AVES

nthich drarcs
brm oy elstothonce
love 1s a

maternal meolirur du to eppateod

Cpoateod

roueh a
mltn
motiop o h povticl oho
Penedc
abou Its mean position.

perodre olistwrbenre
U Mechqwrcal laves4 1 a

madea oeeliu e r is
hieh requrcs
Popaqation
a perioce olushu
(2) Elecromaqputre klaves41s
meehu r s
no hatenal
wrch requines
it travel -rrouah vacu
propoqahon anel
can

moberial pavtrele ike

3)Mader Jove hlhon a
mo
evve s
molecule elc.
poten neufron,atom
ele ,
t t h his movno
esso c r a t e
C wavE 15
C5soCrqteo
t th
n movno
mono
Ie. ave
partrees, mater
wAves.

ao calleol
madenal paaucles 1n h i c b porrtrees
which pvrteles
Iensyerso wave A wave in
dieehoo o
o

vibeke L oo tlhe oniecthoo

the
ronsvers n
ohemeolrum skKnown
as
aW
propocctièn e
a
wqhast poit
A
m
Cacot-_e
elevccion a-Hs meojun
Cgtome
wave
trevel s call
which
rough
edeprcssie
pl intho relen
Crest
lowes
rouguo

meohiim
calloe trouo
hs
 (2)
Kengituno owe An huch partreles o
meoum viboale to and ro akod heivo meeun
pes itioo aen e dir. a1 propoqakion o waye
paled aneqtudna poe.

Compoessim Aegten o C 1
R
meolium wherco particks o
eloztn o each othin, .4
medium arte

te negièn k g cenoity
cmol i p
h e meokun
pvcreks o1
KovLeec-h on Whe He
ether, C low desity 4 low
rom each
arto a Pres)
Corsfie
(A) h eus. bh two
lawe lent Con30Cchie houek
Ccompress/on)
o two
Crest
15 Callod ware enqLu
Ccurteteoton)
oeladion n_prosp
essiewae
splacen wane J o
om ona wave
trarcls
wehrch calleol proces.
wae
Awae
tha mactum s

po o
aho-he
c o tdavello nav
A b- vt

Rel b þhaea cefP

_pall suPP=
pho da-2
Ad-2
orA - 2-
A
 3)
Ppcec reinsvers0 Wavc
K

kx-w = Cons

wTHo't')
- =o (O

O- 2 PL=2

ebtP pham ol?-

Ral behvecen path
Phase dls
=
21 Pah ol

A- A

ave
Apd an trana
-J
royers ye
s speoc o
scteheo stnng
19Tenson o sting
M o s s pen unit lenqt Ckam)

n ters o density
V 7T3CP

Perd o konqtuohal ove-(kpauc Seunel

E Modulus ekstreity
P Jensity c mokena
 1
Fer olid-
Y-Youngs Horkuh4)

k BlL meche us
Fer lurc
* s s u Serge on K s
spoc
Spocd7

y
soliols Lon tn gurelpae
Vey lage
in
Sound 1s

sothok jn CuU
Newten's omu feo velo
owlonve in Cin meolr u
Velo e
(1)

Cind
Neten's AssumRo qwuno Compess
raretecfhen, -lemp. o maolium eloes not Chor
ecuine ompcssio Hep. ao ont
mceaas
poccluce a immo olralely los to ho suoLOUncliiq.

wu rULtaction toat s lost wkschs qú

wiu
trom swvtounolhos hs whon sounol toveb in
CUtConoltiors aJo 5ohnno
P4V o aileareje bu tenp rerolns onst
o Pressuu incecsos rom P to PAP)
Anol
Ane Vol. elereasos from V to V-AV

From Boyles kow

PV +AP) CV-AV)
P Y = P v + VAP- PAV-APAV)
heglec
PAV VAP
A P = K CBulk mcclle)
AVV
tton equ-0) boCons
(News ormul ter
ve lo. o oUnel l uul)
 5)
280 ms
23 1-293
velo. sounal
s0Unel

valuo o
S - h o exponfmonta! thau
ntuch is much
uqhor
o 331 ms

o t i c a l valua (2
8O)
u
Aecorolg
to kapkce
kaploer 5 Corgtion
a moelium o n Compso
Scune trave| tn
TaprellyHa
ollaw ecch othe so
TOUU-fechon
equalizo e i n
tenP.
emp
o
he hourolly qe ime empUature
raso-feuctim
Compressiom
ano
olutno
C mealium inevCasOS
P lls espoctiely
ae traves moolum boComes
he kon souo

Adrabahc PV = Const}
PYVlv + e l P =o
cu-equ (2)
v=VTolp
YPyT-
P --NcP

= YP (3)
P - 4-)

332 ms
93

hs
hus equ 3) s He expression o
souno ho cir
veb o7 i

Jemp- coetfieient 0velo. gj saunol

oC = V2-U - (Since
AT T
T-T
T 21
 Feclers allecfing e vo C souno
iDerc
oeb s o u n d m hjbrogn 1 qocoter Ha
en

' ) Mosluo ar Humiol ho pocschce C rofstuuo

decyeas0s o clensit o UT bocQuso clersi
Cwaler vapo U Is less han ha oai
Greater te humudtty r q n tlo yelo Soud
cuno save s oster 9tci deuhan du
ola
I)empernaturoVelo-scunel vares clnectly tetto
PV RT TOot temp Pelvn
&T
PV RT or PM-=RT C P - RT,
P
PL = RI
PV

T2
-C dT
92 12
sounc taels -tester on a ho clay -an colol ok

V) Pocsswu A const temp PV= Coms

Cx P = Cons-

Comst CM= CorsB)

Ihus as P chanses wl aso changes simtonend
So Comst
1e. Cheme im prcssuto hes nco efect on
velo-"a souno
winod nechion e
blowmq in h
()4ind is
nctoa
sOUnol
hon velo o sound
Propaqaton e
te o propaqaton
bloi appo
(bf ho Winc is
dleereso5
Souno
Sounolthon velo -oj

C) Aqo (No efect)

Ralechomqklave ater
stmkmo
a 9rel
a7igrel
ouhcoback e Wave
moalüm 15
moodim 1s
in ho
sqma
Suppor(sustfece)

ave
Calleo etlection e
hose is a phaae drt o
incideut
18c b/w o
7T o r
pulse
pulso and retlenfeol
a-o maid swtece or bounotety

Equ. o inciolent hlave

Eau- etlecteel wave

SSmlkx-ott r)
bw Jho ncroleat pulze
ltp
* h S o pha2 takos ploce
aro eflectee pulaQ tetectton
a trce end or Open bounday
a mciden war
9 -C S l nk o D

Eu flecfeel wWave

Slkx -ot)
 incplo suptpesitiom A/CveS-
8)
uoresetant ols ploemend o a pahcle at
instcnt o o o
any poin a an 1s sum

inlvialua olsplacenont mused ho poodrele

by wo o mere ANaUESs.

9,49 be - chsplacemont o pavhele b

weves, ho resulHaud ohspaceme nt s
9hen b

oto-Mo wavss e n phos0

-9+9,
4 boh-Me wsaves UO O e phase
--
Phenonmena clae i t l
ndeèvence lae
aionare wave
T oas
ntereerce nCve
Supeupositioop a tWo aves sCmo T
go 3ame Wavelenath avellm 3amo eliectien
sameSame specc m a moolium s e to
Ive a wv
nave n
o noounm whoza amplitudo sclifPeret
om e ampituales SupeomposnA naves
N
(ConstuctiemBerBerence hn two Waves C
Samo
wavelennle trarellinsy m samo dhec-ton
iNit Sama
5pleol SupmposQ o n each otLen aeh
Jcd ha esultan ohs p. s
more han to dvrde
ols plaoe masd
 ()
Resulemd dsp

(2)Desrucfive deytert re- lhon -o Inoes

esual tave lene-ls bud opp cliplane nmouf
Sua0mpos on each alhtz to csulfent olisp.
is less han ho mvielue drsplaceroul
-9-

otionauu laves or eralinq ave

two oessive hWave o1 ampituclk
SCIrMo2
When
huth,
and peuoc but trarelling m opp olrectcn
a waye
distwbcmee
distuubemce
SaMospmd SupUmpese,
aal. Sucl e
TLae olses het a p p e a r o trarel
Wae s Calloo standíng wave

yave is deo. fo supen

CnsveT50Aenolno
posion e two

dentrce transvevs0 poOoCSSIe travellie

wave

Wit sano sP2ol but m opposite oieohion

Koqitudno slonaimg naue4 s due to

Supposrtono -wo enbrca lchituonal pr9p
Wave ngnne wt sama 5pcoo bu nOpp. alr
 te
Fematon cj Steneling waye-
(
o-C haye n +X drection
9,= u Sin kr-ot) - Ci)

Equ e wave in -X chrechon

Acc. to principle aperposrhet

-9.+sin(kx-wt)4 S m l k x t o t )
= t

= snex-w)+ Sulkxtw)]

29 S kr Cos-LotE
2 9 3 mkr Cost
2SwE) Coswt
(2 ex)- Ampltuolo

Ampltuolo all ba . Sikr=

k (h+) whone n -o,l,
k- 21 2 y -(nt) or

ma Cmpltual
-
n-0)

2h ma ampltuolo
Cn-)
Calld Antinocd-
ko mox ampltuolo poston s
 ()
Amphtuole waye bo mini mum
Smkxkx =0
(n =O,)2,--
CY 2 nR

mnima amplituale

2 na ampltuefe

Coulle
Postion nehero ampltuele
1s m Ts
le

Noces
m
a strnsixe a bt enels
Stenalins Wioye
botl
Constder a stmng o lene Like! af
ehs Formation stendinWcMe mts stnhg
is as shown m tigwO
a =L whuro
hestrinq 1s -tixe a =0 anel ,

a xz0 anal a X=L.

noeles CU terMod

ormathon e Noelos

Ln Cn-1, 2,3-
L L a L-
A
N N
b) C)
unaamo ndas or econe Harumons Hamenic
Frs Htarunoue Frsteveafons 2ho Overtene
pMods gho Macdo Moco
Vibaton vibrahom vibato
L = L A2 L-33

A3-
A 2
V1

19

2%- = :2:3

vibation
katreeuency o st mosle o

V,
O
e tunslamondal
q
V- (Fq
Stretehool st)
tectionary woaves in Hr olumns-
n oraaun ppe 1s a cuinolbia!tuoa wv
a enol apon a bet
ma h como cne er

ends. Ar m a plpe macde to vibrck, honetul

A
al ove s proeluoeal Jue t suporpostioy
increlen ans ctlectead waves,sttonaruy Weves
asta-fermoel n pípa

Chapd Enol prpa Conslo acbsecd erol pipa

lengL, by blow
c s in pi p,Ha enqrtuda standmoy waves w
aerma, Areeds Fermo at elose
e ane an antiroclo ill afermac a opo
eno leneth e pip 15
 3
Lal4 L- 3 L- 5/4

A A N X A

a) (C)
Funalannde
wrcdion Vibraha
L=5
L- 3 24
A=4L
A
A
3 3
V3510
AL
V2-3 s - 5V
Hamonre HasumonC Hamoiwt
=I3: 5
ocko hatnoncs
Ina elomd Orqan pipt cdy
a t pocs0n

Opon Organ pipo Opan ersl ppo

L= 3 p
L
A A
A
N
L= L- 3A3p
A=L
21 h3-

2
Ftnofarontal or ond Heotrouic Haoumawc
Cr
oyerteue 2he overten
 :23- L14)

Facquncicr aro mepo nuuHiple o fr

urelonondns nete
d
KEPT Tho phenomenon c TEqulat J u s
nayes
c a i n -intvsity Sound on two
o hoCly equa tucrciesrave|lmo alono alono
SOmo olricm-tion Superm pozo
oAte saMO ine n
each olwr s callsol boaPs.
r e q l u e n c i e s o-
maxlhma ano minimq ayuO cgtuay

4 5 a l callse h tre, ohoa uhchrs

en as N2

Whanever here 5 a le.

Sopper's tfect
nlae meohum
between ho solwLae a7 ,

i e moHon
tn s ebsever,tho tre souncd eceweo
obsuwer fs diPeren
fromhe tre
hs
heho SoUCe, is
o Sounc have Cmifte
efteot
ehee 1s callec opplersobsuuyer
e
aud s calbel a ppar
Ik tre
e
MosHeroyruk ' =9
AA
S
2) Men bothara aresth ,-o, 1Us=O
towds Sowe
9ot0 Won obstuver moves
33) Oway t r o m 5oLune,
11
Vo =-V%
ahon sOLUCE hroves Qway rom obzr
1s +s
C) D s - s 9 lhan ytowards e}he obssu