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    ASTM G3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    30 views9 pages

    Astm G3

    Uploaded by

    sunilbauchkar
    ASTM G3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9
    Aly Designation: G3 14 Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical Measurements nahh ‘Standard Practice for in Corrosion Testing’ 1. Sempe 1.1 This practice covers conventions for reponing and spaying electrochemical omraion data, Conventions for ppolntal, cutest demily, electrochemical impedance and {Adminance x well x conventions fr graphical presentation ‘ofeach data are slides. 1.2 The valves sttad in ST its ate to be regard as Sandu. No oer units of measurement are included in thi Sandu. See alo 7 13 This standead does not purpert 10 address al of the safety concemts, it ats ascot sth Hts ee It #8 responsi ofthe user ofthis standard te establish appro priate sajery and heath practices and determine the applic bits of regulary lineation privet we 2. Referenae Dacsents ASTIN Satan EIASTM SL 10Stanfan! for Use of the Inerationa System of Units SI the Mosera Mesie System) 3. Significance and Use SI This practice provides guidance for reporting displaying. snd pling elecichemical comnion data apd Includes fecommendstons on signs and conventions. Use of this practice wil result im the reporting of elecracherical sorrnon data in a standard format, fasating comparian Tetween data developed at diferent laboratories ora diferent 1 The resommendations olin in hi stn my he Ublized when recording and eporig corosion datwobuained trom electrochemical tests such potion and poentio- dynamic polateation, polarization resistance, elcewchemical impodance and admitunce messunmens galvare comexion, and open circuit potential measurements 4 Sign Convention for Electrode Potential 4.1 The Stackholm sign invariant convention is reson mended for use in reporting the results of specimen potential tmessurements in comosion texding. In thie convention. the Postve dieeton of elecuude potcatial implies an increasingly ‘oxaizing condition a the elected in question, The positive “rection ss alo been denote the noble direction besans the corosionpotetals of ment noble metal, sch as gl ate ‘more poniive than the nonpusive base meals. On te eer Tand, the negative direction, often called the active direction, twocialed with cedicii and comeqietly the covesion Potentials of active metal, ach as magnesium. This conven on ws adopted unanimously By the 1083 Interadonal Union ‘of Pure ant Applied Cherisry as the standard fr electrode Potent 42 In the comtext of a specimen elestode of unknown potential nan ages elect, conser the cite owe 1 with a toereneselectode connacted ta the ground ‘enminal ofan easiometr. the electrometer readsen scale ‘shen the poirty sich i negative the specimen elec Potmial 1s neguve (telatve 10 the relerence elas Conversely, ifthe electrometer eads on scale when olay i prtve the specimen potentials positive. Om the other and, Htbe specimen clacrode is connetied othe growod trial the potential willbe postive ithe mete ison Scale When the polarity switch isnegative, and vee versa ott simple steam ean be peromed follows imme the ‘Sich Wacom the dy ecatage The orden noe ei end main aaa @ oo "1G. Schematic lagramotan apparatus to Measure Eectrode Potential ofa Specimen 5, Sign Convention for Electrode Potential Temperature Coctients S11 Thor ate two types of temperate coelcients of cecode pote: other ampere coefficients ad he thermal eoeticienl. The sign convention recommended fe both ype temperature coeicens i tht the temperate oeficent is postive when an insteae in temperate po ‘duces an increase (ait besomes oe postive) i the lestcde poeta. Likewhe, the second tenigeraure coc ‘ents postive when an increase in tempestore produces an Increase that is. it becomes more positive) in the fst em perature coefficient, 6. Sign Convention for Current and Curtest Density 161 The sign convention in which ane coments and cure densites are considered postive and eathoecuseats fn eurrent demsties ae negative te recommended, When the ppt pled esi the logarithm of the cure dens nly the absolute values ofthe current density can be pleted, Tn sch pts, the values which ae cae shoul e ley dlifereoisted from the anode vale f ath ate presen 7. Conventions for Displaying Polarization Data “711. Sign Conventions The standard mathematical practice for plating graph ts recommended for displaying electron chemical coronon data. In this practice, posite Yalu ae Plotted above the origin on th ordinate ain and othe ht of the origin om the avcisa axis. to logarithmic plot. the fascias ae increases from el 0 sgt and the oxnte ‘alu meres fo Botom oo, “12 Cunrent Desi Potential Plots uniform convention js recommended for pling carent deity potenti dts, rarely plot erent density alg the abscnsa and penta fone the oni, In caren density potential pots, the urent density maybe plotted on near foarte axes. Ta ‘ener loguitonc plots are beller suited to incnporition of ‘vide ranges of curten density dataand fr demenstatin Tae Felitinsiaps. Linear plots are recommended for sies ‘Which he caren dens or potential range ysl orn cases vere the region in which he curren ensity changes from anodic w cathodic is imporsant Linear pot re also used for the determination of he polarization revistance B,- which in ‘ened asthe slope of a potental-curtent density plo at the comovion potential Fg. The relationship between the pot [ation shane Rath erosion cute dees a 835 follows 2.3 (rd. node Tafel slope, alae Tall slope, and the dlls = Fog. where F is the spe poeta Fig 2 a plot of polation, EF... venus cament densi (old ine) Irom which he polanvationresistnce ts bovn determined tthe slope a the curve al the common potenti Ea 1.3 Potential Reference Points plats whexe elestrode potentials are displayed, some indeation of He conversion of the values displayed to both the standard hydrogen electrode sale(SHE) ane saturted calomel electode scale (SCE) is ‘eommended if they ae known. For example. when lect ternal plod atthe ordinate. then the Shown the extrem let of he plo and the SHE sale shown Atte exlmme right, An aliwutive, in cases where the TERE TECTOIE Wan HT ETRET SCE OF SATE WoT BET ‘how on he potential axis the potemials ofthese electrodes rence wed, Incanee whe Showa onde plo an For example, i te ease of a silversier chloride reference sleetrode (1M RCD, the conversion cull be shown nei owas where F represents electrode potential measured against the ‘Sher iter corde siandard UI M RCD. 7A Unite—The commended unit of potenti the ol In cases where only snl potential anges are covers, ilivlts ‘oemicrowoitsmay housed, The Sunt for erent density re “ere per square meteor mllmpere per square centimctte (EEEASTM St 10). Stil in use are unite expressed amperes per square ceamete, and microumperes Per sauare 75 Sample Polwzaion CurvesSample polarization plow. employing these recommended practices are shown in Figs 246, Fig, and Fig. ¢ ae hypothetical curves showing at sndactivepusive anode behavior espetively, Fig. Sand 6 are aul porzation data fr Type 480 sales see UNS, 410) (4) and 10 aluminum samples), Fis 3 and i exhibied to Mlustate graphically the location of various points trod in gisevoion of lestochemicl methidh of corrosion testing The purpone of Fig. Sand Fig (is 40 shoe how varios G Polarization E-E corr Current Density (+) (1G.2 Hypoteical LinearPolrizaton Pot ‘pes of electrode behavior canbe ploted in aceoedance with the proposed conventions ‘8. Conventions for Displaying Electrochemical pedance Data 8.1 Thee grpbical forts in common we for repting leccchemcal impedance dats ae the Nya, Bod, and ‘Admitance formats, These formals are dscissed Fora simple ‘ectode stem modalld by an evant electrical ecu as ‘Shown in Fig 7. nthe convention uilized the impedance is detined where ‘eal or inphase component of impedance, the imaginary or ouret phase component of impedance, and ” ‘The impoance magnitude or modulus is defined as (Zp 7). Forth equivalent elececalcrcitshown a Fig. 7. the imaginary componeat of impedance whee requeney in yet per second (er he, He, whe one He fees o 2x adn, and r= 29h, where the its few are radians), and cite in ral “The phase angle is delino s “The admitanc, Yi defined as here we a 8 FIG.3 Hypomtiea Catnsic and Anode Poleraston Digrom Ta Gein jor rssnee se sO8 fag" NAL ef So seat ai {or CIN DOSITY Ce. le FIG.4 Hypotieties Catneic and Anodic Polarzntion Pets tor a Passive Anode ee SORES ta te fonda. Feel component of impedance ate plotted t the eight of the ‘origin patallel othe + axis (abscisa) Nepative vals ofthe e UP cimeecamer aur Fr esses it ee gt 16.6 Typical Plarition Plots or Alaminum lateralnin 2 WAC Soliton sminanee, and imaginary coraponce impedance ae pled vertically fron adinance. the origin parallel othe y aus iB hous a Nyquist pl fe the equivalent ict 7-The frequency dependence of the data snot shown is typo plo. However the frequency coe heappropria impedance fy from the origin of —— rs F107 Easier Sine Conon ASTM EQUIVALENT CRCUT 4 oy * sed eistnce hn) ‘rigin etfs chinen st appropriate nonzero values of impede tance magnitae antec. "E32 Fig 9 shows atypical plot for the simple electrical clscuit node of Fig. 7. The magoitude of the high fequcncy Inpesancewheve he iapedanee magnitde is independent oF fegueney correspond to The difernce in magninae etwean thelon Fequency and thehigh frequency feguonsy~ Independent regions of innpedance magnitude cvresponds to 2, Tha rsisunces are identical to thine on the Nyguat Format pot shown in Fig 8 "83 Inthe sewn tye of Hole pot, the negative ofthe hase angle, = pleted om the inate and the base ten Jogarithm of the fegueney is plowed onthe abscica Ta his practice increasing values ofthe negative of the pase angle fe plated inthe vertical direction frm the origi long the y ‘ti (onfinate). In this ema a pure capacitive behavior 8 plotsd sa postive value of 90". Fig. 10 shows aypial plot forthe simple electra roel shown in Fig 7. 1K The ants for dhe Tesuoncy on bok pts are either hertz (cycles per second) or radians per second (radians pet second 2x radian per cycle mubigied by dhe number of ‘eles per second). The units af the impedance magnate are ‘haven. The units chnvci are obtained by multiplying the ‘eauzed resistance or impedance bythe exposed specimen ara, The units ofthe phase angle are depree. Kt Adminance Format (Compler Pane) The real comp ent of admiuance's plot om the absetsaad the imasiary comporent of amitunce i plted on the ovina. In this Fratice posse vals ofthe real component of samitance fr plowed to che righ of the ovsin pall tothe sax ‘seis. Values ofthe imaginary component of impedance fare plot veriedly ro the origin parallel to the y ax (Grate). Recommended unt for both ates te ob ca ‘he unis ofc’ are obtained by dividing the messured te coneyponling axes. Higher freusy date points are typically located towards the origi a the plot while ower Frequency pins comespoa tthe increasing aside of he itmpedance componens, 122.3 Recommended units for both axes are chavem?. The unis ofmem® are obuined by mubiphing the meswed resistance oF impedance by the exposed spocimen ares. For 8 resistor and capacitor. or dummy cell equivalent circuit, the sssumedareas | em Regarding the impedance data shown in Fig 8 forthe circuit of Fg, 7 the distance from the origi to te fs (high frequency) intescept withthe absisa come sponds to R, The distance between the fst intercept and the secondo feguency) imercept withthe abscisstemespons OR. 3 ade Forma: 82.1 Blectrechemical impedance data may be repre ss ‘wo ypos of Bode plo Inthe ist oase tho hase on Loavtha ‘ofthe impedance magnitude ce Modulus Zi plozed om the ‘udinate andthe base en logarithm ofthe fiequency is ploed ‘a he abscissa.Inthis practice increasing Fegue acy values ast Ploted tote rightof ie origin pale! tothe # axis abscissa) fd increasing saltes of impedance magnitude are pleted ‘ercaly fom the nein paae othe ass rat), Me [ASTM EQUVALENT CROUT a i passamasanscney, Impedane® Magnitude (oh) Frequency ) ‘Fla. Typical Plt for Simao Elected Model of.” [ASTM EQUNALENT GROUT o $6 oN g : 2 . ‘ i a B . : & “ : : ‘ 0" Frequency (ha) 1. 10 Tplet Pot r Simpl Eecrodo tooo Shown nF. 7 ec od et lt ‘sdiitance (on) by the exposed ypecimen area. The re- ‘quency dependence ofthe ata not shoe explicit on his ‘ype of plo. The magnindss of the appoqrste admittance ‘components ines when moving away rom the ogi of the ‘omesponsiag ates. 9, Keywords 9.1 ac impedance: Bode: coaveatio: electrochemical im pace specioncoyy: eleceechemical measurement elec ‘Mode penal linear poaszation, Nyquist poatzation ex tance; paeatodynanic poluizaion; ference electrade APPENDIXES. X11 Comparison of Gibhs-Ostwald Convention to [Nernst Latimer Convention XII. Another sign comention the Nemst Latimer ‘coment, hs been used esters by physica anal ‘al chemist in deserting electrcheriea reactions. This convention i based on the relationship ‘mea, Tables of potentials forthe oxidation of various metals relane tothe stands tate hy open potential hive had we ‘Geculition (6) These Salus have been called “oxidation Potential” 0 denote the use ofthe Nera conve ‘Thus theterm "eleewode petcaial” now implies the use of the Gibby Stockholm conveaton. whee AG = change in Gis fice ener. ‘numberof chates per ato. Cleewechemical equivalen in faradays, and potetal according to the News atimerconveation. A comequence of this convertion is thatthe sign ofthe potenual depends upon the way hat the ection is Witten. For cap, the adie disoltion of copper ean be expres r & where cu ‘metalic copy crystlline. wit activ: Cu"jaq) = cupic fon in aguenus solution, and = One uot gate charge (a eleceon) ‘while the plating of copper can be writen a Cx" (a) ce 26 vay Io these two cases. the potential would have opposite signs even though bth reactions occur simultncously on 4 spec NL? Consequences ofthe Gbs-Stockhlm Convention X121 To explore the comesences of the Git Stockiolm comerticn, futher comider a conodiag met surface Mata) 20 wy “The whole cllreation with a hydigen ference electade would then be: 2a) (aie) X15 The Gibts fine enemy change would be given hy the expression: here = measured elaeode porntal of Fg 4 Tr ths clecnade potential wee neste, then the metal surface would be active und the reaction woul! wad tose ‘Spontancousy because the fre energy Is negative X1.22 Consider the eect of increasing the concentration of ‘themetl ions ia solution in Fy 4. The egitim lecode potential of te metal swface would become mare neble ascoaling othe relationship Ae= Haran Wes) wy here 4 Snproprite gas Taw constant, and ‘AE = eleeuale poteal athe concenated solution miaus levee potential inte itt solution, ‘Thus increases in he activity of the oxidized species. for ‘example, Ma, endo nea he electrode penta! On the other hand at increas inthe activity ofa redused species ‘will decree he electrode ponent. Por example, colder the alec eatin Increasing the hydrox ion concentration reduces the elec- ‘nae potetial ofthis reaction, ‘X13 Fleetrae Potential Temperature Coefidents X11 There are ro Epes of temperate coefciens for

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