Lesson 9

Future Perfect Simple

The future perfect is used to describe an event that will be finished by a particular time in
the future.

Form of the future perfect simple:

will have past participle

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I will / 'll have finished. I will not / won't have finished. will you have finished?

NOTE:

I will have finished = I'll have finished

I will not have finished = I won't have finished

Examples:

 I will have finished my English homework by the time my mother arrives.

 Will you have finished your English homework by the time your mother arrives?

The Future Perfect shows that something will occur before:

1. another action occurs in the future

2. or before a specific time in the future.

Examples:

 By the end of this weekend, I will have revised my lessons.

 By the time her husband arrives home, she will have prepared dinner.
 I won't have finished this task by the end of June

Put the verbs into the correct form (future perfect simple).
 1. By 9 o'clock, we (finish) _____________________our homework.

2. They (leave) _________________the classroom by the end of the hour.

3. We (go)______________ home by next week.

4. She (return)_______________ from the excursion by 6 o'clock.

5. The sun (not / rise) ______________________by 4 o'clock.

6. (you/do)_________________________ the shopping by 3 o'clock?

Lesson 10
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive)
Future perfect continuous refers to a progressive event that will be completed at some point
in the future. Here are the forms and uses of this tense.

Form of the future continuous:

will have been verb+ing

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I will have been teaching. I will not/won't have been will you have been teaching?
teaching.

NOTE:

I will have been teaching = I'll have been teaching

I will not have been teaching = I won't have been teaching

Examples:

 I will have been teaching for more than 35 years when I retire.
 Will you have been teaching for more than 35 years when you retire?
It is used to show that an event will continue up until a particular event or time in the future.
It is mostly used with an expression such as:

 for five minutes

 for two weeks

These expressions indicate durations.

Examples:

 She will have been working for over 8 hours by the time her children arrive. .
 He will have been studying English for three years next month.

Put the verbs into the correct form (future perfect continuous).

1. By the end of the month I (live) _____________________in this town for ten years.

2. By July the fifth they (study) _____________________ English for 3 years.

3. She (sleep)_____________________ for 10 hours by 11 o'clock.

4. We (look for)______________________ him for 40 days by next Saturday.

5. They (wait)_______________________ for the president for 5 hours.

6. By 10 o'clock she (watch)_____________________ TV for 4 hours.

LESSON 11: Affixes

What Are Affixes? (With Examples)
An affix is added to the root of a word to change its meaning.

An affix added to the front of a word is known as a prefix. One added to the back is
known as a suffix. Sometimes, prefixes are hyphenated.

Examples of Affixes
Here are some examples of affixes:
 incapable
(The affix is the prefix in.)
 ex-President
(The affix is the prefix ex-.)
 laughing
(The affix is the suffix ing.)

Most Common Prefixes. The four most common prefixes are dis-, in-, re-, and
un-. These account for over 95% of prefixed words.

Most Common Suffixes. The four most common suffixes are-ed, -ing, -ly, and -es.
These account for over 95% of suffixed words.

A List of Common Prefixes

Here is a list of common prefixes with some examples:

Prefix Meaning Example

a-, an- without amoral, atypical
ante- before antecedent, antenatal
anti- against anti-establishment
auto- self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- with co-conspirator, co-pilot
com-, con- with companion, contact
contra- against contradiction
de- off delist, devalue
dis- not disappear
en- put into enclose, envelop
ex- out of, former extract, ex-governor
extra- beyond, more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- same homonym, homophone
hyper- over, more hyperactive
il-, im-, in-, not, without illegal, impractical, inconsiderate, irresponsible
ir-
in- into insert
inter- between internet, intersection,
intra- inside intranet, intravenous
macro- large macronutrients
micro- small microscope
mono- one monocle
non- not, without nonentity, nonstarter,
omni- all, every omnipresent, omniscient
post- after post-mortem
pre-, pro- before, forward precede, project
sub- under submarine, substandard
syn- same time synchronize
super- above supervisor, superhuman
trans- across transmit
tri- three tripod, triceratops
un- not undone, unfinished,
uni- one unicorn, unilaterally

A List of Common Suffixes

Here is a list of common suffixes with some examples:

Suffix Meaning Example

-able, -ible can be done comfortable, passable
-al, -ial having the characteristics of personal
-ed past-tense verbs (weak verbs) danced, jumped
-en made of golden, wooden
-er comparative tidier, nicer
-er, -or one who actor, narrator, worker
-est superlative nicest, greatest
-ful full or full of cupful, careful
-ic having characteristics of linguistic, sarcastic
-ing verb form (present participle and dancing, singing
gerund)
-ion, -tion, -ation, act or process attraction, attrition
ition
-ity, -ty state of humility, infinity
-ive, -ative, itive adjective form of a noun expensive, plaintive
-less without topless, fearless
-ly adverb ending nicely, quickly
-ment action or process enjoyment,
entrenchment
-ness state of, condition of eagerness, kindness
-ous, -eous, -ious possessing the qualities of erroneous, joyous
-s, -es plural tables, foxes
-y characterized by fatty, happy, jumpy

PREFIXES AND CAPITAL LETTERS

A prefix is not written with a capital letter unless it starts the sentence or is an
integral part of a proper noun.

Examples:

 Ex-President Smith will meet ex-President Jones later.

 Please show me the Baxter Inter-Department Programme.
 Will you attend this year's anti-Nazi rally?

Lesson 12: Adverbs of Manner

What are adverbs?
An adverb is a word that modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

Adverbs vs Adjectives

The difference between an adverb and an adjective is the following:

 Anadjective modifies a noun.

Example:
"John is tall." (The adjective tall modifies the noun John)

 Anadverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Examples:
"That idea is simply ridiculous." (The adverb simply modifies the
adjective ridiculous)
She sings nicely." (The adverb nicely modifies the verb sing)
"She did it really well." (the adverb really modifies the adverb well)

Adverbs of manner are usually formed from adjectives by adding –ly

Example:

bad > badly; quiet > quietly; recent > recently; sudden > suddenly

but there are sometimes changes in spelling:

easy > easily; gentle > gently

If an adjective ends in –ly we use the phrase in a …. way to express manner:

Silly > He behaved in a silly way.

Friendly > She spoke in a friendly way.

A few adverbs of manner have the same form as the adjective:

They all worked hard.

She usually arrives late.
I hate driving fast.
 Note: hardly and lately have different meanings:
He could hardly walk = It was difficult for him to walk.
I haven’t seen John lately = I haven’t seen John recently.

We often use phrases with like as adverbials of manner:

She slept like a baby.

He ran like a rabbit.

Read the passage:

Mrs. Smith immediately called the police when she

saw the criminals assaulting the poor
boy aggressively. It was the most horrible scene
that she had ever witnessed in her life. She
had always lived peacefully in that neighborhood.
No one had ever disturbed her quiet nights there.

Mrs. Smith immediately called the police when she

saw the criminals assaulting the poor
boy aggressively. It was the most horrible scene
that she had ever witnessed in her life. She
had always lived peacefully in that neighborhood.
No one had ever disturbed her quiet nights there.

Adverb rules:

1. Regular adverbs:

Adverbs in English often end in -ly.

These adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the end of an adjective:

Adjective + ly

Examples:

Adjective Adverb
slow slowly
beautiful beautifully
careful carefully
violent violently
Spelling rules:

 true → truly (the silent e is dropped and add ly)

 happy → happily ( y becomes i and add ly.)
 possible → possibly (e after a consonant is dropped and ly is added.)
 full → fully (after ll and add y is added.)
 fanatic → fanatically (after adjectives ending in -ic add -ally - there is
an exception: public-publicly)

2. Exceptions:

However, this is not the only way to form an adverb. Many adverbs do not end in -
ly.

This is a list of adverbs that don't follow the rule:

Adjective Adverb
fast fast
hard hard
late late
early early
daily daily

Some adjectives change their form when they become adverbs:

adjective adverb
good well

3. Things to remember:

Many words are not adverbs although they end in -ly. Here are examples of
adjectives that end in -ly.

Examples:

 a kindly teacher
 a lonely girl
 an elderly person
  a friendly policeman

To decide whether a word is an adverb ask questions with how, where and when.

 How does James speak Spanish? He speaks Spanish fluently.

 Where do the kids play soccer? They play soccer here.
 When did she write the email to her husband? She wrote the
email immediately.

Lesson 13: Future in the past

Like Simple Future, Future in the Past has two different forms in English:
"would" and "was going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used
interchangeably, they often express two different meanings.

FORM Would

[Would + VERB]
Examples:

 I knew you would help him.

 I knew you would not help him.

FORM Was/Were Going To

[Was/were + going to + VERB]

Examples:

 I knew you were going to go to the party.

 I knew you were not going to go to the party.

USE 1 Future in Past

Future in the Past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought
something would happen in the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not.
Future in the Past follows the same basic rules as the Simple Future. "Would" is
used to volunteer or promise, and "was going to" is used to plan. Moreover, both
forms can be used to make predictions about the future.

Examples:

 I told you he was going to come to the party. (plan)

 I knew Julie would make dinner. (voluntary action)
 Jane said Sam was going to bring his sister with him, but he came alone.( plan)
 I had a feeling that the vacation was going to be a disaster. (prediction)
 He promised he would send a postcard from Egypt. (promise)

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

 Like all future forms, Future in the Past cannot be used in clauses beginning
with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as,
if, unless, etc. Instead of using Future in the Past, you must use Simple Past.

Examples:

 I already told Mark that when he would arrive, we would go out for
dinner. (Not Correct)

 I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for

dinner. (Correct)

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

 I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. (Active)

 I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM. (Passive)

 I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner. (Active)

 I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally. (Passive)

Lesson 14: Other conditionals: IF, EVEN IF, ONLY

IF, AS LONG AS, PROVIDED, SUPPOSING, UNLESS, BUT FOR, IF
NECESSARY, IF SO, IN CASE etc.

Tags: clauses conditionals emphasis inversion IF

IF and WHEN: it can replace if in zero conditionals:

Example:

 If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

 When you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

In the other types of conditionals, we cannot use when instead of if.

EVEN IF: it emphasizes that something will happen, would happen or would have
happened whatever the condition:

Example:

 Even if we leave right now, we still won't catch the train.

 I wouldn't go into the water even if I could swim.
 Even if we had booked our flight earlier, it wouldn't have been cheaper.

ONLY IF: It makes the condition more restrictive:

Example:

 Acetaminophen is dangerous to children only if dosage is too high.

If the if-clause is first, the subject and the auxiliary in the main clause are inverted:

Example:

 Only if you like classical music is it worth coming tonight.

SO/AS LONG AS, PROVIDING/PROVIDED (THAT): They can be used instead of

if to express a condition. Note that providing/provided (that) is a bit formal:

Example:
  You can stay here as long as you keep quiet.
 Provided/Providing (that) the bills are paid, tenants will not be evicted.

SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING, WHAT IF: They can replace if, mainly in everyday

conversation, and are often used without a main clause:

Example:

 Suppose/supposing you won the lottery, what would you do?

 Suppose/supposing you can't find a job?
 What if you are not accepted to university? What will you do then?

UNLESS: It is followed by an affirmative verb to express "if ... not":

Example:

 My leg's broken. I can't stand up unless you help me. (I can't stand up if you
don't help me.)

IF IT WEREN'T FOR / IF IT HADN'T BEEN FOR: These expressions mean

"without". They are used in second and third conditionals and are usually followed
by a noun phrase:

Example:

 If it weren't for Miguel, we wouldn't know what to do now. (Without Miguel...)

 If it hadn't been for your foolishness, we wouldn't have got lost. (If you hadn't
been such a fool...)

IF IN DOUBT, IF POSSIBLE, IF NECESSARY: We can make the if-clause shorter

by omitting the subject and the verb be:

Example:

If (you are) in doubt, consult a dictionary.

In certain idiomatic expressions, the subject and be are normally omitted:

 If necessary, you can call Jake at home.

 I'd like a seat by the window if possible.

IF SO, IF NOT: they can stand for an if-clause which is understood from the
context:

Example:

 "According to the weather forecast, it might rain tomorrow." "If so, we'll go
hiking another day."
 I hope Peter gets here soon. If not, we'll have to start without him.

IN CASE and IF: It gives a reason while an if-clause describes a condition:

 I'll buy a sandwich in case I get hungry. (I'll buy a sandwich because I may
get hungry later.)
 I'll buy a sandwich if I get hungry. (I'll buy a sandwich when I get hungry.)

We can use should after in case:

 Take an umbrella in case it should rain.

Lesson 15: as if/as though and linkers

We use as if/ as though to talk about the appearance of someone or
something, or to talk about how someone does something.

Example:

 You look as if you’ve just seen a ghost.

 He spoke as though he didn’t know me.
  It sounds as if they are having a good time.

We use as if/ as though with the simple past: when we talk in the present to
indicate that something is not true.

Example:

 She behaves as if she had a lot of money.( she doesn’t have it)

We can use were instead of what.

 He behaves as if he were my father.

Linkers: they are words or expressions that connect sentences or ideas. They are
very useful for organizing what we say in a logical way.

Sequence: we use the following linkers to indicate the order in which something
happens.

After that Finally

First The next thing

Then

Example:

First, you beat two eggs. Then you peel two big potatoes and cut them into thin
slices and fry them. After that, you mix the eggs and the potatoes in a bowl. Next,
you pour the mixture into a frying pan with some hot oil. Finally, you turn the
mixture over in the frying pan a take it out when it´s ready.

Careful!
I will do it after of lunch. (Wrong)
I will do it after lunch. (Right)

We had lunch and after we went out (Wrong)

We had lunch and then we went out. (Right)

We use the following linkers to sequence the ideas in a position.

First of all second
First finally

Example:
There a number of reason to oppose physical punishment. First, a modern society
should not resort to violence. Second, it doesn’t undo the crime already
committed. Finally, once the criminal is in prison, ordinary citizens are protected.

Lesson 16

How to write a speech

You may find that you are expected to speak at a public gathering or social event, and
being prepared to speak at these occasions requires planning and preparing the text.

1. Preparation-
  deciding on your topic

 considering the audience and refining your topic to suit them

 deciding on the purpose of the speech

 choosing an organizational method to support your speech purpose

2. Introduction-

 opening greeting and attention getter

 defining your thesis statement (a summary of what your speech is about)

 establishing your credibility

 an overview and the benefit to the audience

3. Body-

 transition or link between introduction and body

 main ideas with supporting ideas

 examples and details

4. Conclusion-

 summary of main points

 closer or call to action

Sample High School Graduation Speech

Friends, professors, administrators, and parents, welcome. We are graduating.
Can you believe it? Four years ago, most of us walked into these halls as nervous as we were the
first day of school. We were the freshmen, the low men on the totem pole. Now, those same four
years later, we’re leaving the school behind to a whole new crop of people, most of whom were just
as nervous as we were when we arrived.
It has been a long four years and a short for years. Long because of all the drama and bad
homework, the boring readings and early-morning extra credit projects, and all the other little
pratfalls that hit us in high school. Short because of the lifelong friendships, the lasting memories,
and the truly interesting and amazing things we learned between the occasional bits of drudgery.
Good or bad, long or short, I will always remember this place. While I’m thrilled to be our
valedictorian, I can’t say I’ve spent as many hours as some of us have between these halls: Our
teachers, of course, spend an inhuman amount of time here, and many students do as well. Most of
them even do it of their own choosing. I came by to get a book I forgot last night around 8 p.m. and
found Rachel Earl, student head of the graduation planning committee, still here putting crepe paper
on chairs and laying out programs in each and every seat. That’s dedication.
It takes that kind of teamwork to survive anywhere in life, I’ve found. I know my experience is
limited, but every problem I’ve overcome has been because someone has been there to help me.
My support net ranged (and still ranges) from my parents to my friends to my teachers, depending
on the kind of trouble I’ve had and its severity.
This isn’t to say I’ve been a troublemaker—I only got sent to the office twice, and one of those times
was a misunderstanding—but even for me, a relatively quiet student, a lot of help has been needed
to get me through at times. This is where our high school truly excels, I think.
What’s next? I will be going to college, as will many of my classmates. More of us yet will go to
various branches of the armed forces to help keep our country safe home and abroad. Others may
get right to work, or even take a year or more off to decide what they want to do. Leaving high
school is such a brutal transition, as Principal Davis put it, that I don’t know what the world has in
store for any of us.
I do know how I’ll deal with those life events, though: by using the skills and info I’ve picked up here.
It all comes down to help, and I’ve got plenty of people to thank for that: parents, of course,
teachers, friends... I guess that means the biggest thing I learned in high school is to lean on others
when needed.
There’s another, more important, side to that idea as well, and it’s the one piece of advice I’d like to
give you as we get ready to cross this stage for the last time: Make sure you’re around when other
people need someone to lean on. They’ll thank you for it. Heck, one of them might even mention
you in his valedictorian speech.
Congratulations, Class of 2013! We did it!