GOLDEN HERITAGE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Vamenta Boulevard, Carmen Cagayan de Oro City

Basic Research

On

RISK TAKING BEHAVIORS DURING ADOLESCENT

By the Grade 12 Students

Miracle Angel Alitao Nelsan Villanueva

Aldemar Natinga Eam Anaj

GE NE Ian Dave

Jameskuwie Obaredes Jana Mae Pecure

John Francis Flores Khem John Rendon

Ledgene Tulay Maileen Delacerna Andrino

Mario Swallow Rj Oliveros Panes

Sabinay S. Jean

Jovelyn Sumaylo Cajes

Instructor

January 9, 2022

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Table of Contents

1. Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………………………… 3

2. Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

3. Chapter 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5

3.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 5

3.2. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………………………………. 8

3.3. Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………………………. 11

3.4. Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………………………….. 12

3.5. Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………………….. 12

3.6. Scope and Delimitation of the Study ……………………………………………….. 13

3.7. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………………………. 14

4. Chapter 2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
16

4.1. Local Literature ………………………………………………………………………………….. 16

4.2. Foreign Literature ………………………………………………………………………………. 19

4.3. Research Gap …………………………………………………………………………………….. 24

4.4. Research Synthesis …………………………………………………………………………… 24

5. Chapter 3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26

5.1. Research Design ………………………………………………………………………………… 26

5.2. Research Instruments ……………………………………………………………………….. 26

5.3. Research Settings ……………………………………………………………………………… 27

5.4. Respondents of the Study………………………………………………………………….. 27

5.5. Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………………………………………… 28

6. Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His

showers of blessings throughout our research work to complete the research

successfully.

We want to express our deep and sincere gratitude to our research

supervisor, Ms. Jovelyn Sumaylo Cages, Instructor, for allowing us to do

research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this research. Her

dynamism, vision, sincerity, and motivation have deeply inspired me. She

has taught us the methodology to carry out the research and present the

research works as clearly as possible. It was a great privilege and honor to

work and study under her guidance. We are incredibly grateful for what she

has offered us. We would also like to thank them for their friendship,

empathy, and great sense of humor. We extend our heartfelt thanks for her

acceptance and patience during the discussion we had with her on research

work and thesis preparation.

We are incredibly grateful to our respective parents for their love,

prayers, caring, and sacrifices for educating and preparing us for our future.

Also, we express my thanks to my sisters, brother, sister in law and

brother-in-law for their support and valuable prayers. Our Special thanks go

to our respective friends and another valuable person for the keen interest

shown to complete this thesis successfully.

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 DEDICATION

This study does wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved parents, who

have been our source of inspiration and gave us strength when we thought

of giving up, who continually provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and

financial support. Then, To our brothers, sisters, relatives, mentors, friends,

and classmates who shared their words of advice and encouragement to

finish this study.

Moreover, lastly, we dedicated this book to the Almighty God. Thank you

for the guidance, strength, power of the mind, protection, and skills and for

giving us a healthy life. All of these, we offer to you.

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 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

When adolescents are with their peers, studies have shown that they are

more likely to take risks, such as driving while impaired, engaging in

substance abuse when their peers are engaged in such behavior, and being

influenced by their peers' opinions when rating the riskiness of particular

situations (Nemeroff, 2017). When it comes to risky behavior, adolescence

is a perfect storm of opportunity. There are a variety of reasons why

teenagers do draw to high-risk behaviors and activities (Wiley, 2006). Peer

pressure can also play a role in this situation. Teens who are experiencing

external stress may resort to these types of behaviors as a way to

decompress (Samson, 2017). As a result, taking risks can be a misguided

strategy for teens who want to strike out on their own and feel self-sufficient

in their lives (Rosenzweig, 2016). Furthermore, according to the latest

results of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System of the Center for

Disease Control and Prevention, many high school students are involved in

risky behaviors (Arvidsson, 2019). In Iran, studies also indicate the

prevalence of risky behaviors among adolescents aged 14–18 years (Buss,

2019). Adolescence does characterize by the adoption of new behaviors that

can have a detrimental effect on health. Risk factors for chronic diseases

include unhealthy lifestyles such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor

eating habits (Buller et al., 2020). Excessive alcohol consumption, licit and

illicit drug use, and the possession of firearms all play a role in the majority

of deaths caused by violence or fights. According to a recent study in Brazil,

5.1% of 13–15-year-olds used tobacco in the last 30 days preceding the

study, while 26.1 percent of those ages 13–15 drank alcohol, and 2.5

percent used marijuana. 78.0 percent of adolescents spent more than two

hours a day watching television, and 63.1 percent were physically inactive,
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according to the study's findings (Faap & Faap, 2019). It does determine

that various risk behaviors were more prevalent in the Philippines in 2017,

2018, and 2019 by a study conducted in the country. The findings do publish

in the Global School- based Health Survey in 2017, 2018, and 2019.

According to their findings, boys aged 11 years or younger and girls aged 16

years or older engaged in common risk behaviors such as smokeless tobacco

use, a physical fight, problems caused by alcohol consumption, bullying,

statutory offense victimization, injury, and loneliness (Miller et al., 2018).

This large study found that both boys and girls engaged in these risk

behaviors. Furthermore, one-third of the population in the Philippines is

between the ages of 10 and 24 years old, which do consider to be

adolescents (National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1976). The

negative consequences of these risks continue to have an impact throughout

an adolescent's life. For example, a study conducted in the Philippines found

that teenage pregnancies are associated with higher school dropout rates,

more infants born with low birth weight, higher maternal and child mortality

rates, and decreased economic productivity. Young Filipino people may do

exposed to similar risks but respond differently. Some may not sustain any

physical or emotional damage, while others may be affected for the rest of

their lives (New Directions in Child Abuse and Neglect Research by National

Research Council, Committee on Child Maltreatment R (2014) Paperback,

2021a). In 2017 Philippine Health Statistics show that Filipino adolescents

engage in risky behaviors in a variety of ways, including using drugs (4.5

percent of students), being current drug users (6.2 percent of young adults),

drinking alcohol (15.8 percent of students), becoming extremely drunk (17

percent of students), and smoking cigarettes (9.7 percent of students aged

13-15 years old) among other things (ÖZsungur, 2021a).

Adolescent pregnancy has long been a problem in Cagayan de Oro City

and throughout the country. According to a study conducted by the

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Commission on Population and Development. An increase in teenage

pregnancies does observe in the City. During the current health crisis, based

on Commission on Population and Development data. In 2020, teens

between the ages of 15 and 19 became pregnant during the first quarter of

the year, while 2081 teens became pregnant during the second quarter,

coinciding with the first confirmed cases of COVID-19, does record

(American Academy of Pediatrics et al., 2019). Also mentioned is the rise in

Gender-Based Violence in the City, which affects both men and women, and

children. They provided a glimpse into how these do link to the rise in

teenage pregnancy (Binensztok, 2021). Moreover, the fact that a lack of

education is among the contributing factors to teenage pregnancy. Also

included in this collection are reports from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveys,

the National Survey of Adolescent Males, and the National Longitudinal

Study of Adolescent Health, which provide an overview of adolescents'

involvement in the City. It does determine that ten common risktaking

behaviors exist, including regular alcohol consumption, regular tobacco

consumption (or other illegal drug consumption), weapon carrying

(including suicide attempts), regular binge drinking (including marijuana

use), fighting (including suicidal thoughts), and risky sexual activity

(including prostitution) (Fernandez, 2018). Moreover, Experimental and

self-report studies have confirmed this adolescent rise in risk-taking

behaviors, which are more pronounced in social contexts, such as in the

presence of friends and another social perspective (Sana et al., 2018). One

possible mechanism that may account for increases in risk-taking behavior

in adolescents, such as alcohol consumption and functional neuro imaging

work, has shown heightened activation from the people surrounding them

(Kim & Maguire-Jack, 2017). A particular study analyzes relevant literature

outlining risk-taking behavior in the adolescent population, followed by a

discussion of the findings (Publishing, 2017). It states that this study will

refer to health, peers, parenting, self-esteem, and quality of life issues, all of

which contribute to the possible causes of risk-taking, such as alcoholism,

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drug abuse, and violence, which will do considered and factors examined

(Straus, 2017).

This study aims to determine and compare the perceptions of the

respondents especially on the environmental factor (Family, Peers, school,

community, and the like) does contributes to the existence of risk taking

behaviors during adolescence. As to respondents of the study, the

researchers will used the Convenience Sampling Method wherein

Participants are selected based on their availability and willingness to

participate in a study. and useful data can be gained from the inquiry.

Moreover, the study requires only limits to 70 respondents, 35 males and 35

females studying at Golden heritage Polytechnic College ranging from Grade

7 up to Senior High School, ages twelve to eighteen years old. As to the

inquiring the respondents for the gathering of data and information because

this study applies both Qualitative and Quantitative Method. Moreover, the

inquiry style will be used on this study is the Likert Scale Method. In this

method of inquiry, It applies both Qualitative and Quantitative Method in a

way, Rating scales are used to measure opinions, attitudes, and behaviors.

A Likert scale is one of these. In surveys, likert scales are a popular choice

because they can be used to measure personality traits and perceptions with

ease. Furthermore, With the help of Likert-type questions or statements and

a continuum of possible responses, can gather data from respondents. A

numerical score is assigned to each item so that the data can be compared

and analyzed. In that way, It can be used by the study to make a survey

questionnaire at ease, but it consist of two parts, First getting the profile of

the respondents mentioned on Independent variables, and Second, will be

the likert scale questioning ones the respondent able to fill in all the

necessary information need to obtain for the study.

Theoretical Framework

This study consists of different theories with the inclusion of different

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authors in which does anchor so that the reader would understand more

about the risk-taking behaviors during adolescence and its environmental

factor how it does contribute to the phenomena.

The study chooses the Sociological Theory. This theory derives from one

of the criminology theories that emphasize which environmental factors

such as the kind of rearing or family upbringing, quality of teaching in school

influences of peers and friends, conditions of the neighborhood, and

economic and other societal factors do believe to be contributory to crime

and criminal behavior. An adolescent's risk-taking behaviors may lead to the

commission of offense because of prohibited acts or events by law. Now.

What is the relationship of this theory to the study? As we know, risk-taking

behaviors are consist of various actions made by the adolescent such as

overuse of alcohol or binge drinking, use of illegal substances, use of

substances in potentially dangerous situations (such as driving), engaging in

sexual activity without protection against pregnancy or sexually transmitted

diseases and the like. All of these would affect the development of one's

adolescence. According to the study, these all come from societal factors,

including family, peers, school, and community (Mulato, 2017). It appears

that adolescents are more likely to take risks when surrounded by other

people who have the same risk-taking motivations. Adolescents'

decision-making processes are influenced by their peers, regardless of the

educational programs aimed at reducing risky behaviors during this period.

This Sociological Theory comprises different sub-theories that relate to

the study and make a more profound understanding. These comprise of

Differential Reinforcement Theory and Containment Theory. The Theory of

Differential Reinforcement This theory holds that those around him influence

a person's actions. Acts of good deeds that do reward are likely to be

repeated. Those that do punish are likely to be avoided. What is the

relationship between this sub-theory and sociological theory? For instance,

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adolescents surrounded by peers who smoke outside their school may not

notice any adverse effects. Because of all the stress, he was under

throughout the day, the adolescent tried it out, and his peers encouraged

him to do it again. As a result, the influence of peers on adolescent behavior

is one of the most important contextual factors.

Furthermore, the mere presence of a peer, even if that peer is an

anonymous one, is associated with a greater willingness to take risks.

Research shows that the presence of peers activates reward processing

regions in the brain, which makes adolescents more aware of the positive

aspects of the risky behavior they are engaging in. On the other hand,

According to Walter Reckless' Containment Theory, which holds that both

inner and outer containment effectively reduces juvenile crime,

"containment" refers to the internal and external forces that can influence

an individual's actions. Self-esteem, tolerance for frustration, and set

attainable goals are all examples of inner containment. Among the things

kept outside the home are members of the family. What is the relationship

between this sub-theory and sociological theory? As an example, in the

Columbine High School shooting case, it is clear that the parents were not

the most influential source, especially in preventing the offense from being

committed. Dylan's family had a loving mother who cared for him and

allowed him to have his own space. It is hard to fathom why Klebold

committed such a heinous act when he appeared to be surrounded by a

loving and supportive family. During an interview with the New York Times,

Dylan's mother Sue claimed that her son's irritability and sullenness were

just phases. Although Dylan's parents could not detect signs of Dylan's

mental illness, perhaps they could have been more influential in Dylan's

control and behavior, which led to Dylan's first involvement in a few felonies.

It does not just stop at one offense, but it also leads to another offense to

commit. As a result, his parents did not encourage or ignore any illegal

behavior that could have influenced his ongoing criminal activity. It is clear

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from these examples that family relationships, such as closeness among

family members, parental management and supervision of children, and the

proper interaction between parents, reduce the likelihood of risky behavior

in adolescents.

Statement of the Problem

The study was not design to just to know the factors and its contribution

to the existence of the risk taking behaviors during adolescent or just

determining and comparing the perceptions of the respondents but it also

addresses solution to the problem. Specifically, the research work will seek

to respond to the following questions:

1. What are the account of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Civil Status

1.4 Educational Background

2. What are the perceptions of the respondents on child abuse in Cagayan de

Oro City in terms of the following:

2.1 Family Factor

2.2 Peer Factor

2.3 School Factor

2.4 Community Factor

3. What are the perceptions of the respondents on how risk taking behaviors
during adolescent does addressed in Cagayan de Oro City on the following:

3.1 City Government Offices

3.2 Law Enforcement Agencies

3.3 School

3.4 Barangay

4. What should do done by the respondents to improve addressing the risk

taking behaviors experienced during adolescent.

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Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Age Family Factor

Gender Peer Factor

Civil Status School Factor

Educational Background Community Factor

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the relationship between variables.

Figure 1 shows the relationship of independent and dependent variables,

so that this study wants to determine and compare the perceptions and

profiles of the respondents. So, during the gathering of information and data

through the survey questionnaire using the liker scale type of questioning,

this is when the perceptions of the respondents differ and compare. For

example, Respondent A, age 13, gives his perception about risk-taking

behavior during adolescence as to the family factor. He agrees that the

family factor is the contributor to such phenomena. Another perception

coming from Respondent B, age 14, gives his perception that he disagrees

that family factors contribute to such phenomena. In this way, the

researchers can determine, differentiate, and compare the perceptions of

what does Age Gender Civil Status Educational Background Family Factor

Peer Factor School Factor Community Factor INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES mention on Independent variables, which affects

the dependent variables.

Significance of the Study

The study focused on determining and comparing perceptions oN

risk-taking behaviors during adolescence. Moreover, the results of the study

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will be beneficial to the following:

Instructors/Mentors. The research study will help the

Instructors/Mentors think of ideas that will give proper guidance to the

students induced to prevent any risk-taking behavior experienced during

their adolescence. These may also increase their competency.

Parents. This research study will help the respondents' parents have

parental efficiency in coping and adjusting to the adversities that may still

ensure their adolescents will not be able to experience any risk-taking

behaviors.

Respondents. The respondents will be aware of the importance of this

study primarily on the insights gathered, which will do used for creating

efficient means addressing risk-taking behaviors that existed in the city.

Future Researchers. This research study will serve as reference material

and a guide for future researchers who wish to conduct the same research or

any analysis related to Risk-taking behaviors during adolescents.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will focus on risk-taking behaviors during adolescents. Aside

from focusing on the topic, the researchers would also be able to determine

and compare the different perceptions from the respondents as to factors,

which will help to know its relationship and how this study would address the

problem. As to the respondents, this study requires only limits to 70

respondents, 35 males and 35 females studying at Golden Heritage

Polytechnic College ranging from Grade 7 up to Senior High School, ages

twelve to eighteen years old. In order to attain actions taken to this study by

determining and comparing the results, the researcher may use two-part of

the survey questionnaire. The first part would be getting the profile of the

respondents, and the second part would be the Likert scale style of

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questioning where in they will choose any of the choices; Strongly agree,

neither, or Strong Disagree. This study will not include any other topics not

related to the study, and It will do within ten months.

Definition of Terms

This portion of the study comprises relatable and significant terms that

had a prominent role and were related to the study. The definition of each

term does not take in any forms of sources like Google, Merriam-Dictionary,

and the like. It derives from the understand and relate to the study.

Community factor. One of the environmental factors contributing to

risk-taking behaviors during adolescence of a particular example, is

community violence, illegal drug trade, and the like.

Containment Theory. It is a theory that emphasizes to the study that

once an individual has a weak inner self and outer connection with the

people surrounding him, he would be prone to any risk-taking behaviors.

Differential Reinforcement Theory. It is a theory that emphasizes to

the study that an adolescent would do some repetitive actions caused by the

influence by the surrounds him would take him on the likelihood to

experience risk-taking behaviors.

Environmental factors. This factor comprises family, peers, school,

and community, considered contributors to risk-taking behaviors.

Family factor. It is one of the environmental factors contributing to the

risk-taking behaviors experienced or acquired by the adolescent. Examples

are lack of emotional attention and the like.

Peer factor. One of the environmental factors that had a significant

impact as a contributor to the existence of risk-taking behavior acquired or

experienced by an adolescent: cigarette smoking, skipping classes, and the

like.

Risk-taking behaviors. These behaviors make an adolescent's social,

physical, emotional, and cognitive development. In which they adopt mainly

and create a new rule what make their-selves at risk.

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 School factor. It is one of the environmental factors contributing to the

existence of risk-taking behaviors experienced by an adolescent: for

example, bullying, vandalism, and the like.

Sociological theory. One of the criminology theories emphasizes its

relation to the study in that risk-taking behaviors exist because of the people

surrounding the adolescent, which puts them at risk.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains a review of related literature and studies from the

different authors that do gather. The study wants to discover further how

environmental factors such as family, peers, school, and community

contribute to risk-taking behavior, which happens during adolescence or

does experience by an adolescent.

Local Literature

More precisely, the family's processes—family connectedness, parental

permissiveness, and parent-child communication—are well established as a

significant predictor of adolescents' sexual risk-taking behavior (Frederick &

Goddard, 2019). This report expands on the connection by discussing

evidence demonstrating the processes' influence on various risky sexual

behaviors among male and female adolescents (Gabbidon, 2020). The data

does base on 16,651 adolescent interviews conducted as part of the 2002

Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey (Antoon, 2018). The results

indicate that while there is no significant gender difference in terms of family

connectedness, male respondents scored significantly higher on parental

permissiveness than female respondents, while female respondents scored

slightly higher on the index of parent-child communication (Rosenfeld et al.,

2020). Males consistently outperformed females in all five risky sexual

practices examined, with the most significant gender disparity observed in

sex with multiple partners (Harrison & Atherton, 2021).

Multivariate analyses revealed a protective effect of family

connectedness and parent-child communication and a motivating effect of

parental permissiveness on risky sexual behaviors. Numerous studies have

established that the social context strongly influences adolescent risk-taking

(Ortego, 2020). However, it is unknown whether adolescents'

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decision-making behaviors change when they take risks involving other

people, such as their parents. Adolescents with a high level of family conflict

made more risky choices when it came to taking risks for their parents,

whereas adolescents with a low level of family conflict made fewer risky

choices when taking risks for their parents (Nakazawa, 2017). These

findings are the first to demonstrate that adolescents' decision-making

behaviors change when their risks impact their families, and they have

significant implications for current theories of social context and adolescent

risk-taking (Durand, 2021). In comparison, most adolescents and their

families experience some ups and downs during these years, but things

typically improve as children mature (Ekine-Ogunlana, 2020). Family

relationships tend to endure. Parents and families are a source of care

and emotional support for teenagers. Families provide practical, financial,

and material assistance to teenagers (Gray, 2019). Additionally, most

teenagers desire to spend time with their families, exchanging ideas and

having fun (Lcsw, 2021). Supportive and close family relationships can help

adolescents avoid risky behaviors such as alcohol and other drug use and

mental health problems such as depression (Sandalson, 2017). They can

also help your adolescent feel more connected to school and motivated to

succeed academically. Strong family relationships can contribute

significantly to your child's development as a well-adjusted, considerate,

and caring adult (Bryson et al., 2021). However, increases in risk-taking and

sensation-seeking behavior occur during adolescence, with the ability to

self-regulate in planning decisions and actions only gradually improving

throughout adolescence (Steinberg et al., 2017). It contributes to the

stereotype of the reckless and impulsive thrill-seeking adolescent. Social

influence is a determinant of adolescent risk-taking behavior (Ruscetti et al.,

2021). Peer groups affect adolescent socialization and individuality by

allowing adolescents to explore their interests and uncertainties while

maintaining a sense of belonging to a group of friends t (O'Brien & Foussard,

17
2019). Adolescents seek out unusual, complicated, and extreme sensations

and enjoy experiencing for the sake of experience, and they engage in risky

behavior in pursuit of such experiences (Simmelink & Robinson, 2019). Peer

relationships, on the other hand, are highly influential during adolescence

(Jonker & Jonker-Bakker, 2018). Peers become a significant source of social

and emotional support during this period of independence from parents.

Adolescents' friends' attitudes can have a beneficial effect. Peer attachments

can significantly benefit a young person's well-being. Over 80% of boys and

girls between the ages of 12–13 and 14–15 reported having good friends

whom they trusted and felt respected and listened to their feelings (United

States Government Accountability Office, 2018). Having friends who exhibit

high moral standards or a positive attitude toward school was associated

with a decreased likelihood of being bullied (Caillier, 2021). Does the school

environment have an effect on students' risktaking behaviors? The overall

school effects, on the other hand, were modest, particularly for cigarette use

and suicidal behavior (Dixon & Landau, 2021). Smoking 11 or more

cigarettes per day (i.e., heavy smoking) was associated with a 3.43 (95

percent confidence interval [CI]: 1.69, 6.94) increase in the likelihood of

feeling sad or hopeless, a 2.97 (95 percent CI: 1.60, 5.51) increase in the

likelihood of reporting suicidal ideations, and a 2.11 (95 percent CI: 1.34,

3.32) increase in the likelihood of having ever planned a suicide attempt,

after excoriates (Interior et al., 2017). Schools with a more positive school

climate had fewer students who struggled with alcohol use and fewer

students who engaged in violent or risky motor vehicle behaviors (Feng &

Levine, 2018). Students engaged in less risky sexual health behaviors in

schools where teachers reported improved health and welfare services for

students (Storey & Codman, 2021). Students reporting significant levels of

depressive symptoms were significantly fewer in schools where teachers

reported higher levels of well-being (Abrams et al., 2020). Positive school

climates and improved health and welfare services in schools are associated

18
with fewer students engaging in health risk-taking behaviors (Publishing,

2018). Schools with a more positive school climate had fewer students who

struggled with alcohol use and fewer students who engaged in violent or

risky motor vehicle behaviors (Cullen, 2018b). Students engaged in less

risky sexual health behaviors in schools where teachers reported improved

health and welfare services for students. Students reporting significant

levels of depressive symptoms were significantly fewer in schools where

teachers reported higher levels of well-being. Positive school climates and

improved health and welfare services in schools are associated with fewer

students engaging in health risk-taking behaviors (Finley, 2020).

Adolescence is frequently a time of risk-taking. Activities such as not

wearing bicycle or motorcycle helmets and seat belts, driving while

intoxicated, substance abuse, unprotected sexual intercourse, physical

violence, and self-mutilation all have the potential to harm young people's

health and cause loss, concern, and costs to all levels of society (Binensztok,

2021). The community profile identified the following risky behaviors: drunk

driving, substance abuse, carrying weapons with the intent to harm, and

suicidal idealization. Members of the community identified the risk-taking

behavior associated with alcohol. Recent reviews have revealed a possible

link between these high-risk behaviors (Sugue- Castillo, 2019). In contrast,

Additionally, it has been suggested that a holistic approach focusing on

adolescent risk-taking behavior, in general, maybe a more effective strategy

for injury prevention than approaches focused on specific injury problems

(Sana et al., 2018). Providing local data to a community has previously been

demonstrated to increase their awareness of the importance of developing

injury prevention strategies (Mulato, 2017).

Foreign Literature

Adolescent risk-taking can be curbed to a large extent by families. To fill

in the void left by a sibling, single-parent families devote more time and

energy to their children than families with two or more children (DeCamp,
19
2017). Excessive parental attention to a single child has been shown in

several studies to lead to internalization, loneliness, dependency, emotional

problems, and possibly risky behaviors in the child who receives it (Clerk,

2017). Teenagers in multi-generational families spend most of their

adolescent years with their siblings, viewed as both sources of support and

conflict (Cruz & Yacat, 2018). However, while most studies emphasize the

positive role of having multiple children in a family, they also report

increased highrisk behaviors in these families (PSA and UNICEF 2018). It

does suggest that the number of children in a family increases with an

increase in risky behavior. In contrast, teens who have to go orphaned are

more likely to engage in risky behavior if their families are supportive. The

adolescents in the treatment group reported higher levels of perceived

caregiver support, were more open to discussing their problems with

caregivers and felt more comfortable discussing sexual risk behaviors with

their caregivers (Bessell, 2018). Adolescents' attitudes toward sexual

risk-taking behavior decreased by 16.8 percent because of increased

perceived support from caregivers (Save the Children, 2011; ECPAT, 2017).

Suubi, a family-based economic empowerment intervention, may help

orphaned adolescents gain more support from their families. Strengthening

existing social networks and enhancing connections with orphaned

adolescents' surviving family members may be critical in preventing sexual

risk-taking behavior in Uganda, a country with a low level of social capital

(De Gracia, 2018). According to one theory, adolescence is a particularly

vulnerable period for risky behavior because of the temporal gap between

puberty, which drives adolescents to seek thrills, and the slow maturation of

the cognitive control system, which regulates these impulses (Tarabulsy,

2018). As a result of this theory, educational interventions to change

adolescents' knowledge, beliefs, or attitudes are more likely to succeed

(Bandura, 2019). Overall, Native American adolescents are more likely to

engage in risky behaviors than white and black peers, including antisocial
20
behavior and substance use (Akers, 2019). Native American females were

the most distressing to see in the exhibit (Daigle & Muftić, 2017).

Researchers found that Native American adolescents in the study were more

likely than their peers to engage in risky behavior (Daigle & Muftić, 2017).

Risky behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, and drug use, maybe more

common among Native American adolescents who live and attend school

outside of reservations (Widom,2019). In contrast, they were Reducing

sexually risky behaviors in children and adolescents through school-based

initiatives (Milaniak & Widom, 2018). Sexual risk-taking behavior among

adolescents was not affected by all sex and AIDS education programs;

however, specific programs delayed the initiation of intercourse, reduced

frequency of intercourse, reduced the number of sexual partners, or

increased the use of condoms or other contraceptive methods. Pregnancy

and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, can be reduced by these

programs that are proven to be effective. Schools across the country should

adopt similar initiatives (ONeal, 2019). Multi-ethnic urban students who

participate in a comprehensive package of interventions with teachers,

parents, and children can reduce violent behavior, heavy drinking, and

sexual intercourse by 18 years (Wright, Turanovic, Morse, & Booth, 2019).

Students' health-risk behaviors can do reduced by implementing

school-wide interventions consistent with the theoretical model (Buller et al.

2020). An increase in the influence of peers on the views, actions, and

self-worth of young people (ÖZsungur, 2021b). Several studies have shown

that adolescents are more likely to take risks, such as driving while impaired

when they are with their peers (Stalker & McArthur, 2018). They are also

more likely to engage in substance abuse when their peers are also doing so

(Munro, 2017). However, research has shown that peer influence can also

work in an adaptive manner, such as when peers discourage each other from

engaging in risky behaviors (Levine et al., 2020). A teenager's life does

influence by his or her peers in almost every way (M, 2018). The trivial, such
21
as music and clothing preferences, to the more serious, such as drug use

and unprotected sex (Steinberg, 2018). The adolescent may face long-term

consequences and high costs to society if he or she decides to take these

more risky options (Wismayanti et al., 2019). Peer influence on adolescent

risk-taking behavior is well-established, according to empirical

evidence—another reason adolescents are more likely to take risks is that

peers stimulate the brain's reward circuitry (Mathews & Bross, 2019). Adults

are not affected by the presence of peers when it comes to taking risks

(Miller et al., 2018). According to this hypothesis, the presence of peers

increases adolescent risk-taking by increasing sensitivity to the potential

reward value of risky decisions in brain regions associated with the

anticipation of potential rewards (Rassenhofer et al., 2017). It increases the

influence of peers on the views, actions, and self-worth of young people

(Mathews, 2018). Several studies have shown that adolescents are more

likely to take risks, such as driving while impaired, with their peers

(Crosson-Tower, 2021). They are also more likely to engage in substance

abuse when their peers are also doing so (Broadhurst, 2019). However,

research has shown that peer influence can also work adaptively, such as

when peers discourage from engaging in risky behaviors (Toros & Tiirik,

2017). A teenager's life does influence by his or her peers in almost every

way. The trivial, such as music and clothing preferences, to the more serious

such as drug use and unprotected sex (Steinberg, 2018). The adolescent

may face long-term consequences and high costs to society if he or she

decides to take these more risky options. Peer influence on adolescent

risk-taking behavior is well-established, according to empirical

evidence—another reason adolescents are more likely to take risks is that

peers stimulate the brain's reward circuitry. Adults are not affected by the

presence of peers when it comes to taking risks. According to this hypothesis

the presence of peers increases adolescent risk-taking by increasing

sensitivity to the potential reward value of risky decisions in brain regions

22
associated with the anticipation of potential rewards (Broadhurst, 2019).

Youth in more disadvantaged communities report fewer positive social

interactions on a local level (Tower, 2018). Living in a disadvantaged

neighborhood where more people have low-wage jobs or are unemployed,

are less educated, and lack resources can cause stress and do linked to

adolescents' psychological and social problems (Department of Social

Services, Virginia, 2021). It may be due to a lack of resources such as

quality education and medical care, or it may be because adults in these

neighborhoods have fewer ties to the community and are less likely to

monitor adolescents (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018). The brain

grows and changes rapidly during adolescence, making it "plastic" or

malleable and susceptible to experience-induced changes (Abrahams et al.,

2018). Thus, one-way neighborhood disadvantage can result in adverse

outcomes for children and adolescents is by altering how the brain develops.

Growing up in a disadvantaged.

Neighborhood harmed adolescent brain development, but family-based

socioeconomic status measures such as parental income, occupation, or

education did not affect brain development (Figueroa et. al.. 2020). It

suggests that growing up in a more disadvantaged neighborhood may result

in slower development of the cortical brain (Crosson-Tower, 2019). The

cortex is the brain's outer layer, and it is involved in nearly all of the brain's

processes, including attention, perception, memory, thought,

problem-solving, language, motor functions, and social abilities, all of which

contribute to individuals making risky decisions and acquiring risk behaviors

(Pratt & Turanovic, 2021). In contrast, many adolescents establish a sense

of belonging among peers who share their interests in video games, makeup

art, and other activities (Pratt & Turanovic, 2021). In general, a community

does define by a group of people. Concerned about one another and feel that

they belong to one another. The sense of belonging, mutual support, more

significant influence, and exploration that an adolescent receives from a

23
group can be highly beneficial. Friendships among adolescents are among
the most important relationships in their lives (Diderich et al., 2019). Many

teenagers place a higher value on friendships than they do on any other type

of relationship (Diderich et al., 2019). It is an entirely normal stage of

healthy child development, and while it may be frustrating at times, it is not

a cause for concern. A healthy community can aid in developing your

adolescent's socialization skills and the creation of a positive impact on

others (Murphy & Rasmussen, 2020).

Research Gap

Along the literature review from the different studies and authorship

gathered. The researchers found out there are several missing and

unexplored studies after examining the literature. First, the researchers

want to determine whom the contributing city agencies or offices implement

the said community intervention or programs addressing to prevent

risk-taking behaviors to adolescents. Second, no Government factors do not

include in the study wherein fact. They are the sole prime giver of solutions

regarding the matter to ensure the welfare of the people with the assistance

of their enforcing agencies and special committees. Third, no Religious

Factors does not include in the study wherein fact. Their moral development

will play a vital role to instill to ones adolescent especially values and

guidance which make them avoid any risk decisions in life.

Research Synthesis

The researcher successfully gathered several related studies, both

foreign and domestic, and these studies explain and demonstrate the

environmental factors contributing to the existence of risk-taking behavior

during adolescence. Both kinds of literature (foreign and local) give

similarities on a deeper understanding of how the environmental factors

contribute and relation to the study. However, they differ on the positive and

negative situations that represent every environmental factor and how they

24
contributed to the existence of the problem or did they prevent such.

Moreover, both of them also stated similar outcomes of the effects of

risk-taking behavior adolescence would undergo with cigarette smoking,

unprotected sex, skipping classes, bullying, wrong decision, and the like.

25
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter clearly explains the research methods used to conduct the

study. The researchers explain how the data and information addresses the

research goals and questions are presented and analyzed. Research setting,

respondents of the study, and research instruments are provided.

Research Design

This study will make use of adescriptive research design method. Since

the researchers will make use of a survey questionnaire in conducting the

study, descriptive research design will be the most fit to use. The

researchers decided to use Descriptive methods especially in conducting a

survey in a large population. Using Descriptive will be more beneficiary

especially to the researchers in collecting data and information from the

respondents.

Research Instruments

In this chapter, the researchers will use a survey questionnaire including

questions and survey related to the main topic. The researchers will conduct

some questions that include questions relating to their experience as a

teenagers and how it effects their behavior.It will be distributed to the

limited respondents which are the students of Golden Heritage Polytechnic

College.

26
Research Settings

Figure 1: Map of Golden Heritage Polytechnic College

The study, “Risk Taking Behaviors during Adolescence” will take place in

Golden Heritage Polytechnic College, Cagayan De Oro City. This school has

been known for its policies especially "No love Affair" policy that affects the

life of students mostly. Golden Heritage Polytechnic College, formerly known

as Northern Mindanao Polytechnic College is the only school in Cagayan De

Oro who offers Sunday High School. The purpose of which is to help the out

of school youth, working students to continue their studies in secondary

education.

Respondents of the Study

The research respondents of this study are chosen students from Golden

Heritage Polytechnic College where the risk taking behaviors are most

commonly seen and experience. The chosen respondents will be from the

High school Departments who is commonly have the most teenagers. There

will be a total of 70 respondents: 35 males and 35 females that are studying

at Golden Heritage Polytechnic College from Grade 7 to Senior High School

at the age of 12-18 years old.

27
Data Gathering Procedure

Before the study will be conducted, the researchers will first make a

letter of approval to conduct the study at Golden Heritage School through Ms

Jovelyn Cajes, the research adviser. The study will then be conducted in a

span of two weeks.

A survey questionnaire will then be distributed to the respondents after

securing the permit. The respondents are the students of the Golden

Heritage Polytechnic College from Grade 7 to Senior High School at the age

of 12–18 years old.

The respondents are expected to participate to the following surveys the

researchers will conduct by giving their opinions and ideas about the topic.

After the researchers collect all the data gathered, it will then be analyzed.

Th results would then be the basis for knowing the risk-taking behaviors of

teenagers during the adolescence.

28
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