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    NACE SP0298-2007 Sheet rubber linings for abrasion and corrosion service

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    NACE SP0298-2007 Sheet Rubber Linings For Abrasion and Corrosion Service

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    Sándy Julieth

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    NACE sP0298.2007 (formerly RP0298-98) tem No. 21085 Standard Practice Sheet Rubber Linings for Abrasion and Corrosion Service This NACE International standard represents @ consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, lls scope, and provisions. Its acceptance does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he of she hes edopted the standard or not, from manufacturing, ‘marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not in conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this NACE Intomaticnal standard is to be construed as granting ‘any right, by implication or otherwise, to manufacture, sell, ar use in connection with any method, ‘apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liabiliy for infringement of Letters Patent, This standard represents minimum requirements anc should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of better procedures or material. Neither is thie standard intended to apply in all cases relating to tho subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this standard in spectic instances. NACE Intemational assumes ro responsibly for the interpretation or use of this standard by other partes and accepts responsibilty for only those official NACE International interpretations issuec by NACE Intemational in accordance with its goveming procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers. User's of this NACE International standard are responsible for reviewing appropriate health. Safety, environmental, and regulatory documents and for determining thelr appvicablty in relation to this standard prior to its use. This NACE International standard may not necessarily address all potential health and safely problems or environmental hazards associated with the use of ‘materials, equipment, andlor operations detailed or referred to within this standard.Users of this NACE Intemational standard are also responsible for establishing appropriate heslth, safety, and environmental protection practices, in consultation with appropriaie regulatory authorities if necessary, to achieve compliance with any exsting applicable regulatory requirements prior to the use of tis standard, CAUTIONARY NOTICE: NACE International standards are subject to periocie review, and may be revised or withdrawn at any time in accordance with NACE technical committee procedures. NACE international requires that action be taken to reaffinm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years trom the date of inital publication. The user is cautioned to obtain the latest ‘edition. Purchasers of NACE International standards may receive current information on all standards and other NACE International publicatons by contacting the NACE Intemational FirstService Department, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084-4906 (telephone +1 [281] 228-6200). Reaffimed 2007-08-30 ‘Approved 1998-10-26 NACE International 1440 South Creek Drive Houston, Texas 77084-4906 +#1281/228-6200 ISBN 1-57590-070-X ©2007, NACE International ‘$P0298-2007 Foreword Sheet rubber linings are frequently used for the protection of surfaces such as metal, concrete, or fiberglass against chemical attack, abrasion, or both. Selection of proper lining materiais and {900d lining workmanship are important components of lining performance. The purpose of this standard practice is to outline procedures for providing shest rubber lining protection to new and used equipment, such as piping end vessels. Included are ecommendations for surface preparation and the dimensions of piping that can be rubber ined. ‘An explanation of types of rubber lining materials available and thelr methods of cure are also given. ‘This standard is useful to the specification writer 2s well as the end user, This standard can be used alone or in conjunction with detalles specifications addressing special neods of the end user This standard was originally prepared in 1998 by NACE Intemational Task Group T-6A-62, a ‘component of Unit Committee T-6A on Coating and Lining Materials for Immersion Service.” It was reaffirmed in 2007 by Specific Technology Group (STG) 03 on Coatings and Linings, Protective—Immersion and Buried and is published by NACE under the auspices of STG 03. In NACE standards, the terms shall, must, should, and may are used in accordance with the definitons oF these terms in the NACE Publications Style Manual, 4th ed, Paragraph 7.4.1.9. Shall and must are used to sale mandatory requirements. The term should is used to state something ‘considered good and Is recommended but is not mandatory. The term may is used to slate something considered optional NACE International i ‘$P0298-2007 NACE International Standard Practice Sheet Rubber Linings for Abrasion and Corrosion Service Contents, General Definitions Design of Equipment to Be Lined ‘Types of Rubber... Properties of Lining} Application of Linings... Vulcanization. Inspection and Testing . Repaiting Rubber Lining 10. Storage and Handling of RubberLined Sauiment ‘Table 1: Typical Maximum Lengths for Straight Pipe.. Table 2: Typical Maximum Dimensions for Bends and Elbows... Table 3: Typical Maximum Dimensions for Reducers and Tees. FIGURES) Figure 3: Tee/Nozzia, Figure 4: Butt Joint Figure 5: Lap Joint Figure 6: Slight Overiap Figure 7: Reverse Skive Figure 8: Methods of Rubber Lining Flanges... Figure 9: Grooved End Pipe with Extra Groove Eure 10: Grooyed End Ppe Wetout Exe Grove fr Lining Figure 11: Cap Strip Joint a Figure 12: Sample for Adhesion Testing. cs... eae NACE international nat vise RV SUGPS-94ADBD, dowhoacid on AR:ZELIE-10832"1 PM - Sage '$P0298-2007 Section 1: General 1.4. This standard provides requirements for sheet rubbor lining of various equipment for protection against corosion land abrasion. This standard can be used in design, insiallaton, inspection, testing, and storage of rubber-ined equipment. 1.2 This standard addresses shest rubber (both natural ‘and synthetic) applied over surfaces such as metal and concrete substrates, 1.3. Brushed, trowehapplied, oF sprayed rubber linings are ‘outside the scope of tis standard. Section 2: Definitions ‘Adhesion: The bond between 2 rubber surface and a nnonrubber surface (@.g., metal, wood); the strength of the ‘bond between two uncured rubber surfaces or ples. ‘Adhesive: Part of a coment system applied over prepared surfaces for bonding them to rubber. ‘Autoclave: A heavy stool vessel in which rubber atcles ‘re vulcanized by means of steam under pressure. Blister: A cavity within the Fring material, between the Tining material layers, or between the lining and substrate, Butt joint: A joint made in a rubber part before or after ‘wicanization by placing the two pieces to be joined edge- Calondor: A machine equipped with two or more heawy, internally heated or cooled rots used for the continuous ‘sheeting or “plying up" of rubber compounds, Glosed skive: A reverse-angle cut along the edge of 2 rubber panel, This enables the insialler to stitch down the Cut edge 80 thatthe bottom layer of rubber is protected from ‘exposure to the commodity. Curing: Chemical process of developing the intended properties of a coating or other matarial (@.g., resin) over a Peeriod of time. For the purposes ofthis standard, the act of vweanization; a description of a definite time and temperature of vulcanization. Defect: An abnormal flaw in the lining that prevonts it from performing its function. Durometer gauge: Apparatus for determining the hardness of rubber by measurng its resistance to the penetration of a blunt indenter point impressed on the surface by spring action. Durometer hardness: An arbitrary numerical value that measures the resistance to indentation of the blunt indenter Point ofthe durometer. NACE International Extruder: A machine for continuous forming of rubber by forcing through a di. Fisheye: A thin, elongated void in @ calondered sheet that snot detrimental tote ining. Laltance: A layer of weak and nondurable material containing cement and fines from aggregates, brought by Dlooding water tothe top of overwet concrete, the amount of which “is generally increased by overworking or ‘evermanipulating concrete at the surface by improper finishing or by job traf. Lap joint: A joint made by overlapping the edge of one plece of material lat over the edge of another. ‘Overlay: The adidltion of another layer of lining over an in place fining construction before vulcanization. Patch of repair: Remedy of defect in the lining after ‘wicanization: involves appiying sheet stock to fully cured oF vulcanized lining. Pinhole: A small, pore-tke defect or leak extending entirely through the lining thickness and appearing as 8 ciscontinuty; synonymous with holiday. Ply: One layer ina laminated structure. Primer: The frst coat of an adhesive system applied over a ‘prepared surface for adhesion of rubber. Rubber: Natural rubber or any synthetic, elastomeric ‘material with physical properties similar to those of natural rubber. ‘Skive: A cut made on an angle to the surface, producing a ‘tapered or feathered edge. Spark tester: A high-voltage test unit used t0 detect breaks or holes inalining. Substrat “The surface on which alining is apple ‘sP0298-2007 Surface imperfection: Condition on the surface of rubber ‘hat results ina nonuniform appearance but is not dotimental fo the serviceabiity ofthe ining. Tie gum:_A backing layer of rubber employed to promote bonding of to surfaces; usually a Sof rubber compound, Vuleanization: An irravorsible process during which rubber compound achieves its designed propertes through ‘change in its chemical structure. Wrinkle: A crease in the rubber; thickness is reduced in the valleys ofthe crease. Section 3: Design of Equipment to Be Lined 3.1 Tho basic design of equipment to be lined shall be based on applicable standards for such equipment. The rubber lining shall not be relied upon to provide any structural strength in nese designs. 3.2 Tank Design 3.2.1 Tanks and vessels fabricated from stool that aro {0 be rubber lined shall be designes in accorcance with NACE SPO178." This standard provides guidelines for the folowing. (a) Weld preparation: Designation C is required as a (b) Weld protie (©). Grinding comers toa radius (@) Weld spatter removal 3.22 When designing tanks and vessels that will be rubber lined, additonal care shall be taken to prevent buittin voids or air pockets such as those inside pipe ‘and tube sections, in angles welded back-io-back, and insimlar fabrications. Because heat cure is @ common ‘methed of rubber curing, any air trapped in such voids ‘or pockets expands on heating and may cause blistering in the rubber. Air pockets shall be vented on the outskie of the vessel, and these vents shall be plugged after cure is complete. 3.23 This method of test voltage adjustment shall be performed while the exploring electrode and grounding are in the expected operating positions. if the above ‘conditions change, it may be necessary to readjust the test voltage setting, 33. Steel Pipe Design 3.3.1. The design requirements in NACE SPO178 sha be followed inthe fabrication of pipe that isto be nubber lined. Additional requirements are given in Paragraphs 33.2 through3.38. 3.3.2 Pipe connections shall be made with flanges or {grooved mechanical couplings. flanged connections. 2are used, fla-faced flanges should be used. 3.8.3 The ends of grooved pipe shalt be specially ‘machined for rubber lining. Regular grooved pipe may be lined if sonvice is only abrasive and not corrosive. 3.3.4 Use of bolt holes that must be rubber lined shall be avoided. I becomes necessary to rubber line bolt holes, the bolt holes shall be oversized fo allow forthe thickriess of the rubber lining. 3.35. Plain-end pipe shall have rubber extended over tne plain end and carried onto the exterior surface, at least 80 mm (2 in.) over the plain end. 33.6 ANSI" standard fitings may be rubber ined. If nonstandard fitings are involved, their suitailty for rubber lining shall be checked before use. 34 Cast iron and ductile iron pipe work and fitings are Sultabe for rubber ining. However, these are susceptible 0 britleness. and. porosity, which may present problems ‘during handing and rubber lining installation. 3.5 Straight Pipe: The typical maximum lengths (measured between ends) of straight pipe that can be salisfactorly lined are given in Table 1. 'Arpercan National Standerés insti (ANSI), 1819L St. NW, Washington, OC 20086. NACE International ‘$P0208-2007 TABLE 1 | ‘Typical Maximum Lengths for Straight Pipe Pipe size Pipe Length ‘1 mm(20in,) 1.8m 6.08) I 78mm (3.0in.) am(tony | 400 mm (4.0 in.) em2ony 150mm (6.0in.) am@on) £200 mm (8.0 in) tam(on) > 200 mm (> 8.0 in) 212m (> 40 A) ° pine bametors nominal pie size (NPS) 3.8 Fabricated Pipe Spools with Elbows ‘The typical maximum dimensions of bends and eloows that can be satisfactory lined are given in Table 2. An example of an elbow is shown in Figure 1. kua o FIGURE 1 Elbow NACE International 3 ny.8s0re- 4a ‘sP0298-2007 | TABLE 2 | ‘Typical Maximum Dimensions for Bends and Elbows Pipe Size Armaximum ‘B maximum 76 mm (in) ‘som (Gin) 03m (IR) 100 mom (4 in.) 260 am (10 in) 0.6m (2) 150 mm (6 in) 380 ram (15 in) 12mm) 200 man (8 in.) 460 mm (18 in) temem 260 rm (10 in) £630 mm (21 in.) tam@en) 300 mr (12) 610 mm (24 in) 1em@n) 3160 mm (14) 760 mm (30;n.) tamer 410 mm (16 in) 41m (40 in 18m@r) 460 mm (18 in) Am@oin) 6m (20) > 510mm (> 20in) 4.8m (69in) >12m(e40n) °° Al pipe diameters NPS. 3.7 Fabricated Pipe Spoo's with Reducers, Tees, otc. in) dameter nozzle is the minimum recommended iamster that may be lined. Larger ciamoters should be ‘The typical maximum dimensions of reducers and tees that used. Examples of a reducer and toe are shown in Figures can be satisfactorily ined are given in Table 3. A 50mm 2and 3 FIGURE 2 Reducer FIGURE 3 ‘Tee/Nozzle 4 NACE International ‘sP0298-2007 TABLE 3 Typical Maximum Dimensions for Reducers and Tees Pipe Sizo” ‘A maximum B maximum maximum D maximum 84 mm (2.5 in) s0Omm(I2in) 1.8m (6H) 150 ram (6 in) 150 mm (Bin) 76 mm (3in.) 300mm (12in) —- Sm(108) 160mm (6.0in) 150mm (Bin.) 100 mm (4) 410mm(18in) MO) 200 mm (Bin.) £230 mm (9in.) 150 mm (6in.) Sm@ory em(on) 300mm (A2in.) 460mm (18in.) 200mm (Bin) Emon) t2maon) 300mm (42in.) 460mm (18 in.) 250mm(10in) ——- @ m(ZO"t) 1am (40) 300mm (f2in) 830mm 21 in.) 300mm(12in) 6 mo ramon) 300mm (12in) 619 mM (24 in.) 360mm (14in} mn (ZOAH). 12m (aon) 300mm (12in) 610 mm (24 in.) 10mm (16 in) 8 MOA) 12m (40) 360mm (14in) 610 mm (24 in.) >460 mm (18in.) 12m (40) 12m (40 ft) 40mm(16in) —_1.2mBin) allpipe dametors NPS ‘3.8 Concrete Equipment 38.1 Concrete shall be properly cured by being alowed to cry stowy. The caring ie shal beat east lays. 3.8.2 The moisture level onthe surface ofthe concrete ‘hall be minimized before rubber lining installation 3.8.2.1. One method for determining the presence fof humidity on the concrete surface involves: Puting a 460 mm x 460 mm (18 in. x 18 in.) piece Of clear plastic down onthe concrete surface tobe ne, ‘The plastic shall be taped on all four sides so as not to alow any moisture to escape. trom Lundemeath, The sheet shall be examined after 16 hours of appfcation to detect any visible signs of condensation. If daw or condensation is noted Under the sheet, the concrete surface is considered not campletaly oy" 3.8.3 All underground vessels should be protected ‘rom water penetration. Appfcalion of a waterproofing ‘membrane to external surfaces can provide adequate protection Section 4: Types of Rubber 4.1 Polysoprene:? Polyisoprene has the chemical form (Cet), Natural rubber consists principally of polyisoprene, although some other molecular species may be present in some samples. Lining compounds based on polyisoprene rubber are resistant to the majority of inorganic chemicals With the exception of strong oxicizing agents. Resistance to organic chemicals is limited; polysoprene rubber is Unsuitable for use with hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, mineral ols, esters, and many vegetable ols. 4.2 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR): These rubbers are copolymers of styrene (CeH-CH:CH) and butadiene (CiHe) monomers. They have properties broadly simiar to those of the polyisoprene (or natural) rubbers compounded for similar appications. 4.3 Polychioroprene Rubber (CR) or Neoprene: Polychloroprene (CiH:C1); linings have greater resisiance NACE International to heat, ozone, sunlight, and many oils than the ppolyisoprene (or natural) rubbers. Polychloroprenes should ‘not be used with halogenated hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons. 44 Buty! Rubber (IIR) or Chiorobuty: Butyl eubbers are copolymers of isobutylene ((CHskCCH,) with small proportions of isoprene (CsH). Chlorinated buty! rubbers are generaly easier to process than those thet have not been chierinated. 4.4.1. Lining compounds based on buty| rubbers have ‘very good resistance to heat and chemicals, including some oxidizing agents, and have lower permeabilly 10 ‘gases. They should not be used in the presence of ‘ree halogens, petroleum ils, hytrocarbons, or halogenated hydrocarbons. ‘$P0298-2007 44.2 MW suitably compounded, linings based on butyl rubbers have lower water absorption than mast other rubbers. 45 Ethylene Propylene Rubbers (EPR): Ethylene propyiane rubbers are avaiable ac tho copolymer (EPR) or the’ terpolymer (EPDM fehyiene propylene | diene monomer) of ethylene (C:Hy) and propylene (CH:CH=CH). Lining compounds based on these. polymers have very ‘dood resistance to acids, akalis, salts, ozone, and many ‘organic chemicals, but they are nol vesisiant 10 ls, hydrocarbons, or chlrnated solvents, 46 Nitilo Rubbers (NBR): Acrylonitrile (CH:CHCN) ‘butadiene copolymer (nile rubber) has excellent resistance to swelling caused by mineral olls and fuels. is structure Is -CH-CH-CHCH,CH:CH(CN. The polymers should not be used with phenols, ketones, strong carboxyiated acids, aromatic hydrocarbons, or ‘iogen derivatives. 4.7 Hard Rubber and Ebonite Linings: Hard rubber linings ‘are usually produced by Incorporating higher levels of sufur in the formulations than are used in soft rubber tings. Ebonites are highly unsaturated rubbers that nave Deen ‘compounded with sultir levels between 25 and 80 parts per 100 by weight of rubber. They can be produced from natural. or “synthetic polyisoprenes, styrene-butadiene, acryioniile-butadiene, or polybutadiene rubbers, or from blends ofthese rubbers. 4.7.1. Some hard rubbers are produced with relatively low sulfur levels by the incorporation of various resin. 4.7.2 Hard rubbers and ebonites generally have higher ‘chomical resistance than soft rubbers based on the ‘same polymer types. Resistance to chlorine gas and to most aliphatic carboxylic acids is particularly improved. Chemical resistance generally increases with increased saturation ofthe vulcanized polymer. 4.7.3 Eborites usualy havo an_olongation of 2% to 10% at break. Ebonites are britle compared fo soft rubber lining materials at ambient temperatures. Britleness can be recuced by using adaitves. Section 15.1 Selection of Lining Materials: Detaled service conditions, including concentrations of diferent chemicals and the operating/design temperatures, shal be given to the rubber manufacturer or applicator during the selection of 2 suitable lining material ‘52 Rubber Designation 5.2.1 Rubber shall be identifed with at least the following information. (a) Manufacturer's name and product designation or ‘generic product designation (©) Hardness of rubber ator wicartzation (©) Metrod of wtanization (8) Lining thickness 53 Lining thickness refers to the nominal thickness of rubber before appication. The thickness tolerance on ‘Nominal thickness shall be 10% before cure, : Properties of Linings 53.1 The Ining may be calendered in plies oF extruded as a single thickness. 5.3.2 A commeniy used thickness is 4.8 mm (0.19 in), Thinner fings (3.2 mm [0.13 in) may be used. Thioker linings (64 mm [0.25 in.)) are necessary in cases of severe chemical exposure, abrasion or mechanical damage potential, or high operating temperatures. Lining thicknesses greater than 6.4 mn (0.25 in.) are typicaly applied in more than one layer. In” special cases for abrasion service, in which adhesion is not cftcal, linings of 9.6-cm (0.28-in.) ‘thickness can be applied ina single layer. Changes in thickness may occur during appiiation or curing, 54 Bukkheads, outer radi of elbows, leading edges of agitator blades, and other highswear areas may be ted With two layers of rubber if required by the purchaser. Section 6: Application of Linings 641 Prejob Conference: The applicator and purchaser should resolve specific deals ofthe rubber lining jab before ‘he start of work, These details include, but are not imited to, the following: 6 (2) Inspection hold and winess points (©) Definition of responsibilty for correcting defects NACE International (©) Acceptabie method of vuicanization of the rubber (¢) Brand name and nominal thickness of the specified lining material (©) Acceptable repair methods, materials, and curing procedures (9 An acceptable number and size of repairs. after vulesrization| 6.2. Atmospheric Conditions: To eliminate the possibilty of ‘any condensation occurring on the surta0es to be ined, the folowing temperature/umiaity imitations shal be used: (a) During surface preparation and application of adhesives, the surface temperature shall be at least 3°C (GF) above the dew point (©) During application of rubber, the surface temperature hal be above 10°C (50) ant eet 3°C (6) above the 1ew poi 6.3. Surface Preparation 6.3.1 Metals 83.1.1 Al surfaces to be lined shall be abrasive Diastclganed to white metal (NACE No. SSP" SP5)."in small areas where blasting 1s not practical, preparation by grinding equal to that Specified in SSPC-SP 11" is acceptable. 63.1.2 Blasting profile shall be uniform with a minimum of 38 4m (1.5 mi)._It shal be less than 102 im (4.0 mi). Blast profile between 38 to 64 am (1.5 t0 2.5 mil) is optimum, although profile higher than 64 um (2.5 mi) is acceptable. 6.3.1.3 Prior to blast clearing, any visibie oll or ‘grease shall be removed by solvent cleaning in accordance with SSPC-SP 1." Used equipment that is suspacied of sat oF chemical impregnation should be evaluated (and if necessary, neutvalzed) and high-pressure water jetted 1 remove contamination. 6.3.1.4 After blast cleaning, surfaces shall be free ‘of dust or debris before application of adhesive. 63.2 Concrete 6.32.1. Concrete surfaces shall be prepared by bast’ cleaning to remove all laitance and form fojease agents. The profile shall be kept to a minimum, similar to that of 80 to 100 grt ‘sandpaper. 64 ‘$P0298-2007 6.3.22 Affer blast cleaning, surfaces shall be free ‘of dust or debris. 6.3.23 Any voids shall be filed with appropriate file. 63.24 Concrete surfaces to be lined shall be ‘salod by application of one coat of epoxy. The epory shall be allowed sufficient time to cure before appitcation of an achesive system. 6.33 Fiborgiass 63.3.1 Fiberglass surfaces shall be lighily abrasive blasted or etched. CAUTION: Consult the fberglsss: manufacturer regarding temperature resistance of fiberglass because heating may be necessary to vueanize rubeer. ‘Aoplication of Adhesives 6.4.1. The adhesive system shall be recommended by ‘or meet the approval ofthe rubber manufacturer. 8.4.2 The primer coat of the adhesive system shalt be applied to the substrate as soon as possible atter ‘completion of surface preparation and shall be ‘completed before any visible rusting or suiface ‘contamination takes place. 6.43 The adhesive type, thickness of adhesive coats, compatbilty with substrate, and. the minimum and ‘maximum dying times forthe adhesives shall be as ‘commences by the rubber manufacturer. 6.44 Minimum drying times for adhesives are dependent on temperature and humidity. The adhesives also have a maximum drying time, after which the adhesive coat needs to be reapplied. The rubber manufacturer's recommendation shall be followed in this regard 64.5 The adhesives may be applied by brush, roller, ‘or spray methods. 6.4.6 Certain adhesives are degraded by exnosuite to direct sunight. All surfaces shall be kept aviay from direct sunlighi, and it an adhesive Is exposed to sunlight, the adhesive manufacturer shall be consulted before proceeding. 6.4.7 Surfaces shall be kept dry and examined for any presence of oxidation if the surfaces are inadvertently exposed to moisture. 7 SP: The Sosy for Protective Coatngs, 40 24h St, Bin Floor, Petsburgh PA 15222-4656, NAGE International ‘$P0298-2007 85 Laying of Sheet Rubber 65.1 Some rubber materials require preshrinking Rubber should be preshrunk as necessary, based on the rubber manufacturer's directions. 6.5.2 Types of Joints: (2) Butt Joint. The adjoining sheets of rubber are faid next to each other, or “butting” each other (see Figure 4. (©) Lap Joint: In this joint, the adjoining sheets are ‘overlapped. (see Figure 5). The width of overian is, ‘generally 50 mm (2). Itmay be less in hardto-each, areas. (6) Sight Overlap: The adjoining sheets are skived at an angle of 45° or less and joined together to obtain ‘an overlap of roughly 13 mm (0.5 in.) Keeping the joint to a minimum of roughly half the thickness of the rubber (see Figure 6). sn as ortess ‘SUBSTRATE FIGURE 4 Butt Joint ly 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) thik, 75 me (3 .) to TOO mm (4 In.) wide FIGURE 5 Lap Joint 12cm (-0.5 in.) ht SUBSTRATE RUBBER FIGURE 6 Slight Overlap 6.5.3 Joints in multiayered linings shall employ butt Joints on the bottom layer. The joints in diferent layers shal be staggered. 6.54 No area of lining on a fap joint shall have more than two layers of sheet slock. Where three sheet ‘corners come together, the overiay shall be cut down before laying the thi ieyer. 6.5.5 The ruber lining sheet shall be cut to ft the dimensions of the substrate. For complex shapes, the rubber shall be cut i it the contours ofthe substrate in such 2 way that the rubber is exposed to the least ‘amount of sireich. For soma complex applications, i may be necessary to discuss appication methods in the prejob conference. 6.56 If there are unlined weldments on rubber-ined ‘areas, the rubber lining shall cover the weld area and a ‘minimum of 13 mm (0.5 in,] on the unlined wedment, 6.7 The contact face of ruber lining shall be rade tacky by wiping with 2 suitable solvent or application of tack cement. ‘Rubber materials that have a pretacked tayer may not require this treatment 58 Air trapped behind the rubber shall be removed by use of rollers and slichers. Sufcient pressure shouid be used fo completely evacuate the ait. Whan NACE International ‘$P0298-2007 sing rollers, a minimum of 25% overtap shall be 85.8 A cosedlreverse skive shall be used inthe joints employed between passes. The seams, corners, anc of rubber materials that have eithor a fe gum made of ledges shall be fattened using stitchers. a itferent materal or contain mutilayered rubber sheet constuction (See Figure 7). 7 ROS eau Lave tN amr Reverse Skive yale ahesiersuia tates ope Cit eee ee estat ieee tee Sei. tuplo st ro cceeacemataeaninesnainatanie (Sonntag en tar rasta afeheeon-C-Il- ll netics oinatiee ee Hate Habla : penn sho ‘$P0298-2007 METHOD 1 Note: Rubber from the inside of the pipe is stitched up to the outer edge of the flange. METHOD 2 Note: Rubber from the inside ofthe pipe is stretched to the middie ofthe flange face. An additional piece of rubber covers the rest of the flange face with a but joint. METHOD 3 Note: Rubber from the inside ofthe pipe is trimmed at the flange face. A rubber piece covering the entire flange face sighty ‘overlaps the inside edge ofthe pipe. FIGURE 8 Methods of Rubber Lining Flanges 6.5.12 When lining the ends of grooved-end pipe, the rubber lining shall be caried from the Inside of the pipe to the outside of the pipe into a special groove cut in the pipe for that purpose (see Figure 9). Ifno special 10 groove has been cut in the pipe for fning, the rubber shall be cartied from the inside to the outside of the pipe and buffed fat, flush with the exterior of the pipe (600 Figuro 10). NACE International cng an ong ati ‘$P0298-2007 Groove for coupling Bera groove for rubber lining Butt rubber slightly FIGURES Grooved End Pipe with Extra Groove Groove for coupling Grind rubber tush FIGURE 10 Grooved End Pipe without Extra Groove for Lining 66 Lining of Pipe. 6.6.1 Large-diameter pipe into which a person can ‘craw may be lined Just as other equipment i ined. 6.6.2 Rubber tining of smaltciameter pipe may be done by the following method. The rudder shoot is rolled into a tube, ard the tube is pulled through the pipe using 2 protective cloth to provent premature adhesion. After the entire rubber tube has been pulled ‘rough the pipe, the protective clth shall be removed by puling It from one end. The rubber tube is adhered {0 the walls ofthe pipe either by using compressed air, ‘which presses the rubber against the wall, or by using inflatable bags that are pulled through the tube. The 'bag is inflated to press the rubber against the pipe wall, ‘and deflated to move it. The bag is moved section by ‘section through the entire length of the pipe. Section 7: Vulcanization 7.4. The five methods used to vulcanize sheet rubber fining fonio substrates are. described below. All are not apprapriate for every rubber lining appiation. The specific ‘method of vulcanization chosen depends on the type of rubber, the design and overal cimensions cf the equipment, and the faclties avalable on site. Shieidng or insulating the equipment during cure to contain heat reduces the duration of cure. Rubber thickness also affects curing time. ‘Thicker rubber takes longer to cure. Time and temperature ‘of cure shall be as directed by the rubber manufacturer. Certain rubber formulations can only be cured by steam Under pressure. 7.2 Descipton of Methods 72.1 Method A-Autoclave Cure: The rubberlined equipment is placed in an autoclave end subjected to sleam under controlled temparature and_pressure. This method of curing is prefered because it allows better heat transfer and a shorter cure cycle. 7.2.2 Method Bintornal Stoam Cure: The prossure vessel is used as its own autoclave by closing off all NACE International openings and filing the vessel with steam under controlled temperature end pressure. The temperature of the steam and sige! skin shall be monitored and a log shall be kept. Precautions shail be taken against ‘allure of the steam supply or sudden cooing. The steam pressure shall not exceed the design pressure of the equipment. 7.23 Method C-Atmospheric Steam Vuleanization is achieved without pressure using almespheric steam, The temperature ofthe steam and steel skin shall be monitored and a log shall be kept. To prevent collapse of a closed vessel, precautions shall be taken against failure of the steam supply or sudden cooing. 7.24 Method D—Water Cure: The rubversined ‘equipment is fled with water and steam is injected to boll the water. The temperature and water level are maintained for the required period of time. ‘Temperature of water and steal skin shall be monitored ‘and allog shall be kept. " ‘SP0298-2007 7.2.5 Method Chemical Cure: _Vulcanization is achieved al ambient temperatures by topically appiying 2 iguid vulcanizing agent to the surface of the rubber. ‘Supplementary heat can help to speed up the cure, Note: Some rubber products are prevulcanized or set- wuleanizing and do not require vulcanization after application, 7.3 Procedures Used For Vuleanization Methods 7.3.4 Autoclave Cure 7.3.1.1. Equipment shal be placed in an autoclave ln such @ manner fo prevent the collection of Condensate oa the rubber. 791.2 The ining system shal be vulcarized sing 2 timeemperature cycle approved by the rubber manufacturer. 7.3.13 The autoclave shall be equipped with calibrated temperature and pressure recording devices. 7.3.14 The vessel shall be removed from the autociave ater completion of cure and cooldown. 7.3.15 The curing process should be completed vithout interruption. 7.32 Internal Stoam Cure 7.32.1 Equipment shall have a safety valve to prevent overpressure and a check valve to prevent vacuum during cooldown, 7.32.2 All equipment shall be positioned during ‘cure 'so that complete condensate drainage is obtained. Tanks shall be cured with a steam trap connected to a botiom outlet. 7.32.8 Equipment shall be equipped with calibrated temperature and pressure recording devices. 7.324 The lining system shall be vulcanized Using a timeytempereture cycle approved by the rubber manufacturer. 7.3.25 During cooldown following the cure, oir pressure should bo maintained at 34 KPa (5 ps) above the cuting pressure in order to prevent a vacuum, 7.3.3 Atmospheric Steam Cure 7.3.3.1. Outlets on equipment should be closed. 7.332 Open-iop tanks shall be covered with fabric or plastic. 2 7.33.3 Proper provisions shall be made so that the bottom outlet drains away condensate. 7.3.34 All equipment shall have calibrated ‘external metal temperature measuring devices. At least one such devico shall be st the location farthest from the introduction of steam. 7.3.35 The steam inlet pipe should be brought in trough an outlet near the botlom. Direct impingement of steam onto the lining should be avoided. 7.3.36 Internal steam shall be introduced to bring the temperature up o a target temperature of 93 10 99°C (200 to 210°F). 7.3.37 Air should be cisplaced from the tank with steam before the start of cure. 7.338 The temperature shall be raised gradually in accordance with the rubber manufacturer's recommendation so that the first stage of vulcanization Is attained before bisters are formed. 7.3.3.9 Precure is optional and is acceptable if in ‘accordance with applicator or uber manufacturer recommendations. Precuring is a method of intemupting the cure for the purpose of detecting defects, blisters, etc, before final vulcanization, 7.33.10 During precure, steam shouldbe Introduced for approximately two hours. This time vaties according to the size of the tank and the Size of the steam line. The time should be long fenough to expand any trapped air so that can be found and repaired, and short enough so that the surface ofthe lining will not be cured to a state at ‘which a repair cannot be made. 7.33.11 After precure repair, steam shall be Inlroduced into the tank for completo of cure. 7.33.42. Uniform temperature shall be maintained during the curing process. 7.3.3.13 The exterior steel temperature should be fa minimum of 68 to 71°C (155 to 160°F). The Steam supply should be edequate to met the ‘ngeded heating capac. 7.3.3.14 The duration and temperature of the curing cycle shall be as recommended by the rubber manufacturer. The duration of cure shall bo based on the lowsst recorded temperature reading. 734 Water Cure 7.3.4.1. The tank shall be filed with water. NACE International 7.342 The water shal be heated wih open ‘lea to @ boll and monitored with a calibrated lemperature-measuring device 7.3.4.3 The duration of the curing cyclo shall be ‘85 recommended by the rubber manufacturer. 7.3.44 At completion of cure, the tank should be allowed to coot before removal ofthe water. This 's essential for maximum adhesion ofthe fring to the tank. The head of water keeps the rubber and steel in direct contact during the cooldown period, 7.3.5 Chemical Cure 7.3.5.4 Liquid curing agents shall be brushed on the surfaces ofthe rubber ning 7.3.52 Rubber linings may be allowed to vvuleanize under normal atmospheric conditions, ‘$P0298-2007 7.353 The curing time shall comply with the rubber manufacturer's specifications. 7.3.54 Exteral heat may be used to reduce the cure time. The number and location of, Temperature recording devices shall_be determined at 2 prejob conference. Climatic ‘conditions and heat sinks associaiod with the ‘vessel should be taken into account. 7.355 Certain chemicals can be extremely hazardous, and care should be taken in handling these, according to epplicable material safoty data ‘sheets (MSDS). 7.356 Chemical cure takes place from the rubbor surface inward, The adhesion achieved by this method is lees than that achioved by other ‘curing methods. Section 8: Inspection and Testing 8.1 Stages of Inspection: A complete inspection program ‘shall consist ofthe following: (2) Substrate Inspection (©) Blast Cleaning (©) Adhesive Application (8), Laying of Rubber (@) Preaure Inspection (9, During-Cure Inspection (a) Post-Cure Inspection (F) Testing of Repairs (0 Final inspection 8.1.1 Documentation of each inspection shall be maintained for review by the customer (see Append ‘A-Nonmandatory) {6.2 Blasting shall conform to NACE No. 1/SSPC-SP 5 with profile as descibed in Section 6. For fiberglass and concrete, the surface preperation shall be as previously

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