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Synthesis, properties and applications of cordierite ceramics, Part 1

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Ceramics in Asia
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Cordierite Ceramics, Part 1
A. Chowdhury, S. Maitra, S. Das, A. Sen, G.K. Samanta, P. Datta
Anirban Chowdhury is a
post-graduate research stu-
dent working in the area of
sol gel ferroelectrics for his
PhD at the Institute for Ma-
terials Research, University
of Leeds, UK. He earned his BTech in Ceramics
from the College of Ceramic Technology, Uni-
versity of Calcutta and MTech in Materials Sci-
ence from IIT Kanpur. He received the presti-
gious ORS award and a Tetley & Lupton Schol-
arship for 2005–2008.
Abstract Interceram 56 (2007) [1]
As an engineering material, cordierite has many
applications in different fields exploiting its
unique electrical, mechanical and thermal prop-
erties. The synthetic aspect of cordierite is of
constant interest to researchers. Elucidation of
its structure and establishing the properties of
its structure has always been considered a fas-
cinating subject by researchers. In the present
paper these different aspects of cordierite are
briefly reviewed.
Keywords:
Cordierite, processing, properties, applications
1 Introduction
Cordierite (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2) is an impor-
tant naturally occurring ceramic material, which
is popular especially for its unusually low ther-
mal expansion coefficient, low thermal mass,
low dielectric loss factor, low density, volume
resistivity and high thermal shock resistance.
Cordierite is isostructural with beryllium. It is
found in two structural forms, namely, the or-
thorhombic (low temperature form) symme-
try, which is more common, and the hexagonal
symmetry, which is also known as “indialite”.
The structure of cordierite is characterized by
six-membered rings and is built up from SiO4
and AlO4 tetrahedra. These tetrahedra form six
(cation) membered or four (cation) membered
rings [1], as shown in Fig. 1.
18 Vol. 56 (2007) [1]
sultant volume expansion is negligibly small
(with an aggregate thermal expansion of about
0.9 ⫻ 10–6/K from room temperature to 800 °C).
With elevated temperatures, the increased ther-
mal motion of the atoms of cordierite is accom-
modated primarily by twisting and rotation of
the rings. The relationship between thermal ex-
pansion and crystal structure of cordierite has
been discussed by Hochella and Brown [5].
Cordierite is widely used in the whiteware in-
dustries as kiln furniture because of its above-
mentioned properties. It also has advanced ap-
plications as electrical insulators, high perform-
ance resistors, heating element supports, burn-
Fig. 1 • Structure of cordierite [5] er tubes,feed-through insulators,special furnace
shapes, exhaust catalyst supports, filters and
Some properties of this multiphase oxide are many more that are discussed here. For engi-
given below [2–4]: neering applications, it is usual to control puri-
Density 2.0–2.53 g/cm3 ty and reproducibility by utilizing synthetic
Melting point 1470 °C cordierite.
Thermal expansion coefficient from 25 to
1000 °C 1.4–2.6 ⫻ 10–6/K 2 Mineralogical aspects
Young’s modulus 139–150 GPa
Flexural strength at room temperature Cordierite is a magnesium aluminium silicate
120–245 (Mg2Al4Si5O18) mineral. It belongs to the class
Relative dielectric constant of silicates and the subclass of cyclosilicates (an-
5.0 (K and tanδ at 1 MHz) dalusite-sillimanite-kyanite group).Although,
Typical thermal expansion curves are shown in it is not a very popular mineral from the geo-
Fig. 2. The expansion is small and anisotropic. logical point of view, its gemstone variety, which
The “c” axis expansion is negative, while the “a” is called iolite, is well known among gemstone
axis expansion is positive and therefore the re- collectors and fanciers. Cordierite was known
and used as a gemstone
in Sri Lanka long before
the French geologist-
mineralogist Pierre
Louis Cordier accurate-
ly described it in 1809.
Cordierite was identi-
fied as a specific miner-
al and named in 1813.
Apart from iolite, the
other varieties of
cordierite found are
bloodshot iolite and
praseolite. The unusual
blue-violet colour of
cordierite is attractive
Fig. 2 • Typical thermal expansion curves of cordierite [5] and can be compared

with a light blue sapphire of purplish tint. This
is the reason why cordierite is sometimes called
"water sapphire". Different colours of cordierite
crystal available are blue, greyish blue, violet
blue, grey, yellow, brown, green (rare), etc. One
of the most notable characteristics of cordierite
is its strong pleochroism, or colour changing
ability. Generally, it is strongly trichroic. When
viewed from one direction, the crystal or gem-
stone may appear blue or blue-violet. But as the
crystal or gemstone is rotated in another view-
ing direction, the colour will appear yellowish
gray to light blue. The Mg-rich variety shows as
pale yellow, pale blue, and violet blue and the
Fe-rich variety shows as colourless and violet.
Its index of refraction varies in between
1.52–1.57. Its birefringence ranges from 0.005
to 0.018 and dispersion is 0.017. Its optical char-
acter is biaxial positive, but often it is negative.
The crystals may be colourless or transparent
to translucent. It has some opalescence resem-
bling star sapphire. It has a vitreous lustre. The
cleavage is poor in one direction and the frac-
ture is subconchoidal. Its hardness is 7–7.5, spe-
cific gravity is approximately 2.3 and streak is
white. It reacts slightly with concentrated acids,
but more readily dissolves in HF. The crystal
habits include rare prismatic crystals that are
usually massive, or in compact grains embed-
ded in metamorphic schists and gneisses. They
are also found as pebbles and grains in alluvial
deposits.The minerals associated with cordierite
are almandine, corundum, andalusite, biotite
and feldspars. The inclusions in cordierite crys-
tals are clouds of very small zircon crystals sur-
rounded by interference colours rimmed with
intense yellow and hematite platelets in parallel
orientation. Its notable occurrences include Sri
Lanka; India; Burma; Madagascar; Middlesex
Co., Connecticut and the Yellowknife area of the
Northwest Territories of Canada.It is a very com-
mon mineral in Sweden as it is a component in
many Swedish schists, found in central Sweden.
It is of relatively low cost, has good electrical in-
sulation properties, moderate mechanical prop-
erties and temperature resistance, and can read-
ily be formed into a variety of shapes. It can be
made in high volume through cost-effective ex-
trusion or dry-pressing methods.
3 Processing of synthetic cordierite
Many researchers have tried to synthesize
cordierite from different starting materials
through various routes. The effects of different
additives like TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, SrO, B2O3, etc.
on the densification of cordierite have also been
studied extensively. During powder preparation
of cordierite the kinetics of heat treatment can
also have a significant effect on its densification.
Cordierite can be synthesized by firing tradi-
tional ceramic raw materials like clay, talc, sili-
ca and alumina at 1340–1450 °C.But this process
does not yield theoretically dense bodies as they
cannot be fired to maturity due to excessive for-
mation of glass from talc and clay and because
of the fact that cordierite incongruously melts
at 1460 °C to give mullite. To overcome this
problem, a cordierite composition is pre-cal-
cined to grog (talc + alumina) and then com-
bined with clay. Sometimes, the batch compo-
sition is melted and after fabrication of the de-
sired shape directly from the melt or glass, the
amorphous shape is devitrified to yield a
cordierite monolith [6].
The conventional formation of cordierite in-
volves two stages. Firstly, a small amount of
cordierite is formed at 1275 °C through the sol-
id-state reaction of mullite, protoenstatite and
cristoballite – the decomposition products of
talc and kaolinite. In the second stage, a glassy
phase appears at 1335 °C from the reaction of
previously formed cordierite and the remain-
ing cristoballite and protoenstatite. The bulk of
the cordierite is then formed by the reaction of
the melt with mullite. Cordierite forms at low-
er temperatures (1140 °C) when clinochlore and
kaolinite are reacted [7].
3.1 Synthesis from kaolin by solid
state reactions
P. Grosjean [8] studied the talc-clay reaction of
different sources and he found 30 mass-% talc
and 70 mass-% clay to be an optimum compo-
sition as it showed minimum thermal expan-
sion at 1000 °C in all test samples fired at
1330 °C. Khabas et al [9] studied the synthesis
of cordierite in mixtures of magnesia and clay
raw materials recovered from deposits in Siberia.
The raw materials were mechanically activated
using a vibratory centrifugal mill. The synthe-
sis can be brought to completion at lower tem-
peratures under mechanical activation condi-
tions using a cordierite addition.
3.2 Synthesis by solution technique
Han and Park [10] synthesized cordierite from
inorganic compounds like Mg(NO3)2·6H2O,
>>>
Al(NO3)3·9H2O and colloidal silica by co-pre-
cipitation method and studied its sintering. In
other works, Han and Park [11–12] synthesized
and sintered cordierite from metal alkoxides,us-
ing Si(OC2H5)4·Al(OC3H7)3·Mg(OC2H5)2 by
the sol-gel method. Densification of this pow-
der compact, which was studied by using the
precursor powders calcined at 900 °C for 2 h,
improved at the sintering temperature of
800–900 °C. An alkoxide sol-gel route was de-
veloped by Tsai [13] to prepare stoichiometric
cordierite fibers. X-ray diffraction analysis re-
vealed that non-aged and aged fibrous gels all
remained amorphous at 800 °C, but began crys-
tallizing into µ-cordierite and α-cordierite at
900 °C and 1050 °C, respectively. Single-phase
α-cordierite fibers were obtained at 1300 °C.
Heating the non-aged fibers yielded denser mi-
crostructures with fine grain sizes of 0.2 and
0.4 µm,whereas the aged fibers exhibited porous
microstructures following heating at 1300 °C.A
higher heating rate and aging treatment result-
ed in higher open porosity of the fired fiber.
Petrovic et al [14] synthesized alkoxy-derived
cordierite gels from tetraethylorthosilicate
(TEOS), aluminium isopropoxide and magne-
sium ethoxide. TEOS was partially hydrolyzed
at molar ratios H2O/TEOS = 1.2 in the presence
of HCl as catalyst.At first µ-cordierite crystal-
lized in a three dimensional growth at
950–1000 °C with a small amount of spinel.
The transformation of µ- to α-cordierite be-
gan at about 1100 °C and that of α- to β-
cordierite occurred at above 1300 °C. The over-
all activation energy of the crystallization of µ-
cordierite is 580 ±81 kJ/mol. Fukui et al [15]
studied the effect of prehydrolysis on the struc-
ture of a complex alkoxide as a cordierite pre-
cursor and its crystallization behavior. Here
complex alkoxides were synthesized as cordierite
precursors by reaction of pre-hydrolysed TEOS
with Al and Mg alkoxides and the effect of pre-
hydrolysis on alkoxide structure was analyzed
by IR, 27Al and 29Si NMR spectroscopies. It was
observed that, for temperatures at the lower end
of the range of α-cordierite formation, an in-
crease in the water ratio of prehydrolysis was ef-
fective because Si-O-Al bondings were intro-
duced into the Mg-Al-Si complex alkoxides.
Moon and Kim [16] prepared a cordierite ce-
ramic with a thermally stable pore structure by
a simple modification of a sol-gel reaction of
alkoxide precursors, synthesized from Mg met-
al or Mg-acetate, Al(i-Opr)3 and partially pre-
Vol. 56 (2007) [1] 19
Ceramics in Asia
hydrolyzed Si(OEt)4. The crystallization of
µ-cordierite began at 900 °C and α-cordierite
formed in between 1050–1250 °C. Lee and Kriv-
en [17] synthesized homogenous and stable
amorphous type cordierite powder by a solu-
tion-polymerization route using polyvinyl al-
cohol (PVA) solution as polymeric carrier. The
bulky, long chain polymeric precursor changed
into a very soft and porous powder after calci-
nation at 800 °C for 1 h. The calcined powder
was attrition milled to get a 30 nm size amor-
phous cordierite powder with a high specific
surface area (181 m2/gm).A dense powder hav-
ing a relative density of 99 % and a CTE value
of 2.1 ⫻ 10–6/°C was found in the process.
Awano et al [18] studied the effects of grinding
on the synthesis of cordierite where a precur-
sor gel derived from colloidal processing was
ground. The calcined ground powder enhances
the homogeneity of the resulting powder and
causes the accumulation of internal energy as
crystal strength; consequently the densities of
the sintered bodies increase and the optimum
temperature range widens.
3.3 Synthesis of cordierite glass-
ceramics
Geiss et al [19] showed that a glassy phase of
cordierite can be retained by a rapid quench
from the melt and then a fine powder can be
prepared by the granulation of the quenched
glass. The resultant powder compact can be ful-
ly densified by a viscous flow sintering mecha-
nism at a temperature between the glass transi-
tion temperature (810 °C) and the softening
point (860 °C). Furthermore crystalline
cordierite can be obtained by annealing at a
higher temperature. Diaz et al [20] described a
new route of cordierite synthesis from geother-
mic wastes, as the geothermic plants produce a
variety of waste materials, which can be puri-
fied and used as a non-conventional source of
raw materials for making glass ceramics. Two
cordierite materials were synthesized by means
of de-vitrification time-temperature treatment.
TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, and SrO were used as addi-
tives. Boccaccini et al [21] fabricated cordierite-
glass matrix composites from fly ash and waste
glass. Commercial alumina platelets were rein-
forced to improve the wear resistance of the ma-
terial.For fly ash contents up to 20 mass-%,near-
ly fully dense compacts could be fabricated at a
low sintering temperature (650 °C). For higher
fly ash contents, the densification was hindered
20 Vol. 56 (2007) [1]
by the presence of crystalline particles in the fly
ash, which jeopardized the viscous flow densi-
fication mechanism. These materials have good
machinability.
3.4 Effect of additives on cordierite
synthesis
Low temperature synthesis of cordierite had
been tried by Sumi et al [22] from kaolinite and
magnesium hydroxide mixtures with boron
oxide addition. Boron oxide (B2O3) was added
in the form of magnesium borate (2MgO·B2O3).
The addition of B2O3 promoted densification
at 850–900 °C and accelerated the crystalliza-
tion of α-cordierite. The authors found that the
specimen with 3 mass-% B2O3, that was fired at
950 °C showed a linear thermal expansion co-
efficient of ~ 3 ⫻ 10–6 K–1, a bending strength
of >200 MPa, and a relative dielectric constant
of 5.5 at 1 MHz. Finally, they concluded that
these cordierite ceramics may be used as sub-
strate materials for semiconductor interconnec-
tion. Torres and Alarcon [23] reported that ad-
ditions of TiO2 as nucleant and B2O3 as flux to
a chosen glass in the cordierite primary phase
field of the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 quaternary
system favoured the crystallization of cordierite
as the only crystalline phase with hexagonal
prismatic morphology.But the presence of Na2O
and K2O as fluxes suppresses its crystallization.
This can lead to new glazes for floor tiles with
improved mechanical and optical properties.
Jung et al [24] studied the effect of pure or sta-
bilized ZrO2 addition on the sintering of
cordierite-based ceramics. As ZrO2 content is
increased, MOR, fracture toughness, and bulk
density of the cordierite ceramics increased
along with a decrease in the thermal expansion
coefficient. El-Kheshen [25] studied the effect
of alumina addition (15 vol.-%) on cristobal-
lite formation in cordieritic glass-ceramic com-
posites prepared from pyrex borosilicate glass
and silica. The cristoballite formation decreased
with the addition of alumina due to a strong re-
action between Al3+ of alumina and K+ of pyrex
borosilicate glass. Hence, the material has a low
thermal expansion coefficient. A new route for
the solid-state reaction synthesis of cordierite
with and without the use of a flux was followed
by Malachevsky et al [26] by varying the sinter-
ing temperatures between 900 and 1400 °C.
Bi2O3 was proved to be a useful additive for low-
ering the temperature needed for the reaction
to take place.
3.5 Other synthetic techniques
Many researchers have worked on the synthe-
sis of cordierite honeycombs and foams through
different routes. Oliveira et al [27] fabricated
cellular cordierite foams using the polymer foam
replication process, where a polyurethane tem-
plate was infiltrated with slurries containing ap-
propriate binders and ceramic particles, fol-
lowed by the removal of excess slurry, burning
out of the polymer to leave a ceramic replica of
the polyurethane and, finally, high temperature
sintering. Rheological studies showed that op-
timum dispersion and stabilization conditions
were achieved for aqueous slurries containing
40 vol.-% solids, 2 mass-% bentonite and
0.8 mass-% dispersant. The struts had an angu-
lar cross-section and cracks were seen along the
cell edges and the cell walls. The density of the
sintered foams was 20 % of the struts density.
The volumetric shrinkage was approximately
30 % and the linear shrinkage appeared to be
isotropic. The synthesis of cordierite from var-
ious pre-cursor materials via different routes
such as solid-state reaction, solution technique,
and viscous flow densification has been reviewed
in this part. The sol-gel process has been proved
as the low temperature densification process.
Cordierite densification occurs gradually from
µ to α to β at 900, 1100 and 1300 °C respective-
ly. The prehydrolysis of the complex alkoxides
in sol-gel processing was effective. Geothermic
wastes have been shown as a non-convention-
al source of raw material for the synthesis of
cordierite glass-ceramics. The precursor com-
positions were altered in many cases by the ad-
dition of different additives – B2O3 as flux; TiO2
as nucleant,and ZrO2 have been used to improve
the fracture toughness. The relation between
thermal expansion and crystal structure has al-
so been discussed.
4 Properties of cordierite ceramics
The general properties of cordierite ceramics
have been discussed previously in this paper.
These key properties of cordierite have made it
suitable for various applications. Many re-
searchers have studied the effects of different
additives and their amount of additions during
the synthesis of cordierite ceramics on the de-
velopment of these properties. The properties
required for any particular application have been
developed through proper selection of raw ma-

terials, mixing them in definite proportions, us-
ing additives in definite amount, etc. Different
processes of synthesis will lead to the acquisi-
tion of definite properties in the cordierite ce-
ramics. Some of these have been discussed in
the previous section and will be discussed fur-
ther in this section.
4.1 Structural evolution
Logvinkov et al [28] analyzed the thermody-
namic relation ΔG = f(T) for solid-phase reac-
tions between stoichiometric components of the
MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system and considered the
thermodynamic conjugation of solid-phase re-
actions.It was shown that the structural changes
in the crystal lattice of cordierite should be con-
sidered as arising from compositional changes
in the corresponding solid solutions rather than
from polymorphous transformations. The au-
thors discussed the thermodynamic instability
of cordierite and proposed a diagram for phase
relations in the subsolidus of the
MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system. Torres and Alarcon
[29] reported the structural evolution of loose-
ly compacted equimolar cobalt-magnesium
cordierite glass powder (MgCoAl4Si5O18) with
annealing time at temperatures between 900 and
1100 °C. The first crystalline phase formed was
µ-cobalt containing cordierite, which trans-
formed to α-cordierite with longer annealing.
The µ-cordierite grew by a dendritic mechanism
along the particle surface, and the nucleation
and growth of α-cordierite occurred within the
µ-cordierite dendrites. At the beginning of this
transformation, some mullite and cobalt-mag-
nesium aluminate spinels were detected which
disappeared on further annealing.After long an-
nealing at 1100 °C, some ordering for Al and Si
in tetrahedral sites had taken place, indicating
some transformation to β-cordierite (or-
thorhombic). After short annealing at 1100 °C,
the fully crystallized microstructure developed
was α-cordierite with columnar or linear fea-
tures.Below Tc,cordierite shows an unusual do-
main pattern consisting of walls, which are not
well oriented along elastic soft directions due to
a low spontaneous strain and low anisotropy en-
ergies.Hence,there is a competition between the
wall due to strain and the wall due to local inter-
actions, which leads to the formation of ‘sand-
wich walls’, an intermediate between these two
wall types.Blackburn and Salje [30] tried to sim-
ulate the formation of the sandwich walls using
an atomistic computer model. These walls are
shown to be chiral in nature and the chirality di-
rection is fixed. The sandwich ‘filling’appears in
two shapes – a thick,well-defined domain at low
temperatures and a thin layer of wetting at high
temperatures. Matos et al [31] studied the struc-
ture of polymeric and polymer-derived ceram-
ic cellular cordierite foams using two different
approaches, which were compared. The authors
measured the morphological aspects of both
structure from images acquired by optical and
electron microscopy. In what concerns the cell
structure, a relation was observed either in the
proportion of the closed faces or in the size dis-
tributions of the cells. Average cell diameters
ranged from 575 to 715 µm in the ceramic foams
and 715 to 920 µm in case of polymeric foams.
The size distributions of the ceramic cells were
narrower than those of the respective polymer
templates. The authors established a relation be-
tween the final ceramic structures and the re-
spective templates and also explained the me-
chanical behaviour of the foams obtained. Di-
az-Mora et al [32] investigated the activation en-
ergy and activation enthalpy for crystal growth
and viscous flow in a cordierite glass-ceramic by
using experimental growth rates and viscosity
data. They concluded that the bond breaking
and molecular reorientation required for crys-
tallization is comparable to the atomic transport
mechanism involved in viscous flow and hence
viscosity data may be used to estimate crystal
growth rates in glasses.
4.2 Phase transformation and
mechanical properties
Yue et al [33] reported that a small amount of
B2O3 and P2O5 was found to promote the µ-
cordierite to α-cordierite transition in low tem-
perature sintered cordierite glass-ceramics pre-
pared by a sol-gel-process.At the higher concen-
tration, the transition occurs at high tempera-
ture due to the formation of MgO-P2O5 based
compounds. The material has a dielectric con-
stant of less than 5.5 and low dissipation factor,
however, the amount of B2O3 and P2O5 has no
effect on these properties. Oh et al [34] studied
the reaction kinetics, melting endothermal, nu-
cleation and crystallization behaviour of
cordierite glasses containing up to 5 mass-% ni-
trogen by using combined heat flux differential
scanning calorimetry and thermo-gravimetric
analysis. The authors also discussed the effect of
AlN on the stability of the melt, microstructures
and the container materials. Jain et al [35] com-
>>>
pared the mechanical behaviour of cordierite-
mullite honeycombs with that of commercial
cordierite foam with and without rubber encap-
sulation. While impact testing, the energy ab-
sorption of both the honeycomb and the foam
increased upon rubber encapsulation. The rub-
ber-encapsulated honeycomb had shown a sub-
stantial decrease in energy absorbed parallel to
the channel walls, as opposed to an increase in
the perpendicular direction.The foam absorbed
less energy than the honeycomb. The critical
stress decreased in the honeycomb but increased
in foam upon rubber encapsulation.
4.3 Thermal properties
Hasselman et al [36] studied the effect of
15 vol.-% particulate diamond reinforce-ment
on the thermal conductivity of a cordierite ma-
trix as a function of diamond particle size from
room temperature to 700 °C. The thermal con-
ductivity increases with increasing particle size
to a maximum of ~75 % for a mean particle size
of 50 µm. The particle effect was more pro-
nounced at lower than at higher temperatures.
The effect of particle size and temperature was
attributed to an interfacial thermal barrier, pos-
sibly resulting from interfacial phonon scatter-
ing, with a positive temperature dependence on
interfacial thermal conductance.
Garcia et al [37] applied the laser flash method
for measuring the thermal diffusivity of highly
porous cordierite materials. Errors in the calcu-
lation due to the surface roughness were reduced
by attaching two thin Cu layers to both surfaces
of the samples.Nandi [38] observed the thermal
expansion behaviour of boron doped cordierite
glass ceramics, where 1, 2, and 3 mass-% B2O3
showed negative expansion in the temperature
range of 100–300 °C. The expansion of the un-
doped cordierite was positive.A relative decrease
in the degree of negative expansion was ob-
served as the B2O3 concentration increased.
Johnson et al [39] tried to establish correlations
between the cordierite content, processing tem-
perature and CTE values of the samples.A max-
imum cordierite content of 90 % was achieved
for sintering at 1693 K (4 h soaking) correspon-
ding to a lowest CTE of 0.74 ⫻ 10–6 / K. The au-
thors also showed that the bulk thermal expan-
sion of cordierite honeycombs increases on CaO
doping due to the absence of micro-cracks, but
the axial anisotropy is reduced. Thermal shock
resistance is an important property that predicts
the life of cordierite ceramic products in ther-
Vol. 56 (2007) [1] 21
Ceramics in Asia
mal environments used for automobile pollu-
tion control as catalytic converters or as diesel
particulate filters.Das et al [40] presented a com-
parative study on the thermal shock resistance
of extruded cordierite honeycombs calculated
by using CTE, MOE, MOR, etc.
4.4 Electrical and dielectric
properties
Freer and Owate [41] studied some electrical
properties of certain cordierite glass ceramics in
the system SiO2–MgO–Al2O3–TiO2. High crys-
tallinity, good surface finish, and homogeneous
microstructure yielded high break down strength.
Sarkar et al [42] studied the effects of firing tem-
perature and test frequency on the dielectric prop-
erties of nickel-cordierite,silver-cordierite and ti-
tanium-cordierite samples after firing. The val-
ues of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss
decreased with increasing test frequencies and in-
creasing firing temperature.A low dielectric con-
stant of 2.2 was observed for the nickel-cordierite
samples.Wu and Huang [43] studied the effect of
crystallization on microwave dielectric proper-
ties of stoichiometric cordierite glasses contain-
ing B2O3 and P2O5,where two glasses containing
5 mass-% B2O3/ 5 mass-% P2O5 and 7.5 mass-%
B2O3/ 7.5 mass-% P2O5 were studied.Both glass-
es were sintered to nearly full density at temper-
atures as low as 860 °C. Finally the authors con-
cluded that cordierite glass containing α-
cordierite possesses better microwave proper-
ties than glassy phase and µ-cordierite.
Concerning the mechanical properties additions
of B2O3 and P2O5 in definite proportion have
shown an effect on the transition of cordierite
from µ to α form at different temperatures. The
effect of diamond reinforcement with varying
particle size on the thermal conductivity and the
alteration of thermal expansion co-efficient of
cordierite with the addition of B2O3 has been
discussed.In respect of electrical properties,high
crystallinity, good surface finish, and homoge-
neous microstructure yielded high break-down
strength. From the studies it can be seen that
cordierite glass containing α-cordierite possess-
es better microwave properties than glassy phase
and µ-cordierite.
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Received: 16.03.2005
(To be continued)