. We lie with ease, in ways big and small, to strangers, co-workers, friends, and loved ones. Our capacity for dishonesty is as much a part of us as our need to trust others, which ironically makes us terrible at picking up lies. Being deceitful is woven into our very fabric, so much so that it would be truthful to say that to lie is human. 40 {Source: Adapted from National Geographic, June 2017) QUESTIONS: TEXT 1 PARAGRAPH 4 1.1 In your own words, explain what was so interesting about “Santana's” background to the Admission’s committee of Princeton University. (2) 1.2 Provide a synonym for: “adolescence” (line 3). (1) PARAGRAPH 2 1.3 Account for “Santana's” enigmatic (mysterious) appeal. Do not quote (2) 1.4 Explain why “Santana's” roommate believed his explanation for why his bed was always perfectly made. (2) PARAGRAPH 3 1.5 Recount how “Santana's” lie was discovered (2) 1.6 What is meant by the statement: “taken away in handcuffs"? (line 15) (ty PARAGRAPH 4 1.7 TRUE or FALSE “James Hogue only used a different name once, in order to get into Princeton University.” Provide a reason for your answer. @ PARAGRAPHS 5 AND 6 4.8 List the four reasons why people lie. (4) 4.9 Explain what you think is meant by the word “duping” (line 20). (1) 1.10 What is a *rogue’s gallery" (line 29)? (2) 3] Pace1.11 Having identified the four main reasons for lying, what do you think was James Hogue’s reason for lying? Substantiate your answer. (2) PARAGRAPH 7 1.12 Account for why the lies used as examples in paragraphs 6 and 7 are more shocking than the regular lies that people tell every day, according to the text. (2) 1.13 Provide your own definition for the word “notoriety” (line 32) (1) PARAGRAPH 8 1.14 Explain why the writer claims that the reason people cannot detect lies is “ironic” (line 45). (2) 1.15 Explain the play on words used in lines 39 and 40: “so much so [...] lie is human’. (2) 1.16 In your opinion, when is it acceptable to lie? Substantiate your answer. (2) [30] SPELLING RULES CORRECT SPELLING | SPELLING ADVICE COMMONLY MISSPELLING accommodate, Two es, two ms. ‘acommodate, accomodation accommodation achieve before e acheive across one c accross ‘aggressive, aggression _| two 9s agressive, agression ‘apparently -ent not ~ant ‘apparantly appearance ‘ends with -ance ‘appearence believe ibefore e beleive, belive cemetery ‘ends with -ery cemetary ‘committee double m, double t, double e ‘commitee conscious: =s¢ ~ in the middle concious definitely ite - not -ate definately disappear one s, two ps dissappear disappoint one s, two ps dissappoint embarrass two Fs, two s’s embarras, environment n before the m enviroment existence ‘ends with -ence existance forward begins with for- a foward friend ibefore e freind happened ends with -ended happend immediately ends with -ely immediatly independent ends with -ent independant knowledge remember the d knowlege liaise, liaison remember the second i: liase, liason necessary one ¢, two s’s. necesary Aleaoccasion two ¢s, one s ‘ocasion, occassion ersistent ends with -ent persistant possession two ss in the middle and two at__| possesion the end receive e before i recieve successful two es, two 8's succesful tomorrow. one m, two rs tommorrow, tommorrow [tongue begins with ton-, ends with —gue | toungue tru noe ‘truely unfortunately ‘ends with ~ely unfortunatly until ‘one I at the end untill Commonly confused words WORD MEANING Your Belongs to someone. For example: YOUR mone: [you're Contraction of you are. There Indicates a place or position. For example: The books are over THERE. Their Belongs to someone. For example: THEIR books on the table. They're Contractions of they are. EXERCISE 1 Choose the correct spelling of the following words: . cieling/ceiling MR.CO! . definitely/definately sca cel . dismissal/dismissall independantindependent beleivelbelieve neighborineighbour comissioner/commissioner @ NOMENA wi EXERCISE 2 Give the correct spelling of each of the following: 2.1 The plural form of: 2.1.1 body 2.4.2 donkey 2.2 Add 'y' or ‘ly’ to each of: 2.2.1 final 2.2.2 absolute 2.2.3 harmful S|Page2.3 Add ~ing to: 2.3.1 hop 2.3.2 hope EXERCISE 3 Choose the correctly spelt word from the alternatives in brackets: 1. Sorry, this space is (occupied/ocupied/occuppied). 2. If you want to be excellent, you have to (sacrifise/sacrifice) a great deal. 3. People have (critisized/critisised/criticised) him for having an unfair advantage. EXERCISE 4 Write down the correct form of the words in brackets using the correct spelling: - [haven't (commit) any crime. . He came with me quite (happy). . You are (terrible) quiet. Are you (come) home soon? . Are you going (swim) later today? . Answer me (truthful). . They gave us a (ridicule) amount of homework to do for tomorrow. We want down several (valley) to find the gold. |. He is (extreme) sensitive to criticism. 40. Do you want it (wrap)? 41. (Clean) is next to godliness. COENBARONA EXERCISE 5 One word in each line is incorrectly spelt. Write down the incorrect word and then the correct ‘spelling after it. 7. amount berthday smell 2. frount dream which 3. straw fal ready _ knife 4. monkey moment suger 5. bucket button fourty 6. tellephone blood knee 7. captian toe warm 8. weather picnick history 9. holaday sudden voice 10. family offise summer 6| PageEXERCISE 6 Correct the spelling of the incorrectly spelt words in the following sentences: . There hats are over their . There coming to town in they're new car. Their there, and there waving a flag. . If there there give them there spelling, . Can | have money for some stationary? . The morale is that you should not vandalise. . Which one will you chose, the blue one or the red one? . The ocean currants can be very dangerous. 9. The school principle is a very strict man. 10. | could not hear Mr Smith above all the racquet. 11, Unfortunately, we had to go strait home. 12. | don’t know weather I'll be able to come with you @PNOARONS EXERCISE 7 ‘One word in each pairis spelt correctly. Write down the correctly spelt word. 1 front frount 2. something ssomethink 3. people poeple 4. sckool school 5. unkle uncle 6. an en 7. piece peice 8. untill until 9. doctor docter 10. disappear disappear 11. whether wether 12. rabbit rabit 13. rough uf 14, committee comitee 15. intresting interesting EXERCISE 8 Fill in the correct words in the gaps provided below. their, they're, there | We are going to house tomorrow, if home. quiet, quite This is a class and so you may enjoy it. Tose, loose Your watch strap is 0 you may it accept, except Everyone will the offer Jane. 7[Pageto, too, two We are going Durban and Cape Town they are my favourite cities. threw, through He. ‘the stone the window. Initate, aggravate | You will the situation if you the teacher. past, passed In the he has all his subjects. principal, principle | The school feels it is a matter of that stealing is wrong. licence, license As your car has no , | suggest you it. practice, practise | You must you're bowling at the _ today. council, counsel The student will the students on their problems. stationery, He drove into a ‘car on his way to buy | stationary é right, write This is the way to a letter. affect, effect The of violence will usall. ensure, insure You must that you your car. lightning, As the sky was the thunder and disappeared. If you are stranded in the dry there is nothing better than ice cream for. 8) Page| ROOT WORDS, PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES PREFIXES & SUFFIXES Words in English can be made up of 3 parts which have meaning: PREFIX + ROOT + SUFFIX = WHOLE WORD eg. UN + REASON + ABLE UNREASONABLE eg. TELE + SCOPE TELESCOPE eg. HOPE + LESS HOPELESS PREFIXES There are many prefixes that mean NOT: un cg. unfortunate; unhappy dis c.g. disagree; dissatisfied n e.g. never; neither NOT mis e.g. misfortune; mistake in eg. incorrect; incoherent im c.g. impossible; immobile non e.g. nonsense; nonentity Exercise 1: For each root word given, fill in the correct prefix to form the opposite. 1. ___allow 2. ___active 3. able 4, continue 5. spell 6. known 7. ever 8. ability HEE Or 10,____ believable 11.____ possible 12,____patient 13,____solve 14 sociate 15, soluble 16, ____-negotiable 17. ___ considerate 18.__do Exercise 2: Find two more words in the dictionary starting with each of these prefixes. 1 un et un 2. dis dis 3. mis mis 4, in in 5. im im. 6. non non, 91 Pagehere is a prefix for each number: e.g. monorail; monochrome; unicycle; unite e.g. bicycle; binomial e.g. tricycle; triangle ¢.g. quadrangle; quadruple e.g. pentathlon; pentachord e.g. hexachord; hexagon, sextet . septennial ¢.g, oetopus; octagon ¢.g. nonegenarian; nonet e.g. decade; decalogue Y= semi, hemi, demi e.g. semicircle; hemisphere; demigod Exercise 3: Fill in a number prefix for each root word given. 1 ade 2. opus a une 4. __athlon 5. ocle 6. __athlon (different one) 7 __ruplet 8 = __valve 9. __god 10. ____tonous 11. ___raphonie 12 pod. 13. ave 14. ____mial 15. ____ogenarian 16. ____poly 17. ane 18. ____lingual Exercise 4: Find more words in the dictionary starting with each of these prefixes. The words must have the prefix as a meaningful unit.(e.g. bi in bibliography does not mean two.) 1. uni uni 2. bi bi a 3. tri ui, 4. quad quad 5. penta" penta 6 hex oct, 7. sept : sept 8. deca a deca 9. semi * semi. s 10 | Pacemal Here are some more prefixes with other meaning: ‘ele = far ‘cg. telescope; telephone trans = across ‘eg, transmit; translate sub = below e.g, Subzero; submarine de = down /away eg. descend; depressed contra against e.g. contradict; contraceptive | ex = out of/ former e.g. export; ex-husband fore = before eg. forecast; foretell re = again/back —€g, revise; retum in /im e.g. include; import poly = many eg. polygon; poly-unsaturates post = after e.g. postpone; post-war €0 = together eg. co-operate; colleague pre = before eg. prefix; prepare hyper = too/ over e.g, hyperama; hyperthermia Homo = same .2. homosexual; homogenous | ad = to/change e.g. adhesive; adjust bio = life eg, biology; biodegradable ‘mini = small €g, minimum, minibus macro = big e.g, macro-economies, | maxi = greatest) eg. maximum, maxiskir macrobiot most micro = small e.g. mieroscope; micro-organism | extra ~ beyond cg. extraordinary; extra- terrestrial inter = between e.g. intercourse; interaction anti = against cg. antibiotics; anti- inflammatory Exercise 5: Fill ina prefix from the list above for each root word given and then give the meaning of the word you have formed. li indication D generate 3. market 4 scope 3. ester 6 graduate a tract 8 vise 9. lock 10. draw rn form 12, ordinary 2B. temal 14. pare 15, do 16. clockwise z 17. nite 18, pret 19. : 20. i - Ib grate . active at aS = Exercise 6: Find more words in the dictionary starting with each of these prefixes. The words must have the prefix as a unit of meaning. 1. tle 2. tele 3. sub. 4. sub 5. contra 6 7, trans 8 9. de eo: i. ex 12. 13. ad 14, 15. micro 16. 17. macro 18. 19. inter cr 20. 21. anti eae 23. extra eta 25. fore. 26. 27. in, 28. in 29. im, 30. im, 31. post, 32. post, m[Page33. 34. re. 35 36. poly. 37. 38. co. 39. 40. pre_ 41. 42. homo. a 4B. 44. bio = 45. 46. SUFFIXES A SUFFIX comes at the end of a word and can also have meaning: Examph less = not having e.g. helpless; useless ful = fullof e.g, helpful; useful ‘Suffixes also change the part of speech of the word. To form nouns ad er e.g, teacher; leamer ness e.g, bitterness; happiness eer e.g. engineer; profiteer ry eg. rivalry; Jewry or e.g. professor; contractor ment c.g. encouragement; argument ar e.g. bursar; vicar dom e.g. kingdom; freedom ant c.g. defendant; pendant hood e.g. childhood; brotherhood ary e.g. adversary; missionary ty eg intensity; safety ist c.g. specialist; typist ure c.g. failure; scripture tion c.g. manipulation; action ‘When you sée words ending in these suffixes, you will know they are nouns (naming things} A Exercise 7: Fill in the correct suffix to make the following words nouns. 1. theteach____ 2. the pian(o) 3. the sing 4. the helpless, 5. thebowl____ 6. theran__ 7. the chariot « 8. the parent_ 9. the account 10, the judge 11. the serf. 12. the pilgrim 13, the surf 14, the dilut__— 15, the art 16, the abduct 12]13]? To form adjectives add: ish c.g. selfish; stylish en e.g. wooden; golden ern cg. northern; modern ous e.g. envious; murderous able e.g. reasonable; dependable less e.g. useless; careless ly eg, lovely; unruly ful e.g. youthful; beautiful ible c.g. possible; terrible SPELLING NOTE Adjectives ending on “ful” get one ‘T? When you see words ending in these suffixes, you will know they are adjectives {words describing nouns). A i Exercise 8: Fill in the correct suffix to make the following words adjectives. 1 wonder, 2. fam(e)_ 3. valu(e) 4, defens(e)_ 5. heaven 6. thank, onder 8. adventur(e), 9. collect 10. wing Bw To form adverbs add: ly e.g. beautifully; casually ward e.g. castward; SPELLING NOT] Adjectives ending on ‘Y’ get another ‘I" you will know they are adverbs (describing words other than nouns) [oe you see words ending in these suffixes, RR Exercise 9: Fill in the correct suffix to make the following words adverbs. skilful casual furious purposeful expert weepeTo form verbs add: ise c.g. criticise; emphasise; exercise fy e.g. satisfy; horrify ize e.g. computerize; mechanize en e.g, liven; sharpen SPELLING NOTE: Many English verbs can be spelt with either ~ise or ~ize. In American English —ize is preferred in some cases, but in Standard English —ise is almost always acceptable. When you see words ending in these suffixes, you will know they are verbs (actions ). NOTE: makes a noun e.g. The goddess’s advice was helpful -ise / ize makes a verb e.g. [advise you to listen to her. Exercise 1 Fill in the correct suffix to make the following words verbs. 1. strength 2. synehron 3. character_ 4, energ. 5. wide 6. pract 7. memor. 8. licen Exercise 11: Fill in all the correct parts of speech of the given word. NOUN ADJECTIVE, VERB judgement bequtiful a4}Synonyms and Antonyms Synonyms: words with similar meanings. Antonyms: words of opposite meanings. EXERCISE 1 For each of the words in the first column, write a synonym and an antonym in the correct column. Word ‘Synonym ‘Antonym hatred hide old ugly thankfulness forbid EXERCISE 2 Rewrite the sentences below by replacing the underlined word with a suitable synonym, 1. The busy baby was crawling all over the room. 2. May | ask what the answer to that question is? 3. Did | put enough flour into the cake batter? | 4. | forbid you to come home later than eleven o'clock tonight. 5. Please help me with my English homework; | do not know what is going on. 6. Sports players have to adapt to the height changes when visiting other countries because of the changes in sea level. 7. There is an odd man sitting on the pavement opposite our house, so quickly call the police. . A piece of the puzzle is missing as to whether the old man killed his wife or not. 2 EXERCISE 3 Rewrite the sentences below by replacing the underlined word with a suitable antonym. 1. Stack the books below the desk so that there is more space. 2. The man told the judge that he was innocent of the crime. 3. The class is so noisy, it is unsettling. 4. If you pass this exam you will move up to Grade 9 next year. 5. | love being early for school, except on days when | am sick 15] PapHOMONYMS, HOMOPHONES AND HOMOGRAPHS Homonyms: Words that are spelt the same Words that sound the same Words that differ in meaning Homophones: Words that sound the same Words are not spelt the same Words that differ in meaning Homographs: Words that are spelt the same Words that are not pronounced the same EXERCISE 1 Use each of the homophones below in separate sentences to show the difference in their meaning Pailipale . Hairlhare Ruffirough Read/reed Sell/cell Leek/leak OArons EXERCISE 2 Choose the correct homophone in each of the sentences below. | saw the broken-down car over there/their. Ihave never seen the see/sea before. | was so hungry, | ate the whole/hole plate of food. There were ate/eight people attending the performance that night. We made/maid a mess when we split the pancake mix on the floor. | love walking bare/bear foot on the beach with sand between my toes. Where did you and Kayla meat/meet for coffee yesterday. Which cereal/serial do you prefer for breakfast, | like Coco Pops. 9. There is a maze/maize in the garden you have to find your way around. 10. What rollfrole is Scarlett Johanssen playing in this new movie? 14, Shakespeare lived during the rain/rein/reign of Queen Elizabeth the 1%. 12. Do you no/know where he went with my keys? PNBARONS 16 [PaceEXERCISE 3 Work out the crosswords for the following homophones. ¢fo[ul[nvelilt A[1tToluld K[n[elw Dlelalr s{tToltrly Bl rlalkle wielfal|[k TliltrTe Sfalilt EXERCISE 4 Write a sentence for each of the homonyms below, clearly showing the two meanings of the word. 1. bark 2. present 3. firm 4. fair 5. press 6. jam 7. spell 8. race 17 [PaceEXERCISE 5 Use the following homographs in sentences to demonstrate the two different meanings of the word, PaReNs aoane tear . conflict . subject }. minute conduct . lead . polish . house . permit 0. record 1 DICTIONARY WORK guideword phonetic spelling oe class eee ive meaning handle / Zz, ie headword ———4 handle, hand’, v.t. to touch, hold, or feel witl the hand: to wield, use: to manage (a re affair): to deal with: to deal in (goods). that part of anything held in the hand: (fig.) that of which use is made — a tool, and oppor- tunity, ns. hand’ler, one who handles: one who trains and uss a do which works for the Eee police or an armed Service: one who holds, entry controls, or shows off &q animal at a show, &c.; hand’ling. -a handl Title; fly off the handle, to lose one's temper, [0.E. handiiay — hand, a hant a etymology idiom derivative BP acediacritical mark \dicating that the syllable ‘mor’ is stressed a Métamor'pho | sis (or-fo'-) 1. (pl plural form «| ~oses pr.-éz). Change of form (by Magic, natural development, etc.); change of character, conditions, etc.; ~ic a. (-ically), (Geol., of rock) that has undergone transformation by natural agencies; ~ism n. (6 se (-2) v.t,change in form, tu pronunciation, _| (to; into, new form), change nature of. guide for ~dse* | [Lf. Gk (morphé shape] specific meaning related to Geology EXERCISE 1 Look at the following extract adapted from Cambridge Advanced Leamer’s Dictionary and then answer the questions which follow: Heart (noun) - the organ in your chest that sends the blood around your body; heart diseaseffailure, He's got a weak/bad heart. [OE hearte] + (off) by heart - leamt is such a way that you can say it from memory + my heart bleeds for - used to say that you feel great sadness for someone. This phrase is often used humorously to mean the opposite. © heart (noun) - used to refer to a person's character, or the place within a person where their feelings or emotions are considered to come from. after your own heart - having the same interests and opinions as you. heart (noun) — bravery or determination or hope heart (noun) — central or most important part heart (noun) — a shape, consisting of two half-circles next to each other at the top and a v-shape at the bottom, which is often coloured pink or red and which represents love hearten (verb) to make someone feel happier and more positive about a situation. heartfelt (adj.) — strongly felt and sincere hearty (adj.) - enthusiastic and energetic and often expressed loudly heartily (adv.) — completely or very much QUESTIONS: 1. Which meaning of the word ‘heart’ is being used in he following sentences: 1.1 Take heart: the exams will be over soon, and you can relax. 1.2 He has hear problems and will have to see a doctor. 4.3 | thank you all from the bottom of my heart. (3) 19 [Page2. We must now get to the heart of the matter. What does the word ‘heart’ mean in the above sentence? q) 3. Use the phrase ‘my heart bleeds’ in the following ways: 3.1 to show sympathy; 3.2 to be humorous. (2) 4, From what old language is the word ‘heart’ derived? (1) 5. Explain what is meant by ‘enthusiastic’. (2) 6. Change the word ‘hasty’ into an adverb. (1) [10] PARTS OF SPEECH | What is a part of Speech? NOUNS A noun is used for naming things. (A “thing” can be a person, place, object, quality, collection, feeling, etc.) TYPES OF NOUNS 1. PROPER NOUNS provide special names for things, people and places. They begin with CAPITAL LETTERS. For example: John, Sir Winston Churchill, Cape Town. 2. COMMON NOUNS name all physical things which we can see, hear, taste, smell, and /or touch. For example: sky, night, table, dog, custard 3. ABSTRACT NOUNS name things we can think about, but cannot see, taste, hear, smell or touch. For example: strength, courage, friendship, time, goodness, boyhood. 4. COLLECTIVE NOUNS name a group of similar things. For example: army, committee, flock. EXERCISE 1 Draw four columns onto your folio paper and label them common nouns, abstract nouns, collective nouns, and proper nouns. According to the definitions given above try to put all the words typed in bold in the extract below into one of the four columns. Daniel loves honey and his mother allowed him to keep a swarm of bees in a hive in their back yard. His love for honey did not make him selfish, however. He used to invite his soccer team to come and help him steal the honey and then they would have a feast. Unfortunately Neo, his best friend, had a fear of being stung so he did not join in the fun. 20[PaceEXERCISE 2 Please write the following sentences onto you folio and then underline the nouns and state which kind of noun each word is. 1, Sarah-Jane walked to town quickly in her new shoes. 2. Joy filled Paul's heart yesterday. 3. The crew of the ship showed great courage when they saved the man. 4, When | attended Parel Vallei High School, it gave me great pleasure. 5. This is a boy's high school 6. Our parents arrived before the storm on Saturday. EXERCISE 3 Read the following passage and then indicate what kind of nouns the underlined words are. Write down the number next to the word and the answer on your folio. “I look at an (1) ant and | see myself, (2) Miriam Makeba: a native South African, endowed by nature with a (3) strenath much greater than my size so | might cope with the (4) weight of a racism that crushes my (5) spirit. | look at a (6) bird and I see myself: A native South African, soaring above the injustices of apartheid on wings of pride, the (7) pride of a beautiful (8) people. | look at a stream and | see myself: a native (9) South African, flowing irresistibly over hard (10) obstacles until they become smooth and, one day, disappear — flowing from an origin that has been forgotten toward an end that will never be.” By Miriam Makeba in “My Story” EXERCISE 4 Underline the collective noun in each sentence below and state what noun it is referring to. EXAMPLE: A pride was sleeping in the game park. A pride of lions. 4. A small choir supported Miriam in some for her concerts. 2. Miriam Makeba's circle was mainly made up of musicians. 3, Her audiences were always very impressed with her ‘nightingale’ voice. 4. The staff who travelled with Miriam were well-trained. 5. When she was exiled she realised that she would not see her native herds again. EXERCISE 5 Fill in the missing words: 4. A grain of 2. Acrew of 3. A colony 4A of puppies. 5A of angels 21 [Page6. A swarm of 7. A range of 8.A of lions. 9A of singers 10. A of searchers. PRONOUNS A PRONOUN takes the place of a Noun in a sentence. It shows a thing, person or quality etc. without giving it a name. TYPES OF PRONOUNS 1. PESONAL PRONOUNS take the place of names, places and things. e.g. |, you, he, she, it, we, you, they, them, me. 2. RELATIVE PRONOUNS are used to join (oF relate) two clauses that are about the same person or thing. They take the place of the noun that comes just before them. e.g. who, whom, which, that. 3. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS show that something belongs to someone. e.g. his, hers, yours, ours, mine, theirs. For example: This book is OURS. OURS is a possessive pronoun. BUT This is OUR book. OUR is a possessive adjective. REMEMBER Pronouns are named according to their function in the sentence. Possessive means of course "belonging to”, EXERCISE 1 Write the following sentences on a folio and then underline and name the different types of pronouns. 1. They read the books which he had just given them. 2. We fed the dog and then put it outside. 3. Is this paper yours or ours? 4, Do you like the dress that she bought? 5. The boy whom they liked visited them. 6. They liked the boy who visited them. EXERCISE 2 Refer to Oxford English Grammar, Essential Guide page 16-18 for more notes and exercises 1-6 on pronouns. 22 | Page