1.sec-1 History Update N 2022

www.gceguide.
com>Topical papers>Tahir Ali Babar>History
Chapter wise Past Papers with Marking Scheme For The Students Of
Cambridge International O level & IGCSE History and culture of Pakistan
Section-1
0333-4428921
to May/June 2023
May/June 2004
Compiled by
Tahir Ali Babar
Sir Tahir Ali Babar BSS, Pak Turk , Scarsdale , LACAS, LGS and PAS E;mail tahiralibabar9@gmail.com 0333-4428921
2
Section 1
Cultural and Political Background to the Pakistan Pages
Movement
Chapter 1. Religious Thinkers------------------------------------3-8
Chapter2. Decline of the Mughal Empire , British Rule----9-28
Chapter3 . War of Independence--------------------------------29-35
Chapter 4. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan-------------------------------36-41
Chapter 5. Urdu and Regional Languages--------------------42-45
Sir Tahir Ali Babar BSS, Pak Turk , Scarsdale International, LACAS, LGS and PAS
E;mail tahiralibabar9@gmail.com 0333-4428921
3
Section 1
Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement
Chapter-1
How important was Shah WaliUllah in the spread of Islam in the Sub-Continent
before 1850? Explain your answer. [14](N2004/Q/1c)
Marking Scheme:
Shah WaliUllah felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance
about Islam and the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic
teachings and helped them by translating the Holy Quran into Persian which was the
main language of the Muslims at that time. His books were designed to spread the
principles of Islam amongst the Muslims. However he was not the only one who was
important in the spread of Islam at this time. Syed Ahmed ShaheedBrailvi spread Islam
through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an armed struggle to liberate the
Punjab and the NWFP from Sikh rule largely because Muslims were banned from prayer
and had to undergo many humiliations, which made it difficult to practise their religion.
Haji ShariatUllah spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that
Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This alarmed the Hindu
landlords who were unhappy with the Muslim practices. A huge group of followers grew
which were called ‘Faraizis’.
Why did Shah WaliUllah have such an important influence on the revival of Islam in the
subcontinent? [7] (N2005/Q/1b)
Marking Scheme:
Muslims had deteriorated into being a helpless and disorganised group of people and if
they were to regain their power then strong leadership was required. He believed they
were ignorant about Islam and the teachings of the Holy Quran. Therefore an emphasis
on Quranic teachings would not only improve their knowledge but produce a feeling of
solidarity. He also believed that Muslims’ knowledge of Islam was difficult to gain and so
he felt that by translating the Holy Quran into Persian would enable more people to read
it.
Was the work of Shah WaliUllah the most important factor in the revival of Islam in the
sub-continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give reasons for your
answer. [14] (N2006/Q/1c)
Marking Scheme:
SWU felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance about Islam and
the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped
them by translating the Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the
Muslims at that time. His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam amongst
the Muslims. SASB spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an
armed struggle to liberate the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely because
Muslims were banned from prayer and had to undergo many humiliations, which made it
difficult to practise their religion. HSU spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement which
insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This alarmed the
Hindu landlords who were unhappy with the Muslim practices. A huge group of followers
grew which were called ‘Faraizis’.
4
Why were there attempts to revive Islam in the sub-continent during the eighteenth and
early nineteenth centuries? [7] (N2007/Q/1b)
Marking Scheme:
SWU believed that Muslims were ignorant about Islam and the teachings of the Holy
Quran. Therefore an emphasis on Quranic teachings would not only improve their
knowledge but produce a feeling of solidarity. He also believed that Muslims’ knowledge
of Islam was difficult to gain and so he felt that by translating the Holy Quran into
Persian would enable more people read it. SASB wanted a jihad (Holy War) to restore the
Muslim faith. The Punjab was under Sikh rule and the Punjabi Muslims found it difficult
to practise their religion and were humiliated by the Sikhs. HSU wanted to spread Islam
through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz
(religious obligations). This alarmed the Hindu landlords who were unhappy with the
Muslim practices.
Was the work of Syed Ahmad ShaheedBarailvi the most important factor in the revival
of Islam in the sub-continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give
reasons for your answer. [14] (J2008/Q/1c)
SASB spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an armed struggle
to liberate the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely because Muslims were banned
from prayer and had difficulties practising their religion. SWU felt that the Muslims faced
many problems because of their ignorance about Islam and the Holy Quran. He
encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them by translating the
Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the Muslims at that time. His
books were designed to spread the principles of Islam amongst the Muslims. HSU spread
Islam through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims should perform their
faraiz (religious obligations). This alarmed some Hindu landlords who were unhappy that
working time was being lost. A huge group of followers grew which were called
‘Faraizis’.
Did Shah WaliUllahcontribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the
subcontinent before 1850? Explain your answer. [14] (N2009/Q/2c)
Marking Scheme:
SWU felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance about Islam
and the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and
helped them by translating the Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of
the Muslims at that time. His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam
amongst the Muslims. However he was not the only one who was important in the spread
of Islam at this time. SASB spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to
become an armed struggle to liberate the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely
because Muslims were banned from prayer and had to undergo many humiliations, which
made it difficult to practise their religion. HSU spread Islam through the Faraizi
Movement which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious obligations).
This alarmed the Hindu landlords who were unhappy with the Muslim practices. A huge
group of followers grew which were called ‘Faraizis’.
5
Why did Shah WaliUllah have such a major influence on the revival of Islam in the
sub-continent? [7] (J2010/Q/1b)
Marking Scheme:
Muslims had deteriorated into being a helpless and disorganised group of people and if
they were to regain their power then strong leadership was required. He believed they
were ignorant about Islam and the teachings of the Holy Quran. Therefore an emphasis
on Quranic teachings would not only improve their knowledge but produce a feeling of
solidarity. He also believed that Muslims’ knowledge of Islam was difficult to gain and so
he felt that by translating the Holy Quran into Persian would enable more people read it.
Books written influenced the revival of Islam (examples).
(a)What was Faraizi Movement? [4](N2010/Q/1a)

Marking Scheme:
Founded by Haji ShariatUllah, to restore pride of Muslims, revive Islam, remove Hindu
practices in worship, emphasis on praying for past sins, promising to lead a righteous life
in future, alarmed Hindus, work carried on by son
(a)Describe the achievements of Shah WaliUllah in reviving Islam. [4] (J2011/Q/1a)
Marking Scheme:
Promoted his message through writings, translated the Holy Quran into Persian which
would enable more people read it, emphasized traditional values of their faith, stressed
the importance of following teachings of Quran, future developments built upon his
teachings
(a)Who was Titu Mir? [4] (N2011Q/1a)
Marking Scheme
A disciple of Syed Ahmed, horrified by sufferings of Muslim farmers in West Bengal
during 1830s, organised a stand against zamindars, set up his own rule near Calcutta
with small army, provoked British and killed in battle 1831.
Did Haji ShariatUllahcontribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the
sub-continent before 1850? Explain your answer. [14](N2011/Q/2c)
&
Who of the following was the most important in the spread of Islam during the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries:
(i) Shah WaliUllah;
(ii) Syed Ahmad ShaheedBarailvi;
(iii) Hajji ShariatUllah? [14] (J2013/Q/1c)
Marking Scheme
HSU spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims should
perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This alarmed the Hindu landlords who were
unhappy with the Muslim practices. A huge group of followers grew, who were called
‘Faraizis’. SWU felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance
about Islam and the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic
teachings and helped them by translating the Holy Quran into Persian, which was the
main language of the Muslims at that time. His books were designed to spread the
principles of Islam amongst the Muslims. SASB spread Islam through the Jihad
Movement, which was to become an armed struggle to liberate the Punjab and the NWF
from Sikh rule, largely because Muslims were banned from prayer and had to undergo
many humiliations, which made it difficult to practise their religion.
6
Why
. were there attempts to revive Islam in the sub-continent during the eighteenth and
early nineteenth centuries? [7] (J/2013/41/Q1b)
Marking Scheme:Shah WaliUllah believed that Muslims were ignorant about Islam and
the teachings of the Holy Quran. Therefore an emphasis on Quranic teachings would not
only improve their knowledge but produce a feeling of solidarity. He also believed that
Muslims’ knowledge of Islam was difficult to gain and so he felt that translating the Holy
Quran into Persian would enable more people read it. Syed Ahmad ShaheedBarailvi
wanted a jihad (Holy War) to restore the Muslim faith. The Punjab was under Sikh rule
and the Punjabi Muslims found it difficult to practise their religion and were humiliated
by the Sikhs. Haji ShariatUllah wanted to spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement
which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This
alarmed the Hindu landlords who were unhappy with the Muslim practices.
(a)Describe the achievements of Haji ShariatUllah in reviving Islam. [4] (J2014/Q/1a)
Marking Scheme:Dar-Ul-Harb – miserable condition of Muslims, had moved away from
Islamic practices andso wanted them to observe them again – faraiz. He wanted to restore
pride of Muslims,remove Hindu practices in worship, emphasis on praying for past sins,
promising to lead a righteous life in future, alarmed Hindus, work carried on by son.
Work carried on in East Bengal amongst Muslims who had been oppressed by Hindus and
British. Supported jihad.
Why did Shah Waliullah have such a major influence on the revival of Islam in the
subcontinent?[7](W 2015/Q1b)
Marking Scheme:Muslims had deteriorated into being a helpless and disorganised group
of people and if they were to regain their power then strong leadership was required. He
believed they were ignorant about Islam and the teachings of the Holy Quran. Therefore
an emphasis on Quranic teachings would not only improve their knowledge but produce a
feeling of solidarity. He also believed that Muslims’ knowledge of Islam was difficult to
gain
and so he felt that by translating the Holy Quran into Persian would enable more people
read it. Books written influenced the revival of Islam (example
(c) Did Shah Waliullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the subcontinent
before 1850? Explain your answer. (J 2016/Q2c)
Marking Scheme
Shah Waliullah
He felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their level of
knowledge about Islam and the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to
concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them by translating the Holy
Quran into Persian which was the main language of the Muslims at that time.
His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam amongst Muslims.
Syed Ahmad Barailvi

Spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an armed
struggle to liberate the Punjab and the North West Frontier. It grew largely
because Muslims were banned from prayer and found it difficult to practise their
religion.
7
Haji Shariatullah
Spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement which encouraged Muslims to
perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This restored the pride in the
community. A huge group of followers grew called ‘Faraizis’.
Did Haji Shariatullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone W 2017 Q 2 (c)
else in the subcontinent before 1850? Explain your answer.
Haji Shariatullah
• Haji Shariatullah established the Faraizi Movement, which insisted that
Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious obligations). The impact on
Muslims was significant as Faraizi restored pride and alarmed the Hindu
landlords who were unhappy with Muslim practices. Centred on Bengal.
Shah Waliullah
• Shah Waliullah felt that many Muslims faced problems because of their
ignorance of Islam and the Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on
Quranic teachings translated the Quran into Persian, the main language of
the Muslims at that time, so that they could read it. His books aimed to spread
the principles of Islam amongst Muslims and provide inspiration to lead a
pure life.
Syed Ahmed Barailvi
• Syed Ahmad Barelvi founded the Jihad Movement, which later became an
armed struggle to liberate the Punjab and the NWFP from Sikh rule. His work
was a uniting force for Muslims to achieve a life based on Islam.
Who was Titu Mir? J2018/Q2(a)

Syed Mir Nisar was a Bengali
• He reinforced traditional Muslim values
• He was determined to free Bengal from British rule
• He organised a stand against zamindars
• He set up his own rule near Calcutta with a small army
• He built a bamboo fort at Narkelbaria in 1831 and defeated the British
troops sent to destroy it
• He was killed in battle in 1831.
Why did Syed Ahmad Barelvi call for Jihad to overthrow Sikh rule in N2018/Q2(b)
the early nineteenth century?
• To restore the Muslim faith and, by doing so, achieve religious and
spiritual freedom for the Muslim community
• With Punjab under Sikh rule, Punjabi Muslims found it difficult to
practise their religion
• Syed Ahmad Barelvi believed that there was a need to end the
difficulties facing Islamic society and having identified Sikh rule as the
dominant force in the Punjab targeted them at first.
[J2019/Q2(b)]
Did Syed Ahmad Barelvi contribute more to the spread of Islam than
anyone else in the subcontinent before 1840? Explain your answer. [14]
Syed Ahmad Barelvi
• Spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which became an armed
struggle to liberate the Punjab and the NWF from non-Muslim
oppression and was the first example of a movement to restore Muslim
power.
8
• As at this time the Muslim community were not allowed freedom of

worship, the mujahideen fought campaigns to achieve religious and
spiritual freedoms.
• His work was a uniting force for Muslim groups and an inspiration.
Haji Shariatullah
• Spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement, which removed Hindu
practices from worship and called on Muslim groups to perform their
proper observation of Islamic duties (faraiz).
• Aimed to restore the pride of the Muslim community. A huge group of
followers grew called ‘Faraizis’.
• The movement alarmed the Hindu landlords of East Bengal, as the
Faraizis in Bengal united against the treatment they had received.
Shah Waliullah
• Believed the Muslims faced problems because of their incomplete
knowledge of Islam and the Holy Quran. To reverse the decline in
Muslim power he taught that there needed to be spiritual and moral
regeneration based upon the principles of Islam.
• He encouraged the Muslim community to concentrate on Quranic
teachings and translated the Holy Quran into Persian, which was the
main language of Muslim groups at that time.
• He wrote many books, which were designed to spread the principles of
Islam amongst the Muslim community in order to unite them. He aimed
to provide the inspiration for Muslims to lead a pure life.
[N2020/Q2(b)]
Explain why Shah Waliullah was an important figure for the Muslim community during the eighteenth century.
• Shah Waliullah wanted to stop the declining position of Muslims

• he encouraged spiritual and moral regeneration
• he translated the Holy Quran into Persian/wrote 51 books
• he tried to build bridges between different Muslim sects
• he organised opposition to the Marathas
• he emphasised the importance of Jihad against a common army
• he was a unifying figure /influenced Islamic revival
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
The work of Shah Waliullah was the main factor contributing to the spread of Islam between [2021/Q2(c)
1700 and 1850.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer
May agree that the work of Shah Waliullah was the main factor
contributing to the spread of Islam in the subcontinent between 1700 and
1850 because:
• Shah Waliullah wanted to stop the decline of Islam
• he promoted Islam through this writings and education
• he translated the Quran into Persian
• he tried to unite different Muslim sects
counter-arguments might include:

• the founding of the Jihad Movement by Syed Ahmad Barelvi to help
unite Muslims
• he also created an army (the Mujahideen - fighters for the faith)
• the establishment of the Faraizi Movement by Haji Shariatullah
• he wanted all Muslims to give up non-Muslim practices
Other relevant responses should also be credited
8a
J 2022/Q2(a)
2(a) Describe what happened at the battle of Balakot.
Target: AO1
One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail.
Indicative content
 it took place in 1831

 Syed Ahmad Barelvi was killed [1] along with Shah Ismail, his commander
[1]
 Syed Ahmad had hoped to liberate Kashmir and Hazara
 Balakot was thought to be safe [1] as it was protected on three sides by
mountains [1]
 Syed Ahmad was betrayed by local leaders [1] who told the Sikhs a way
through the mountains to Balakot [1]
 the Sikhs led by Ranjit Singh [1] launched a surprise attack [1] who
outnumbered Syed Ahmad’s forces [1]
 600 of Syed Ahmad’s forces were killed
Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4
J 2022/Q2(b)
2(b) Explain why Haji Shariatullah was an important figure in the revival
of Islam during the eighteenth century.
Target: AO1, AO2

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.
Indicative content
 he founded the Faraizi Movement
 he felt that the Muslim community were treated badly by Hindu groups
 he felt that the Muslim community were demoralised 7
9
Chapter-2
Decline of Mughal Empire and Arrival of British
Why were the British able to replace the Mughals as the dominant force in the Sub-
Continent by 1850? [7](N2004/Q/1b)
Marking Scheme
The British were already becoming well established in the Sub-Continent and had gained
much territory and so were well placed to take over from the Mughals. Due to the
Industrial Revolution Britain had been able to stockpile weapons which were of superior
quality to any of those which the Indians had. Also the troops were better disciplined,
trained and organised and were able to establish their superiority without much
opposition.
Why did the British Government take control of the affairs of the East India Company in
the early nineteenth century? [7] (J2004/Q/1b)
Marking Scheme
The volume of trade became so significant that the British government felt it was too
valuable an asset to leave in the hands of a private company even though the EIC was
now holding its possessions in trust for them. Also the fear of Russian expansion in
Central Asia worried the government and so Britain decided to shape its foreign policy by
further expansion towards Afghanistan to counter this threat. As Britain was becoming
more involved prestige began to be at stake and further expansion became inevitable
especially after the defeat by the Afghans at Kabul.
Explain why the East India Company became involved in the Indian sub-continent
during the seventeenth century. (J2005/Q/1b) , (J2007/Q/1b) , (N2010/Q/1b) ,(N/2012/Q/1b)
J/2014/Q1b) (N 2017/Q2b)
Marking Scheme
• Reports of immense wealth in the subcontinent led to the East India
Company (EIC) establishing a trading base as they saw a profitable future
• Availability of raw materials, silk, cotton, coal
• The British wanted to establish their influence in the subcontinent and to oust
the Dutch and Portuguese
• The EIC also wanted to establish a strategic port in the subcontinent that
would protect its trading interests in the East
Were the weak and greedy characteristics of Aurangzeb’s successors the most important
reasons for the collapse of the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer.[14] (N2005/Q1c)
Marking Scheme
The Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and spending money with
little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire. This led to inefficiencies
and a lack of interest in the running of the Empire. However there were other reasons. The
absence of a definite line of succession led to a significant amount of in-fighting amongst
his successors which, also led to instability and the downfall of the Empire. Other reasons
included, A’s religious policy, the expense of fighting the Deccan Wars, degradation of the
military, military inefficiency, financial inefficiencies, vastness of the Empire and
Invasions
Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb. [7]
(J2006/Q/1b) , (N2010/Q/2b) and (2012/Q/1b)
Marking Scheme
Aurangzeb’s successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the administration to their
ministers who often put their own interests first. There was no law of succession. Instead
10
there was usually a struggle for succession which ended in war. Succession often
depended upon the ability of the candidates and the support they could get. Fighting wars
became expensive and the military was stretched and suffered much inefficiency. The
successors failed to run the Empire effectively becoming very extravagant and so suffered
from financial inefficiencies. The vastness of the Empire made it hard to defend and as
such suffered several invasions. Eventually the British overran the Empire and were
superior in such areas as military might.
Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of the sub-continent between
1750 and 1850? [7] (N2006/Q/1b) ,(J2009/Q/2b) and (J2011/Q/1b)
Marking Scheme
The battles of Plassey and Buxar gave the British the vast riches of Bengal and
favourable trading rights with the local nawabs. This provided massive new resources
which the British could use to consolidate control. The British also introduced governors-
general into the provinces who administered them on British lines and provided yet more
control. The British army using its vast local resources and superior weapons and skills
was increasingly taking control of more land.
The coming of the British was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire’.
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (J2007/Q/1c)
Marking Scheme
The British expansion into the sub-continent was limited, but their forces and equipment
were no match for the Mughals who fell into rapid decline as a result. However there were
‘other reasons. The Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and
spending money with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire. This
led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running of the Empire. The absence of a
definite line of succession led to a significant amount of in-fighting amongst potential
successors, which also led to instability and contributed to the downfall of the Empire.
Other reasons included, Aurangzeb’s religious policy, the expense of fighting the Deccan
Wars, degradation of the military, military inefficiency, financial inefficiencies, vastness of
the Empire and invasions by the Persians and Afghans.
‘Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in the sub-continent in the
hundred years before 1850 was totally unsuccessful.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for
your answer. [14] (J2008/Q/2c)
Marking Scheme
Successes:
power of local Nawabs
Early success of Tipu Sultan
Ranjit Singh
Failures:
Strength of British army
Eventual failure of Tipu Sultan and
Ranjit Singh conquests of British
against weaker opposition
11
‘The policies of Aurangzeb were the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire.’
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14](N2009/Q/1c)
Marking Scheme
Aurangzeb had an intolerant attitude to non-Muslims. He introduced a tax on non-

Muslims called the Jizya. He destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban Hindu practices.
Taxation was high as he had to pay for the cost of military campaigns such as the Deccan
Wars and he spent highly on luxurious palaces. Because of these he became an unpopular
rule. After his death Mughal Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle
and spending money with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire.
This led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running of the Empire. The absence
of a definite line of succession led to a significant amount of in-fighting amongst his
successors which, also led to instability and the downfall of the Empire.
Q. What was the Doctrine of Lapse? [4] (Specimen 2010/Q/1a)
Marking Scheme: Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded
fora developed statement. Candidates may refer to:
Governor-General Dalhousie is most associated with it (accept statements that he
introduced it because most books incorrectly assert this), extended British control, when a
ruler died without a natural heir the British would annex his lands, e.g. Oudh.
What was the East India Company? [4] (J2010/Q/1a)
Marking Scheme
A trading company, Charter granted in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I, landed at Surat in
1608, permission to trade in 1612, headquarters moved to Bombay in 1664. Grew in
power during 18th Century.
How successful were the British attempts to take control of lands in the sub-continent
between 1750 and 1856? [14] (N2010/Q/1c)
Marking Scheme
Successes
Strength of British Army.

Eventual failure of Tipu Sultan and Ranjit Singh.
Identifies successful conquests of British against weaker
opposition.Annexation of Oudh under the Doctrine of Lapse.
Failures
Power of local Nawabs.
Early successes of
Tipu Sultan.Ranjit
Singh.
Afghanistan campaign.
‘The spread of Marathan power was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal
Empire.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (J2011/Q/1c)
12
Marking Scheme
There were a number of reasons for the Empire’s decline. The Marathas were skilful
Hindu guerrilla fighters who defeated a Mughal army in 1737 and took control of Delhi
and eastwards towards Bengal. By 1760 they were the most powerful people in India and
nothing could the Mughals do to stop it. However, there were other reasons for the
decline. Auranzeb had an intolerant attitude to non-Muslims. He introduced a tax on non-
Muslims called the Jizya. He destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban Hindu practices.
Taxation was high as he had to pay for the cost of military campaigns such as the Deccan
Wars and he spent highly on luxurious palaces. Because of these he became an unpopular
rule. After his death Mughal Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle
and spending money with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire.
This led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running of the Empire. The absence
of a definite line of succession led to a significant amount of in-fighting amongst his
successors, which also led to instability and the downfall of the Empire. The British
expansion into the subcontinent was rapid and their forces and equipment were no
match for the Mughals, who fell into rapid decline as a result.
Did educational reforms have a more important effect on the Indians than the social,
religious and economic ones introduced by the British during the years 1773 to 1856?
Explain your answer. [14](N2011/Q/1c)
Marking Scheme
Macauley introduced schools across the country to teach Western ideas using the English
language. He believed that British ideas were far better than anything that came from
India and that it would impose Western values and help the British to govern India more
effectively. Although a common language would help to unite India, imposing a European
culture on the Indians would alienate many of them. Indians had to send their children to
co- educational schools, which was unpopular, since it appeared to impose the British
system on the Indians without due regard to their religious and cultural feelings. Christian
missionaries came to India to convert the local population as well as to set up schools. In
these schools the missionar-ies taught Christianity and expected local religions to be
given up, which was resented by Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs alike. The replacement of
Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in the 1830s deeply upset both
the Muslims and Hindus. A number of social reforms had been imposed by the British
without consultation or care for local feeling, which caused much unrest. The banning of
female infanticide and suttee, whilst seen by the British as inappropriate, did go against
many traditional feelings Hindus especially held. They were also forced to abandon
purdha, which had been an Indian custom for centuries. In 1852, the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’
was introduced and this caused great unrest because any local kingdom not having a
direct male heir was taken over by the British. The introduction of the railway in India
revolutionised communication and transformed the country. For Britain, it meant that
there was another means of extending their power and helped industry to profit by
transporting raw materials to the ports. For the Indians, there were many advantages,
especially in times of famine when food could be transported more easily.
Describe the battle of Plassey (J2012/Q/1a)
Marking Scheme:1757, French encouraged Siraj-ud-Daulah to attack EIC base at Calcutta.
Captured city but couldn’t keep hold of it, Clive arrived with EIC soldiers and bribed Jafar,
one of Siraj’s key men.Made him Nawab of Bengal as a reward for turning against Siraj who
was defeated by Clive. Body found in a river after battle. As a result of battle, EIC controlled
trade in Bengal, Clive made Governor of Bengal.
13
How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in the
sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer.[14](N2012/Q/1c)
How far was Indian resistance to British expansion in the subcontinent successful before 1850?
Marking Scheme: (N2017/Q3c)
Indian Success:
• Tipu the Sultan of Mysore held off British attempts to overthrow him towards
the end of the eighteenth century, matching British weapons with rockets,
cannons and muskets.
• Titu Mir raised an army of 15 000 against the British. He built a bamboo fort at
Narkelbaria in 1831 and defeated the British forces sent to destroy it.
• The British were unwilling / unable to annex the Punjab in the lifetime of
Ranjit Singh (the leader of the Sikhs who occupied the Punjab). He halted
:
British expansion through treaties and agreements with them.
British Success
• Conquests of the British against weaker opposition who were disunited with
different religions and cultures and were unable to work together.
• The strength of the British army was eventually overwhelming.
Describe what the Marathas did.[4](J/2013/Q/1a)
Marking Scheme:Lived in the Deccan, Aurangzeb had failed to crush them, known for skills
as guerrilla fighters and devotion to Hinduism, 1737 defeated a Mughal army outside Delhi
which they occupied in 1760, defeated by Afghans in 1761 at Panipat.
Q.How did the successors of Aurangzeb contribute to the downfall of the Mughal Empire?
[7](W/2013/Q1b)
Marking Scheme:Aurangzeb’s successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the
administration to their ministers who often put their own interests first. As a result the
Empire was badly ruled. There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually a
struggle for succession which ended in war. Succession often depended upon the ability of the
candidates and the support they could get. As a result the Empire suffered. Fighting wars
became expensive and the military was stretched and suffered much inefficiency especially as
the successors were very extravagant and so suffered from financial inefficiencies which
affected their ability to defend the Empire.
Who was Ranjit Singh? [4] (J/2013/41/Q1a)
Marking Scheme:
Ranjit Singh annexed Punjab, Kashmir and most of Afghanistan. In Sindh he signed a treaty
with Great Britain in 1809. Great Britain worried about Russian expansion into Afghanistan,
agreed with Ranjit Singh, ruler of Punjab, that A should be independent. Wanted a pro Great
Britain ruler there.Ranjit Singh didn’t support Great Britain and they went ahead anyway but
in 1841 Great Britain troops were killed in Afghanistan. Great Britain decided to annex
Sindh and later Punjab.
Who was Tipu Sultan? [4] (J/2015/Q2a)
Marking Scheme:
Son of Haider Ali of Mysore, both of whom resisted British rule.Tipu received support from
the French and the British were concerned about this. He was known as the Tiger of Mysore
and ruled there from 1782 to 1799. He won important victories against the British in the
Second Anglo-Mysore War, and negotiated the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore with them after his
father died the previous year. His treatment of his conquered non-Muslim subjects and
British prisoners of war is controversial. He remained an enemy of the British, bringing them
into renewed conflict with an attack on Travancore in 1789. In the Third Anglo-Mysore War,
Tipu was forced into a humiliating treaty, losing a number of previously conquered
territories,
including Malabar and Mangalore. In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the combined forces of
the British and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu and he was killed on 4 May 1799,
while defending his fort of Srirangapatna.
14
Why were the British able to take control of India by 1850?[7] (J/2015/Q1c)
Marking Scheme:The British built a huge network of roads and later railways that meant
that communication and transport links between cities became better, soldiers could travel
much more easily from trouble spot to trouble spot. It also benefitted British trading links
which in turn produced more wealth. The battles of Plassey and Buxar also gave the British
the vast riches of Bengal and favourable trading rights with the local nawabs. This provided
massive new resources which Britain could use to consolidate its control. The British also
introduced governorgenerals into the provinces who administered them on British lines and
provided yet more control. The British army using its vast local resources and superior
weapons and skills were increasingly taking control of more land.
Q.Who was Robert Clive? [4]9W/2015/Q2a
Marking Scheme:
Became a general in EIC armed forces in India, defeated the French, Plassey 1757 showed
qualities as a soldier and leader by defeating Nawab of Bengal. Made Governor of Bengal
and enabled British supremacy there, increased power of merchants and established Oudh as
a buffer state between Bengal and the Marathas. Introduced a number of reforms – dual
system government, civil reforms, abolition of private trade system, Society of Trade, military
reforms etc. Made Lord Clive, accused ‘plundering India’ but found not guilty. Became
addicted to opium and in 1773 committed suicide
Source questions 3 marks 2015 onwards SOURCE A [3] (J/2015Q1a)
NawabSiraj-ud-Duala opposed the growing British power in Bengal in 1757. Robert Clive,
commander of the British East India Company’s troops that had just retaken Calcutta from
the Nawab, began to re-establish control of Bengal. Clive was heavily outnumbered by the
Nawab’s forces, but persuaded Mir Jafar, the Nawab’s commander, to switch sides and not
fight when the two armies met. The Nawab opened the battle with heavy gunfire which went
on until it started to rain heavily. Clive’s troops covered their cannon and muskets to protect
them from the rain, whilst the Nawab’s troops did not. When the rain cleared, Clive attacked.
The Nawab’s troops retreated. 22 of Clive’s soldiers were killed and 500 of the Nawab’s
soldiers were killed.
Marking Scheme:
The Nawab didn’t cover their cannon and muskets when it rained
Clive persuaded Mir Jafar to switch sides
Nawab’s opening gunfire was ineffective
English soldiers knew how to prepare for battle in the rain better
Nawab’s muskets were useless due to the wet powder
Mir Jafar’s men unwilling to fight against the British
Jafar had turned traitor/been corrupted by the British
Nawab had 500 casualties to Clive’s 22
It was raining
The Nawab’s troops retreated.
15
SourceB (J2015/Q1b)
The British East India Company
(b) What does Source B tell us about the British East India Company in 1825?[5]
(J/2015/Q1b)
Examiner Comments:There were some good answers to Question 1(b) from candidates who
were able to use features from the source to make inferences about it. However, a large
number of candidates ignored the source completely and wrote generally about the East
India Company or provided a description of events and British conquests more suited to 1(c),
thereby scoring no marks. Other candidates merely described what they saw in the source
without making any inferences and thereby gained few marks.
Marking Scheme:Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or contextual
knowledge
The painter has made the British officer the largest figure to demonstrate the importance that
they held in India. Similarly the Indians are shown as small people to reflect their lowly
status.
Local rulers are on horseback behind the British official. They are shown as
smaller,reflecting their lower status to the British. The horses are shown as large animals,
graceful in appearance and movement, again showing superiority and power. This is
reinforced by soldiers on horses who were carrying weapons.
16
The East India Company is shown as being a wealthy organisation as seen in the uniforms
and the decorations on the horses. The Company were able to achieve this wealth through
trading as can be seen by the boat shown in the picture and through the gaining of lands
through conquest and agreements with local rulers. This is shown by the weapons displayed
and the wealthy appearance of the Indians that the British were also able to exploit.
((b) Explain the appeal of India to the East India Company during the early seventeenth (J2016/Q2b)
century. [7]
Examiner Comments
In part (b), the appeal of India to the East India Company was a very well known topic and was generally well
explained. Candidates were able to write at length on this topic and high scoring answers were in evidence.
However, there were candidates who could not explain the reasons for this appeal and were unable to score
beyond 3 or 4 marks on this question.
Marking Scheme
Traders reported evidence of immense wealth in the subcontinent. This led to
the East India Company establishing a trading base there since they saw a
profitable future. It also wanted to establish its influence in the subcontinent and
to oust the Dutch and Portuguese. The East India Company also wanted to
establish a strategic port in the subcontinent that would protect its trading
interests there.
(b) Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of the sub-continent between
1750 and 1850? (N2016 Q 2b)
Marking Scheme
• The battles of Plassey and Buxar gave the British the riches of Bengal
and favourable trading rights with the local nawabs
• This provided massive new resources, which the British could use to
consolidate control
• The British also introduced governor-generals into the provinces who
administered them on British lines and provided yet more control.
• The British army using its vast local resources and modern weapons
and military skill were taking control of even more land.
Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow.
(a) According to Source A, what difficulties did the Indian cotton industry face during the
nineteenth century? [3] (J 2017/Q1a)
SOURCE A
The Indian cotton industry
At first the East India Company and the British Parliament discouraged Indian production of cotton
goods in order to encourage the growing cotton industry in Great Britain. British policy developed
during the nineteenth century to allow Indian people to grow raw cotton in order to supply material
for the cotton factories of Great Britain. Orders were sent out to force Indian skilled workers to
work in the East India Company’s factories. The East India Company was given legal powers to
control production in the villages and communities of Indian weavers. Very high tariffs excluded
Indian silks and cotton goods from Great Britain but British goods were admitted into India free of
duty.
From The Economic History of India under Early British Rule by R.C. Dutt
17
Marking Scheme
According to Source A, what difficulties did the Indian cotton industry
face during the nineteenth century?
• Indian production of cotton goods was discouraged – in favour of British
industry.
• Only allowed to grow raw cotton to supply British looms.
• Skilled workers had to work in East India Company (EIC) factories.
• EIC controlled Indian weaving production.
• Very high tariffs prevented Indian silk and cotton from entering Britain.
• No duty on British goods reaching India.
Note: Allow a second mark for a developed statement from the source.
SOURCE B
A railway accident in India in the nineteenth century (J/2017/Q1b)
How does Source B help us to understand Indian concerns about the building of railways in
India during the nineteenth century? [5]
Marking Scheme
• It looks dangerous / unsafe to travel by rail due to the risk of derailment or
accident, which might cause injury and death.
• Since railways were not built safely at first, accidents like these were
frequent in India.
• Accidents like the one shown in the source made some people fear that
railways were dangerous.
• Some people also worried that the British were trying to change their way of life.
Why did the British build railways in India during the nineteenth century? [7] J/2017/Q1c)
Marking Scheme
• Railways transported raw materials easily/cheaply to the ports for export/
manufactured goods to be sold throughout India, increasing British profits.
18
• Railways carried troops swiftly around India (helping the British to
maintain law and order and extend power).
Note: not for First War of Independence.
• British could travel the country and spread their ideas / culture, gaining
support / to govern effectively.
• In times of famine food could be transported quickly to affected areas.
• To win support of Indians who found them useful for travel as families
were able to travel to visit relatives in other parts of India.
Who were zamindars? (J2017/Q2a)

Marking Scheme
• Landlords/tax collectors.
• Wealthy and influential, some had private armies.
• After death of Aurangzeb they were increasingly unwilling to accept rule of
any new emperor or to make payments to government in Delhi.
• Beard tax imposed which annoyed Muslims.
• Muslims were oppressed by zamindars from the 1800’s onwards,
especially in East Bengal.
Why was Robert Clive appointed the first Governor of Bengal? (J2017/Q2b)
Marking Scheme
• Clive commanded the British army to victory at the battle of Plassey in
1757 and established relations with Mir Jafar.
• The battle increased Clive’s reputation and his importance to the East
India Company (EIC) because he became the foremost commander of
British forces in India.
• The battle was also a success for the EIC because they now controlled
the profitable trade in Bengal.
• As a reward for being considered responsible for the EIC amassing
immense fortunes, especially in Bengal
• Clive’s reputation and importance was further enhanced by his success at
the battle of Buxar in 1764 which increased British control of eastern
India.
Was the in-fighting between Aurangzeb’s successors the most important
reason for the break-up of the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. (J2017/Q2c)
Marking Scheme
In-fighting
• The absence of a definite line of succession led to in-fighting, instability
and the downfall of the Mughal Empire.
• Led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running of the Mughal
Empire.
Other reasons
• As the Mughal Empire started to decline it became at risk from invasion.
• After Aurangzeb’s death, Mughal emperors were renowned for living an
extravagant lifestyle and spending money without considering the effect
on the economy of the Empire.
• The Afghans under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the
Marathas at Paniplat. The Afghans had been in control of much of the
Empire for some time but were unable to make the most of their victory
and returned to Kabul. However they did invade the Empire a number of
times during the 18th Century.
• The Persians under Nadir Shah captured much of the Empire’s wealth
and returned home with gold, jewels and the Peacock throne from Delhi.
19
Who were the Thuggee? [W2017/Q2a]

Marking Scheme
• They were armed robbers, involved in ritual murder, who terrified people
• Present in central and upper India
• Claimed they were serving a goddess, Kali
• East India Company (EIC) used force to destroy them in 1830 and stamped
out the practice
• Indians / Hindus and Muslims
• Meaning concealment; a secret society
Who was Warren Hastings? [W2017/Q3a]
Marking Scheme
• 1782, first Governor General / Viceroy of India
• British / English statesman
• Introduced a number of reforms in administration, revenue, finance,
commerce and the judiciary
• Developed policies relating to Oudh and Rohilla
• Involved in several wars including the Anglo-Maratha and the Anglo-Mysore
• A patron of the arts
Why were the Marathas defeated after the decline of the Mughal Empire? [W2017/Q3b]
Marking Scheme
• The Marathas controlled vast lands that had been part of the Mughal Empire,
but they found it difficult to control and administer. This led to problems in
fighting off threats from other armies confirming that the empire was now too
big for them to protect or defend.
• Maratha families began to show more loyalty to local rulers rather than the
Maratha leaders in the capital city of Pune. As a result, cracks began to show
in Maratha unity and control. Their grip on the empire was weakened.
• The invading Afghans defeated the Maratha army at Panipat in 1761,
thousands of soldiers and important administrators were killed, ending
Maratha control.
How far was Indian resistance to British expansion in the subcontinent successful before 1850?
Marking Scheme [W2017/Q3c]
Indian success
• Tipu the Sultan of Mysore held off British attempts to overthrow him towards
the end of the eighteenth century, matching British weapons with rockets,
cannons and muskets.
• Titu Mir raised an army of 15 000 against the British. He built a bamboo fort at
Narkelbaria in 1831 and defeated the British forces sent to destroy it.
• The British were unwilling / unable to annex the Punjab in the lifetime of
Ranjit Singh (the leader of the Sikhs who occupied the Punjab). He halted
British expansion through treaties and agreements with them.
British success
• Conquests of the British against weaker opposition who were disunited with
different religions and cultures and were unable to work together.
• The strength of the British army was eventually overwhelming.
20
Who was Titu Mir? [J2018/Q2a]

• Syed Mir Nisar was a Bengali
• He reinforced traditional Muslim values
• He was determined to free Bengal from British rule
• He organised a stand against zamindars
• He set up his own rule near Calcutta with a small army
• He built a bamboo fort at Narkelbaria in 1831 and defeated the British
troops sent to destroy it
• He was killed in battle in 1831.
(c) Was British expansion in India the most important reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Explain your answer. [N2018/Q2c]
• British expansion into the subcontinent was rapid. They were
experienced in warfare and had many weapons and other resources, so
they were difficult to defeat.
Other reasons
• The Emperors were suspected of spending money with little thought to
the effect it had on the economy of the Empire. This led to inefficiencies
in the running of the Empire
• The absence of a definite line of succession led to a significant amount
of in-fighting amongst his successors, which also led to instability
• Aurangzeb introduced a tax on non-Muslims, called the Jizya. He
destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban Hindu practices. As a result
he faced insurgencies throughout his reign
• Taxation was high as Aurangzeb had to pay for the cost of military
campaigns such as the Deccan Wars. He also spent highly on luxurious
palaces. Because of this he became an unpopular ruler and enabling
opposition to his rule and the Empire to grow.
• The expense of fighting the Deccan Wars meant there was little money
for the upkeep of the Empire
• The military lacked investment, which meant they were reliant on
outdated weaponry and were easily overpowered
• Financial inefficiencies meant that money that could have been used to
support the Empire, had been wasted
• The size of the Empire meant that it was very difficult to defend from
multiple invasions; the Empire’s armies became exhausted in trying to
repel them.
• The Marathas were skilful Hindu guerrilla fighters who defeated a
Mughal army in 1737 and took control of Delhi and eastwards towards
Bengal. By 1760, they were the most powerful people in India and the
Mughals could do nothing to stop it.
(b) Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the death of Aurangzeb. [N2019/Q2b] [7]
• Aurangzeb’s successors left the administration to their ministers
meaning there was no direct, firm leadership of the empire;
• The lack of a law of succession meant there was sometimes a struggle
for succession, costly in human lives and other resources. Fighting
battles was expensive and weakened the empire’s military, which they
depended on for defence;
• Succession often depended upon the ability of the candidates to gain
support, such rulers may have been popular but they did not
necessarily have the skills to run a large empire;
• The successors become extravagant – large sums of money, which
could have been spent on defence or government were lost;
• The size of the Empire made it hard to defend and the army was
already overstretched as a result of internal conflicts. Several invasions
weakened it further so eventually the British were able to take control.
21
[J2019/Q1a]
SOURCE A
Fort William, Calcutta, 1756
On the evening of 20 June, some 64 prisoners including two women and several wounded soldiers
were marched at sword point to the filthy dungeon at Fort William. This was a little cell, measuring
18 feet by 14 feet 10 inches, designed for no more than three petty criminals. The heat at this
time of year was suffocating. Prisoners trampled on each other to get nearer one of the two tiny
windows or to the small amount of water they had been left. Their guards mocked them as the
prisoners gasped for air and pleaded for mercy. At 6 am the next morning, when the door was
opened, dead bodies were piled up inside.
Adapted from an essay in History Today, 2006

Answer
According to Source A, why did many people die at Fort William in 1756?
• Several were already wounded

• Conditions in the cell were dirty, would have infected soldiers’
wounds
• Lack of fresh air / suffocation
• Lack of water / dehydration
• Trampled to death trying to reach water / fresh air
• Crushed to death in overcrowded cell
• Guards showed no interest in prisoners’ welfare
[J2019/Q1b]
SOURCE B
Famine in the subcontinent
A print of a contemporary engraving showing the distribution of relief

22
[J2019/Q1b]
What can we learn from Source B about famine in the subcontinent during British control? [5]
Answer
• Food was being given to a man who looks very weak suggesting that
the famine has been going on for a long time.
• The problem of hunger was widespread because many people of
different ages, men, women and children, were affected and were
waiting for relief.
• Famine must have been a serious problem because relief has been
organised.
• People are looking underfed / malnourished and are waiting for the
distribution of food which is being given out to these people in the
source.
• The man in the bowler hat is an official observing / involved in or
supervising the process, which shows that the British were involved with
the distribution of relief.
[J2019/Q1c]
. Explain why Robert Clive was successful in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 [7]
Answer
• Clive persuaded one of the Nawab’s key men, Mir Jafar, to side with the
British. Jafar’s defection weakened the Nawab’s army, which Clive was
able to use to his advantage.
• Clive ordered his men to cover their cannon when it rained. So, the dry
cannons of Clive’s army outfired the Nawab’s cannons.
• Clive was an experienced soldier as he had fought the French in
southern India. He was used to the tactics of warfare, this helped to
defeat the Nawab.
[J2019/Q1d]
Was the India Act of 1784 the main reason why the British were able to
expand beyond Bengal between 1784 and 1850? Explain your answer. [10]
India Act of 1784
• This made the position of Governor General a royal appointment. Lord
Cornwallis was appointed to this position in 1786.
• A Board of Control replaced the East India Company’s Board of
Directors, changing it from a trading concern to a sovereign body in
which the Crown had direct control of Bengal.
• A police system was developed to help in the administering of justice
and maintaining law and order.
Other reasons
• Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 making
zamindars of Bengal landowners, subject to their payment of a fixed
sum to the British. In 1793 this amounted to some 10% of the total sum
collected by the zamindars. The Permanent Settlement secured the
financial interest of the East India Company and helped Bengal to
become the wealthiest province in India, allowing the British to extend
their control.
• Local rulers were persuaded to sign subsidiary alliances by Lord
Wellesley who became Governor General in 1798. The local ruler
continued to run their affairs while British soldiers offered protection. In
return for this protection the ruler paid towards the cost of the soldiers
and accepted a British resident adviser. This consolidated Britain’s
power in India at little cost and extended British control.
23
The annexation of land. Hyderabad and Oudh accepted British

protection with a subsidiary alliance. Mysore, Oudh, Delhi and the
Marathas came under British control by the early nineteenth century,
followed shortly afterwards by Sindh and the Punjab.
[J2019/Q2(a)]
Who was Ahmad Shah Durrani? [4]
• Known also as Ahmad Shah Abdali, an Afghan leader, a military genius
who had excellent tactical skills.
• He beat the Marathas at the battle of Panipat in 1761, which ended the
ambitions of the Marathas.
• Durrani was unable to make the most of his victory; as his followers
mutinied he gave up his idea of an Indian empire and returned to
Kabul.
[J2019/Q2(b)]
Explain why the British wanted to trade in India from 1600. [7]
• Reports of immense wealth in the subcontinent led to the British
establishing a trading base there as they saw a profitable future.
• The British wanted to establish their influence in the subcontinent and
to oust the Dutch and Portuguese.
• The British also wanted to establish a strategic port in the subcontinent
that would protect its trading interests there and in the Far East.
[J2019/Q3(a)]
Who was Lord Wellesley? [4]
• Governor General of India in 1798.
• Wellesley persuaded local princes / rulers to sign subsidiary alliances.
• Local rulers were also forbidden to make any other alliances.
• In 1799 Wellesley invaded Mysore killing Tipu Sultan and gaining control
of his lands.
• Wellesley also defeated the Nawabs of Oudh and took control of their territory
24
[J2020 Q1]
SOURCE A
There are few figures in history as controversial as Robert Clive. Some people described him as a
soldier of initiative, courage and determination. Other people saw him as reckless and unprincipled, a
rebel expelled from several schools for bad behaviour. They said his victories at Arcot, Calcutta and
Plassey were all the result of lucky gambles that put his men in unnecessary danger. It was also said
that Clive used tactics that were sly and against the accepted codes of battle. Clive was also described
as cruel, lacking in morality and greedy for personal wealth.
Adapted from an article in a British newspaper published in June 1988
Q1(a)According to Source A what were the personal characteristics of Robert Clive ?

Marking Scheme
• A brave/courageous soldier;
• A man of initiative [1], leadership [1], determined [1];
• Reckless [1], unprincipled [1];
• Badly behaved;
• Gambled/took risks in battle;
• Put his men's life in danger;
• Devious [1], sly in battle [1];
• Cruel;
• Immoral;
• Greedy.
SOURCE B
A painting of Lieutenant-General Lord Cornwallis receiving the Mysorean Hostage Princes after the
Third War at Seringapatnam in 1792, by Robert Home c. 1793
25
(b) What can we learn from Source B about the treatment of Indian [5]
hostages during the Mysore Wars?
Marking Scheme
Level 3 Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or
contextual knowledge 4–5
(Four marks for one supported valid inference, five marks for two or more
supported valid inferences)
e.g.
• This looks like a ceremony with well-dressed people who are stood in
their places welcoming the hostages, indicating respect to them and
deference and care of them;
• The painting shows Lord Cornwallis who is shaking/holding the hand of
one of the hostages he is greeting;
• This looks like a formal/public event of great importance or significance;
• The painting shows Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipu Sultan’s sons as
hostages to ensure that Tipu Sultan pays according to the terms of the
Treaty;
• This painting is intended to portray Cornwallis as gentle/humane/
benevolent by the way he is treating the hostages so it could be used
as propaganda. We do not know if all hostages were treated with such
respect, nor whether this scene shows exactly what took place.
(c) Explain why the East India Company was interested in the [7]
subcontinent in the years before 1750.
Level 3: Explains reason(s) 5–7

(Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven
marks for three explanations)
e.g.
• The British wanted to establish their influence in the subcontinent and to
oust the Dutch and Portuguese;
• The British wanted to establish a strategic port in the subcontinent that
would protect its trading interests there and in the Far East;
• Reports of immense wealth in the subcontinent meant the British
wanted to establish a trading base there as they saw a profitable future.
26
Who was Mir Qasim? [J2020/Q2a] 4
• Nawab of Bengal [1] in 1760 [1], succeeding Mir Jafar [1];

• With the support of EIC, he confiscated lands and wealth of people in
Bengal to give to the British;
• Eventually he tried to stop British influence in Bengal;
• 1764 Mir Qasim fought Clive at Buxar [1], but was defeated [1].
Explain why Britain was able to expand into the subcontinent between 7
1750 and 1850. [J2020/Q2b]
• The building of railways meant that soldiers could be transported more
easily around the country to establish control. Trade also benefitted
from good communications;
• The battles of Plassey and Buxar gave the British Bengal and
favourable trading rights with the local nawabs. This provided new
resources, which the British used to consolidate control;
• The British also introduced Governor-Generals into the provinces who
administered their province on British lines, providing more control. This
enabled further expansion.
Were the policies of Aurangzeb the main reason for the decline of the 14
Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [J2020/Q2c]
Aurangzeb
• Aurangzeb introduced a tax on non-Muslims called the Jizya. He
destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban Hindu practices reducing his
popularity and causing some insurgencies during his reign;
• Higher taxation was needed to pay for the cost of military campaigns
such as the Deccan Wars increasing Aurangzeb’s unpopularity, which
enabled opposition to his rule and the Mughal Empire to grow.
Other reasons
• After his death Mughal Emperors were renowned for living an
extravagant lifestyle and spending money without regard to the effect
on the economy of the Empire;
• The absence of a definite line of succession led to in-fighting amongst
his successors which contributed to instability and the downfall of the
Empire;
• The Marathas were skilful Hindu fighters who defeated a Mughal army
in 1737. The Marathas took control of Delhi and the land eastwards
towards Bengal. By 1760 the Mughals could do nothing to stop them;
• The Mughal forces and their equipment struggled to respond to the
rapid expansion of the British into the sub-continent.
27
[N2020/Q1a]
SOURCE A
In May 1876, Benjamin Disraeli, the Conservative Prime Minister, made Queen Victoria Empress
of India. He said this would link the monarchy more closely with India and would underline Britain’s
position as a world power. The Queen was pleased with this arrangement and saw India as a jewel in
the crown of her empire, a place full of vibrant colours, gems, fruits and spices. As such Queen Victoria
viewed India as a land to be governed by British order and justice so that protection could be given to
the Indian people against war, rebellion, famine and illiteracy. Adapted from a history website
According to Source A, why was Queen Victoria made Empress of India?

• to ‘link the monarchy more closely with India’
• to ‘underline Britain’s position as a world power’
• she ‘saw India as a jewel in the crown of her empire’
• she saw India as ‘a place full of vibrant colours, gems, fruits and spices’
(at least one item to be identified)
• ‘Queen Victoria viewed India as a land to be governed by British order
and justice’
• to protect ‘the Indian people against war, rebellion, famine and illiteracy’
(at least one item to be identified)
One mark for each relevant statement correctly identified from the source.
Note: candidates may paraphrase but content must be derived from the bullet
point statements above.
[N2020/Q1b]
SOURCE B
An image portraying a legend about Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore (artist unknown)
b. What can we learn from Source B about Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore?
Indicative content
Surface feature
• Tipu Sultan is well dressed/groomed/he has a moustache
• his face shows no expression of fear
• he has a sword
• he is fighting a tiger
28
1(b) • there is blood

• it is taking place outdoors/in the countryside
• he is opening the tiger’s mouth
• they are standing up to each other
Valid inference
• Tipu Sultan looks brave/courageous
• he looks like a warrior/ready for war
• he looks strong/powerful
• its looks like he was important
• he looks confident
• he looks wealthy
• he looks a proud man
Contextual knowledge
• Tipu Sultan was known as the ‘Tiger/Sultan/Lion of Mysore’
• there were legends about Tipu Sultan killing a tiger with his bare hands
• he had a reputation of being able to dominate/control tigers
• regarded as a fearless warrior/enemy
• he may have kept tigers as pets
• his palace was decorated with tiger accessories and skins were used as
soft furnishings
1(c) Explain the impact of railways on the lives of Indian people in the 7
nineteenth century.
Target: AO1, AO2
Indicative content
• railways transformed India
• railways extended trade in India
• food could be transported around India
• troops could be transported around India
• people could travel by train
• better communication between cities
• railways made travel easier
• more people could travel
• goods could be carried
• trains were noisy and smoky/accidents happened/people lost farmland
• railways consolidated British control in India
Describe the Jizya tax. [N2020/Q2a]

Indicative content
• introduced in 1679 [1] by the Mughals [1]
• a tax on non-Muslims
• an alternative to joining the Muslim army
• used as a tax for protection or defence
• Akbar abolished the tax
• Aurangzeb re-introduced the tax
• people protested against the tax
• Aurangzeb ignored the protests and persevered with the tax
28(a)
N 2021 /Q1
SOURCE A
During Aurangzeb’s reign he developed good relationships with foreign traders and made generous
donations to several Hindu temples. He introduced restrictions on personal behaviour, for example
he banned outdoor singing and dancing and made a declaration on the length of beards. Aurangzeb
also increased taxes to pay for expensive wars and used large amounts of money to pay for luxurious
buildings. According to some historians a number of these policies contributed to the increasing
instability of the Mughal Empire by the time of Aurangzeb’s death.
An article on Aurangzeb adapted

from History Today, 1984
(a) According to Source A, which policies do some historians claim contributed to the increasing
instability of the Mughal Empire by the time of Aurangzeb’s death? [3]
Answer
• Aurangzeb introduced ‘restrictions on personal behaviour’ [1]
• he banned ‘outdoor singing’ [1], ‘dancing’ [1]
• he ‘made a declaration on the length of beards’ [1]
• he ‘increased taxes’ [1] ‘to pay for many expensive wars’ [1]
• he ‘used large amounts of money’ [1] ‘to pay for luxurious buildings’ [1]
Note: candidates may paraphrase but content must be derived from
the bullet point statements above.
SOURCE B
A painting of the Mughal Emperor and his court returning from the Great Mosque at Delhi
by Edwin Weeks, c.1918
(b) What can we learn from Source B about Mughal rule in India? [5]
Surface feature
• there are soldiers and elephants in the painting
• there are some people being carried by the elephants
• there are soldiers on horseback
28((b)
• the soldiers are wearing armour

• the soldiers have weapons
• some people are bowing
• some people are begging
• the procession is passing a large building/mosque
Valid inference
• the Mughals had a strong army
• the Emperor is being protected
• the Mughals openly displayed their power/control/status
• many people were in awe of the Emperor/loyal to him
• Mughal rule was closely linked with Islam
• the Mughal army was large and loyal to the Emperor
• there were attempts to attack the Mughal Empire from people from
within and outside it
1(c) Explain why the Hindu community objected to the Jizya tax.
Indicative content
• the charge was levied on able-bodied non-Muslim adult men
• only non-Muslim men who chose to join the Mughal army were
exempted from the charge
• it created an incentive amongst non-Muslims to convert to Islam to
avoid the charge
• the jizya charge was sometimes more than the zakat charge paid by
Muslim men
• some of the charge was used for the Deccan Wars
• some of the charge was used to support Islamic religious activities
• some of the charge was used for funding the royal court
(d) ‘The Marathan rebellions were the main reason for the decline of the
Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer.
Indicative content
May agree that the Marathan rebellions were the main reason for the
decline of the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb:
• the Marathans were guerrilla fighters
• they defeated a Mughal army in 1737
• they occupied Delhi in 1760
counterarguments may include:

• the Empire was very large (making it difficult to manage)
• the Persian and Afghan armies invaded
• there was no line of succession
• the British had a powerful army

28(c)
N 2021/Q2(a)
2(a) Describe what happened at the battle of Buxar.
Indicative content
• in 1764 [1] British forces/Hector Munro [1] fought the Indian army at
Buxar/Baksar [1]
• the Nawab of Bengal/Mir Qasim [1] Shah Alam II [1] Nawab of Oudh [1]
were on the Indian side
• there were (1000) British casualties [1] and (6000) Indian casualties [1]
• the battle confirmed British authority over Bengal
• the war was ended by the Treaty of Allahabad [1] in 1768 [1]
• the East India Company took control of Bengal/Bihar/Oudh/Orissa (1)
• Robert Clive was reappointed as Governor of Bengal
J/ 2021/Q2(a)
2(a) Describe the achievements of Ranjit Singh.
Indicative content
• Ranjit Singh annexed Punjab [1], Kashmir [1] and most of Afghanistan
[1]
• he was a founder of Sikh rule in the Punjab
• he signed a treaty with Britain in 1809 [1] in Sindh [1]
• his expansion into Afghanistan worried Britain
2(b) Explain how Britain extended its control across the subcontinent 7
between 1756 and 1856.
• by having a strong army
• the British army took Bengal in the battles of Plassey and Buxar
• they took control of vast resources especially in Bengal
• they had a well-developed administrative system e.g. Governor-
Generals from 1782 onwards
• they built railways
• troops, administrators and goods were transported around the country
• they passed laws: The Regulating Act 1773, The India Act 1784, etc.
• the Doctrine of Lapse 1852
• land annexed in: Sindh, North-West Frontier, Punjab, Mysore
28(d)
[J 2023/Q1]
SOURCE A
Mir Jafar became the eighth Nawab of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. In return for power,
Mir Jafar made an agreement with the British to allow them to take important lands around Calcutta. He
was also obliged to make regular payments of huge sums of money to the British. Mir Jafar’s actions
allowed the British to strengthen their trading position and almost brought about Bengal’s economic
collapse. As a result, Mir Jafar’s authority quickly eroded leading to his financial and political downfall.
He became unpopular and was accused of betraying his country and his people because of his relationship
with the British.
An account of the rule of Mir Jafar from the website of a British art gallery
According to Source A, Mir Jafar was unpopular as Nawab of Bengal.

Identify three ways he was unpopular.
Answer
 Mir Jafar allowed the British 'to take important lands around Calcutta’
 he made 'regular payments of huge sums of money to the British’
 ‘Mir Jafar's actions allowed the British
 he ‘almost brought about Bengal's economic collapse‘
 Mir Jafar 'was accused of betraying his country and his people’
 'Mir Jafar made an agreement with the British'
 'his relationship with the British’
SOURCE B
An engraving depicting the discovery of Tipu Sultan’s body in battle

28(e)
2059/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
1(a) According to Source A, Mir Jafar was unpopular as Nawab of Bengal. 3

Identify three ways he was unpopular.
Target: AO4
 Mir Jafar allowed the British 'to take important lands around Calcutta’
 he made 'regular payments of huge sums of money to the British’
 ‘Mir Jafar's actions allowed the British to strengthen their trading position‘
 he ‘almost brought about Bengal's economic collapse‘
 Mir Jafar 'was accused of betraying his country and his people’
 'Mir Jafar made an agreement with the British'
 'his relationship with the British’
Note: candidates may paraphrase but content must be derived from the bullet
point statements above.
1(b) What can we learn from Source B about the death of Tipu Sultan? 5
Target: AO1, AO4
Level 3 (4–5 marks) Supported valid inference(s)

 one valid inference supported by a surface feature from source B [4]
 additional valid inference(s) supported by surface feature(s) from source
B or one valid inference supported by a surface feature from source B
and contextual knowledge [5]
Level 2 (2–3 marks) Unsupported valid inference(s)

 one unsupported valid inference [2]
 additional unsupported valid inference(s) [3]
Level 1 (1 mark) Identifies a surface feature

Any correct surface feature taken from source B [1]
Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response
Note: an unsupported valid inference can only be credited if it can be inferred

directly from the source.
Note: In Levels 1–3 a response that does not refer to source B cannot be
credited.
© UCLES 2023 Page 5 of 16

28(f)
PUBLISHED
1(b) What can we learn from Source B about the death of Tipu Sultan?
Indicative content
Surface feature
 Tipu Sultan is resting on the knee of a soldier
 he is surrounded by soldiers
 the soldiers are carrying weapons/rifles with bayonets and swords
 a soldier is carrying a torch
 they are by a stone building/wall
 there are different uniforms
 there is a second body in the picture
 someone, not a soldier, is present clasping his hands
 one of the soldiers is holding Tipu Sultan's hand
 the soldiers looked shocked/surprised
Valid inference
 it was a sad incident
 it was a serious/significant incident
 Tipu Sultan/his body was respected
 it was an unexpected event
 it was a brutal death
 it was a brave/soldier’s death
 the death occurred in Fort Seringapatam
 Tipu Sultan died on 4 May 1799
 Tipu Sultan was a revered leader, known as a freedom fighter/Tiger of
Mysore
 with Tipu's death, Mysore came under British control
1(c) Explain how Titu Mir protected the interests of Muslim farmers in the 7
subcontinent in the early nineteenth century.
Target: AO1, AO2
Indicative content
 Titu Mir advocated jihad against ‘non-Islamic actions’

 Titu Mir raised awareness of the sufferings of Muslim farmers in West
Bengal during 1830s
 Titu Mir gave Muslim farmers a cause the fight back at the sufferings they
encountered
 Titu Mir organised a rebellion against zamindars
 Titu Mir advised Muslim farmers to not pay the tax on beards
 Titu Mir set up his own fort/commune near Calcutta with a small army

28(g)
PUBLISHED
1(d) To what extent were Indian rulers able to limit British expansion across 10
the subcontinent between 1760 and 1840? Explain your answer.
Target: AO1, AO2
Level 5 (10 marks) Explains with evaluation/ judgement

Explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/judgement supported by
relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 4 (7–9 marks) Explanation of both sides of the issue

 one explanation of each side of the issue [7]
 two explanations or one developed explanation of one-side of the issue
and an explanation of the other side of the issue [8]
 additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) from either
side of the issue [9]
Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 3 (4–6 marks) Explanation of one-side of the issue

 one explanation [4]
 two explanations or one developed explanation [5]
 additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [6]
Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 2 (2–3 marks) Identification/ description of the issue

Identifies and/or describes the issue using relevant and accurate contextual
knowledge (1 mark per identification/ description)
Level 1 (1 mark) General answer

Valid general comment lacking specific subject knowledge
Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response
Indicative content
May agree that several rulers were able to limit British expansion:
 Haidar Ali was undefeated against the British army (defeated the British
Bombay army in 1767, broke the siege of Bangalore in 1768, captured
Arcot in 1780)
 Haidar Ali signed a treaty with the British to end the war in 1769
 Tipu Sultan defeated a British army at Kollidam in 1782
 in 1784 Tipu Sultan made peace with the British and became the Sultan
of Mysore
 Tipu Sultan invaded Travancore in 1789 which was a British ally
 Ranjit Singh signed agreements with the British in 1806 and 1838
 Titu Mir recruited 500 local militiamen to harass the zamindars and the
British forces supporting them
 Titu Mir built a fort at Narkelbaria to protect himself and his forces against
British reprisals
28(h)
PUBLISHED
1(d) Counter-arguments might include:

 Tipu Sultan was defeated by the British at Seringapatam in 1799
 resistance to the British from the Marathas disappeared after 1818
 Titu Mir was killed in battle in 1831 when his forces were attacked
 Titu Mir's fort was destroyed by British cannons
 the British had a strong and well-trained army
 the British had a good administrative system
 the British conquests had seized vast resources, especially in Bengal,
battle of Buxar etc.
 the death of Ranjit Singh marked the end of effective resistance
© UCLES 2023 Page 8 of 16

29
Chapter-3
War of Independence
Q ‘A lack of unity and coordination was the main reason for the failure of the War of
Independence by 1858.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (J2004/Q/1c)
[J2010/Q/1c]
Marking Scheme: Explains at least two factors. Also produces a judgement or evaluation.
There was a lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian population. The Punjab
were uninterested in helping the rebellion and actually sent men and supplies to help the
British. This also happened in Kashmir. The British had more modern methods of fighting
and the army was better disciplined as well as being supplied by some of the local rulers.
‘The introduction of social reforms by the British, such as education, caused the War of
Inde-pendence in 1857.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (N2005/Q/2c)
Marking Scheme
A number of social reforms had been imposed by the British without consultation or care
for local feeling which caused much unrest. Indians had to send their children to co-
educational schools which was hated since it appeared to impose the British system on the
Indians without due regard to their religious and cultural feelings. They were also forced
to abandon purdha which had been an Indian custom for centuries. The replacement of
Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in 1832 deeply upset both the
Muslim and Hindus. In 1852 the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced and caused great
unrest because any local kingdom not having a direct male heir was taken over by the
British. A new cartridge was introduced by the British which was coated in both cow and
pig fat. Because the soldiers had to chew the fat caused great resentment since pig fat was
forbidden by the Muslims and the cow was a sacred animal in the eyes of the Hindus.
‘The establishment of English as the official language of the sub-continent in 1834 was
the main reason for the War of Independence of 1857’. Do you agree or disagree? Give
reasons for your answer. [14](J2007/Q/2c)
Marking Scheme: Explains at least two. English to be explained for maximum marks.
Alsoproduces a judgement or evaluation.
The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in the 1830s
deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus. A number of social reforms had been imposed
by the British without consultation or care for local feeling which caused much unrest.
Indians had to send their children to co-educational schools which was hated since it
appeared to impose the British system on the Indians without due regard to their religious
and cultural feelings. They were also forced to abandon purdha which had been an Indian
custom for centuries. The ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was gradually introduced, especially under
Dalhousie, and caused great unrest because any local kingdom not having a direct male
heir was taken over by the British. A new musket cartridge was introduced by the British
which was coated in both cowand pig fat. Because the soldiers had to chew the fat caused
great resentment since pig fat was forbidden to the Muslims and the cow was a sacred
animal in the eyes of the Hindus
30
‘Religious factors were more important than any other in causing the War of
[N2008/Q/1c]
Independence of 1857-58.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
Was religion the most important reason for the War of Independence in 1857? [J/2018/Q2c]
Give reasons for your answer.
Religious reasons
• Christian missionaries came to India to convert the local population and
set up schools. In these schools, the missionaries taught Christianity and
expected local religions to be given up which was resented by the
Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities.
• The British introduced a new gun that used cartridges coated in grease
made from cow and pig fat. The soldiers had to rip open the cartridges
with their teeth before loading. This caused great resentment as it was
contrary to religious beliefs for both Muslim and Hindu communities and
united them against the British.
Other reasons
• The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official
language in the 1830s deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus as they
felt that their culture was being threatened.
• The British imposed reforms on the Indian population such as
abandoning purdah / suttee without consultation. This caused much
unrest as it appeared that the British were trying to impose their culture
on centuries of Indian customs, which was resented. (Purdah / suttee
may also be seen as religious reasons.)
• In 1852 the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced and caused great unrest
because any local kingdom not having a direct male heir had their lands
taken over by the British.
Describe the events of the War of Independence, 1857-1858. [4](J/2013/Q2a)
Marking Scheme
March 1857 a sepoyMangalPandey executed, May sepoys in Meerut refused to touch
cartridges, were imprisoned and broke out. Meerut sacked and British officers killed.
Soldiers marched on Delhi and captured it, revolt spread and British lost control of a number
of towns (Mathura, Kanpur, Jhansi and Allahabad). In September British took Delhi back,
Bahadur Shah II surrendered and his sons murdered, Lucknow taken back. Jhansi held out
until Rhani was killed in 1858.
Q. Was the introduction of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in 1852 the most important reason for
the War of Independence in 1857? Explain your answer.[14] (J/2014/Q1c)
Marking Scheme:The Doctrine of Lapse, under which any local kingdom not having a direct
heir was to be taken over by the British, had been introduced without any consultation or
care for local feeling. It caused great unrest. Other reforms had also been introduced
similarly. The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in
1832 deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus who were concerned about the loss of their
culture through a change of language. A number of social reforms had been imposed without
consultation or care for local feeling which also caused unrest. Indians had to send their
children to coeducational schools and were forced to abandon purdah, which again was seen
as a threat to their culture. The British introduced a new cartridge, which was coated in both
cow and pig fat. Because the soldiers had to chew the fat it caused great resentment since the
Muslims forbade pig fat and the cow was a sacred animal in the eyes of the Hindus.
31
:
Q. What was suttee? (W/2014/Q1a)
Marking Scheme: A Hindu tradition, ritual burning of widows on funeral pyre of husbands.
British tended to ignore the practice because of the fear of offending high-caste Hindus
serving in the British army and civil service. In 1813 stated it was voluntary and would only
be banned if Hindu religion opposed it, the widow was under 16 or intoxicated or pregnant.
Practice outlawed by EIC in Bengal in 1829 and later in rest of India by Governor General
Lord Bentinck. Suttee remained legal in some princely states. Isolated instances occurred in
20th century.
(d) Was the work of the Christian missionaries the most important reason why the Indians (J2015/Q1d)
opposed British attempts to westernise them between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer. [10]
Marking Scheme
Christian missionaries came to India to convert the local population as well as to set up
schools. In these schools the missionaries taught Christianity and expected local religions to
be given up which was resented by Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs alike.
However, there were other reasons why the Indians opposed the British attempts to
westernise them. The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official
language in the 1830s deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus. This had the potential to
threaten their languages. A number of social reforms had been imposed by the British
without consultation or care for local feeling which caused much unrest. Indians had to send
their children to co-educational schools which was hated since it appeared to impose the
British system on the Indians without due regard to their religious and cultural feelings.
Thomas Macaulay believed that European ideas of education were vastly superior to
anything coming out of India and, as a result, the British imposed a system of education that
promoted western values on a people who resented this interference. They were also forced
to abandon purdha which had been an Indian custom for centuries. In 1795 the killing of
baby daughters was declared to be murder, but the British found difficulty in enforcing this as
it was again a tradition practised in many parts of India. Suttee, the ritual burning of Indian
women on the funeral pyres of their husbands was also banned by the British, first in Bengal
and then in the rest of the country. Although the British had been reluctant to get involved in
banning this practice, there was little opposition to the outlawing of it.
What happened at Cawnpore in 1857? [4] (J2016/Q2a)

Marking Scheme
Indian troops, led by Nana Sahib, rose up against the British, trapping their forces who
surrendered after 3 weeks. As they left, the British soldiers and 300 women and children
were killed the remainder were kept as prisoners and later killed. Later the British carried out
acts of revenge. Nana Sahib escaped.
(a) Describe the military actions of Nana Sahib in 1857 [4] (N 2022/Q2a).
• during War of Independence [1] at Kanpur [1] he led the revolt that
killed British officers [1] and Europeans [1]
• a British force surrendered to him and his force, [1] having been given a
promise of a safe passage out of the area [1]
• Nana Sahib fired on the British [1] who were on barges [1] and killed
300 women and children [1] as well as all the soldiers [1]
• survivors were kept as prisoners who were killed [1] when British
reinforcements arrived [1]
• he was never captured [1]
32
(a) Who was Nana Sahib? [4] (N2016/Q2a)

Marking Scheme
• During the War of Independence at Kanpur he led the revolt that killed British officers
and other Europeans
• He had a personal grievance against the British for stopping his pension
• A British force surrendered to him and his force, having been given a promise of safe
passage out of the area
• Nana Sahib fired on the British on barges killing 300 women and children and the
soldiers
• He escaped and was never captured.
Was an absence of leadership the main reason why the War of

Independence in 1857 failed? Explain your answer. (J/2017/Q1d)
Marking Scheme
Absence of leadership
• No single leader e.g. Bhadur Shah was not accepted by most Hindus.
• Many people at the time thought Bhadur Shah did not have strong
leadership skills and that he was more of a figurehead.
• Bhadur Shah and the Rani of Jhansi worked alone, and neither would
support the other.
Other reasons
• Lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian population.
• The Punjab was uninterested in helping the rebellion, sending men and
supplies to help the British.
• Some of the Indian princes were more interested in restoring their own
powers and this often depended upon the support of the British.
• Muslims were more likely to oppose the British in the war but there was
not a sense of unity with Sikhs and Hindus who were less likely to support
them in their cause.
• A series of uprisings against the British, the Indians were not as
coordinated or strong so the British overcame them.
• The British had modern methods of fighting.
• The British army was well disciplined and supplied by some of the local rulers
• The British used diplomatic as well as military mechanisms to limit the
extent of the conflict.
Who was Lakshmibai? N2018/Q2(a)

• Known as Rani of Jhansi
• She led the rebel sepoys
• Opposed British after they regained control of Lucknow in 1857 during
War of Independence
• Tatya Topee who was an Indian general assisted her
• In June 1858 she dressed as a man and was killed by the British in the
battle for Gwalior
• The war quickly came to an end after her death.
33
Why did the War of Independence of 1857 fail? [N2007/Q/2b]

Why did the Indians not achieve independence in 1857? [N2011/Q/2b]
Why did the War of Independence of 1857 not succeed? [J2019/ Q3b] [7]
Marking Scheme
• The Indian population were not united in a common cause.
• The Punjab was uninterested in helping the rebellion and actually sent
men and supplies to help the British as they did not want imperial power restored
• This also happened in Kashmir where the ruler sent 2000 troops to help
the British as this benefitted his own feudal powers.
• The British had modern methods of fighting and the army was well
organised as well as being supplied by some of the local rulers.
[N2019/Q2c]
(c) Did educational reforms have a greater effect on the Indian people than any other changes
introduced by the British between 1773 and 1856? Explain your answer.
Education reforms
_________________
• Macauley introduced the teaching of western values using the English
language in schools across the country believing that this would help
the British to govern India more effectively;
• The Indian people were made to enrol their children in co-educational
schools which was disliked as it appeared to impose the British system
without due regard to Indian religious and cultural feelings;
• Christian missionaries came to India to convert the local population as
well as set up schools. In these schools the missionaries taught
Christianity and expected local religions to be given up which was not
liked by the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities.
Other factors
____________
• Although a common language was intended to unite India the
replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language
in the 1830s affronted both Muslim and Hindu communities;
• Women were forced to abandon purdah, which had been an Indian
custom for centuries. Purdah observance was strictly adhered to and
widespread on the subcontinent – consequently this action by the
British was widely resented and opposed;
• In 1852 the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced without any consultation.
It caused unrest because the lands of any local kingdom not having a
direct male heir were taken over by the British;
• The introduction of the railway in India transformed the country. For
example it allowed easier transportation of food in time of famine.
However the railways were often regarded as a symbol of western
culture and of giving the British another means of extending their power.
34
1.(d) To what extent were economic reforms the main cause of the War of 10
Independence in 1857? Explain your answer. J2020/Q1(d)
e.g.
Economic reforms
• The British imposed high taxation to exploit India’s wealth. Peasants
and small landowners could not afford this, so many fell into poverty.
Resentment grew because of the resulting starvation and suffering;
• The Sepoys were discontented because they did not get a fair deal.
Their salaries were very low in comparison with those of the British
soldiers and they had little chance of promotion. They were also angry
over the lack of payment of extra allowances for service in newly
conquered territories like Sindh;
• The East India Company banned the export of cotton from India in
1800. This had a negative impact on many Indian communities who
relied on making and selling cotton increasing poverty and also
opposition towards the British.
Other causes
• The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official
language in the 1830s deeply upset both Muslim and Hindu groups as it
was a threat to their culture;
• English became the official language making it more difficult for some of
the Muslim community to get higher paying jobs;
• All women were forced to abandon purdah, which had been a custom
for centuries and was widespread amongst, and strictly observed by
Muslim women. This action by the British was unpopular amongst the
Muslim community and opposed;
• In 1852 the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced without consultation.
This policy caused great unrest because it meant that the British could
take over any local kingdom that did not have a direct male heir;
• The British introduced a new rifle with a paper cartridge that was coated
in both cow and pig fat. The sepoys had to bite the end of the cartridge
off before loading. The troops were angered and refused to use these
cartridges because the Muslim faith forbade pig fat and the cow was a
sacred animal in the Hindu religion.
35
[N2020/Q1/d]
1(d) To what extent were the different aims of Indian groups in 1857 the main 10
reason why the War of Independence was short-lived? Explain your
answer.
Indicative content
May agree that the different aims of Indian groups in 1857 was the main
reason for the War of Independence being short lived:
• different Indian groups found it difficult to put aside their differences
• there was disunity/absence of a common aim amongst Indian groups/the
aims of Indian groups were sometimes unclear
• some Indian groups wanted to restore their old rulers and customs
• some princes were fearful of losing British support
Counter-arguments might include:

• some Indian groups did not have a battle plan or strategy
• some Indian groups had limited leadership and experience in battle
• the British army was experienced in battles
• British troops were well trained and disciplined
• British troops had modern weapons
• the British army were experienced strategists/administrators/negotiators/
leaders

[J2022/Q2(c)]
2(c) To what extent were military factors the main cause of the War of
Independence in 1857? Explain your answer.
Indicative content
May agree that the main cause of the War of Independence of 1857 was
military factors.
 grease made from pig and cow fat
 cartridge which was coated with cow and pig fat
 the sepoys started a revolt as they refused to handle the new cartridges
 most of the soldiers in the East India Company’s army were Indian but
virtually all the officers were British which created discontent
 the Indian soldiers and particularly the Hindu soldiers were unhappy at
being sent to fight abroad in Afghanistan

 Christianity was taught to Indian children
 English became the language in which education was given
 Indian people had to send their children to co-educational schools
 cultural traditions were abolished/ignored
 high taxation was imposed by the British
 the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced in 1852
 poverty increased amongst Indian people
36
Chapter-4
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
‘Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s political beliefs had a greater impact on the Muslims than any
of his other beliefs; Do you agree ? Give reasons for your answer.[14] 9N/2007/Q2c)
Marking Scheme: Explains at least two factors. Political writings to be explained
for maximummarks. Also produces a judgement or evaluation.
In politics he believed that Muslims would never win any election because of the
Hindu majority population. He therefore advocated separate seats and a separate
electorate which was the forerunner of the future demand for a separate homeland.
He wrote a number of books following the War of Independence in which he tried to
show the British that the Muslims were only partly to blame and that there many who
were supporters of the British government. He suggested that the British should try
to understand Muslims better. He gave explanation of the word ’Nadarath’ in an
attempt to remove the misunderstanding of the British about the Muslims. He also
attempted to improve the position of Muslims through education. He established a
Muslim college which led to the Muslim-Anglo Oriental College in 1876. This
became the University of Aligarh which became important in Pakistani history as
providing an education for many of its future leaders.
Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wish to develop a better understanding with the
British followingthe War of Independence (1857-58)? [7] (J2008/Q/2b)
Marking Scheme: Explains reasons.
If they were to improve their poor status then the Muslims had to accept more British
ideas and take advantage of British education. He wanted to improve their social
and economic conditions by taking up posts in the civil service and the army. If they
didn’t do these things then they would see others prosper instead.
Were the religious views of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan his most important contribution
in developing the cause of Muslims during the nineteenth century? Explain your
answer. [14] (N2010/Q/2c)
Marking Scheme
He believed that relations with the British could be improved by improving the
understanding of Christianity by Muslims. He tried to overcome this by writing
Tabyin-ul-Kalam, in which he pointed out the similarities between Islam and
Christianity. He was also aware that the British knew little about Islam and was
offended by a book he read in Britain on the life of the Prophet and as a result he
wrote his own work correcting the many errors he had read. However he contributed
many other things. He attempted to improve the position of Muslims through
education. In 1863 he founded the Scientific Society at Ghazipore. He wanted to
make scientific writings available to Muslims by translating them from English into
Urdu. He established a Muslim college which led to the Muslim-Anglo Oriental
37
College in 1876. This became the University of Aligarh which became important in
Pakistani history as providing an education for many of its future leaders. He also
made a contribution in politics. He believed that Muslims would never win any
election because of the Hindu majority population. He therefore advocated separate
seats and a separate electorate which was the forerunner of the future demand for a
separate homeland. He wrote a number of books following the War of Independence
in which he tried to show the British that the Muslims were only partly to blame and
that there were many who were supporters of the British government. He suggested
that the British should try to understand Muslims better. He gave an explanation of
the word ’Nadarath’ in an attempt to remove the misunderstanding of the British
about the Muslims.
Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan found the Aligarh Movement? (J2011/Q/2b)

He wanted to improve relations between the British and Muslims by getting rid of
British doubts about Muslim loyalty and Muslim doubts about the British. He also
wanted to improve the social and economic position of Muslims by getting them to
receive Western education and take up posts in the civil service and army. He also
wanted them to increase their political awareness to make them aware of the threat
to from the Hindu policy of cooperation with the British.
What was ‘The Loyal Mohammedans of India’? [4] (N2011/Q/2a)
Marking Scheme
To bring about better relations between British and Muslims, told British that
Muslims were not opposed to them, British shouldn’t discriminate against them as
Muslims were wrongly blamed for violence, try to understand and respect Muslim
beliefs, should consult with Indians.
Describe the ‘Hindu-Urdu Controversy [4] (N/2012/Q1a)
Marking Scheme:1867, Hindus demanded Hindi be the official language instead of
Urdu, Sir Syed andMuslims shocked at attack on Urdu as it had a special meaning to
them. Even Hindumembers of his Scientific Society wanted their journal published in
Hindi. Growing belief that Hindus working against the interests of Muslims and led to
his Two Nation Theory.
Q. Was the Two Nation Theory the most important contribution of Sir Syed Ahmad
Khan? Explain your answer.[14] ( J/13/Q1c)
Marking Scheme:Sir Syed wanted democratic rights in India but believed that this
would only disadvantage Muslims since Hindus were in the majority and would win all
the elections. He therefore felt that the British should treat the Muslims and Hindus
differently since they lived separate and different lives from one another and so were
really like separate nations. Sir Syed was the first person to express this point of view
and it became known as the Two Nation Theory that gave hope to Muslims of a separate
homeland. However he contributed many other things. He attempted to improve the
position of Muslims through education. In 1863 he founded the Scientific Society at
Ghazipore. He wanted to make scientific writings available to Muslims by translating
them from English into Urdu. He established a Muslim college which led to the Muslim-
38
Anglo Oriental College in 1876. This became the University of Aligarh which became
important in Pakistani history as providing an education for many of its future leaders.
He wrote a number of books following the War of Independence in which he tried to
show the British that the Muslims were only partly to blame and that there many who
were supporters of the British government. He suggested that the British should try to
understand Muslims better. He gave explanation of the word ’Nadarath’ in an attempt to
remove the misunderstanding of the British about the Muslims. He believed that
relations with the British could be improved by improving the understanding of
Christianity by Muslims. He tried to overcome this by writing Tabyin-ul-Kalam, in
which he pointed out the similarities between Islam and Christianity. He was also aware
that the British knew little about Islam and was offended by a book he read in Britain on
the life of the Prophet and as a result he wrote his own work correcting the many errors
he had read.
(c).Was the attempt to achieve a better understanding with the British the most
important contribution that Sir Syed Ahmad Khan made to the Muslim cause during
thenineteenth century? Explain your answer.[14](J/2015/Q2c) &(J2005/Q1c)
He suggested that the British should try to understand Muslims better. He gave an
explanation of the word ‘Nadarath’ in an attempt to remove the misunderstanding of the
British about the Muslims. He believed that relations with the British could be improved
by improving the understanding of Christianity by Muslims. He tried to overcome this by
writing Tabyin-ul-Kalam, in which he pointed out the similarities between Islam and
Christianity. He wrote a number of books following the War of Independence in which
he tried to show the British that the Muslims were only partly to blame and that there
were many who were supporters of the British government. He was also aware that the
British knew little about slam and was offended by a book he read in Britain on the life
of the Prophet and, as a result, he wrote his own work correcting the many errors he
had read. However, he contributed many other things. Sir Syed wanted democratic
rights in India but believed that this would only disadvantage Muslims since Hindus
were in the majority and would win all the elections. He therefore felt that the British
should treat the Muslims and Hindus differently since they lived separate and different
lives from one another and so were really like separate nations. Sir Syed was the first
person to express this point of view and it became known as the Two Nation Theory that
gave hope to Muslims of a separate homeland. He attempted to improve the position of
Muslims through education. In 1863 he founded the Scientific Society at Ghazipore. He
wanted to make scientific writings available to Muslims by translating them from
English into Urdu. He established a Muslim college which led to the Muslim-Anglo
Oriental College in 1876. This became the University of Aligarh which became
important in Pakistani history as providing an education for many of its future leaders.
(c) Was the development of a western education system the greatest achievement of Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan? Explain your answer. [14] (J2009/Q2c) (N2016/Q2c)
Marking Scheme
Western education system
• In 1863, he founded the Scientific Society at Ghazipore this made
scientific writings available to Muslims by translating them from English
into Urdu.
• He established a Muslim college, which led to the Muslim-Anglo Oriental
College in 1876 and then the University of Aligarh, which is important in
Pakistani history as it educated many of its future leaders.
• In 1886 he set up the Mohammedan Educational Conference with the
aim of raising educational standards amongst all Muslims.
• He devoted his time to improving the position of Muslims through
39
Other factors
He suggested that the British should try to understand Muslims better
• He gave explanation of the word ‘Nadarath’ in an attempt to remove the
misunderstanding of the British about Muslims.
• He was also aware that the British knew little about Islam and was
offended by a book he read in Britain on the life of the Prophet and, as a
result, wrote his own work correcting the many errors he had read.
• He believed that relations with the British also could be improved by
improving the understanding of Christianity by Muslims. He tried to
overcome this by writing Tabyin-ul-Kalam, which pointed out the
similarities between Islam and Christianity.
• He wrote a number of books following the War of Independence
showing the British that the Muslims were only partly to blame and that
there were Muslims who were supporters of the British government.
• He felt that the British should treat the Muslims and Hindus differently
since they lived separate and different lives from one another and so
were really like separate nations.
• He was the first person to express this point of view and it became
known as the Two Nation Theory that gave hope to Muslims of a
separate homeland.
(b) Explain why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan tried to improve relations between the Muslim community
and the British. [J2018/Q2b]
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wanted to improve their social and economic
conditions by taking up posts in the civil service and the army. In order to
do this, the Muslim community needed to embrace the British-styled
education system, which would open the door to these roles.
• If the Muslim community did not do these things and foster good relations
with the British, then they may see the Hindu community prosper at their
expense.
• He wrote The Loyal Mohammadens of India to prove to the British that
the Muslim community could be trusted after the War of Independence
40
[J2019/Q3c]
Were Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s religious views his most important
contribution to the Muslim cause after 1857? Explain your answer. [14]
Religious views
• He believed relations with the British could be improved by improving
the understanding of Christianity by Muslim groups. He tried to
overcome this by writing Tabyin-ul-Kalam, in which he pointed out the
similarities between Islam and Christianity.
• He was also aware that the British knew little about Islam. After reading
a book in Britain on the life of the Prophet, he wrote his own work
correcting the many errors he had read.
Education
• In 1863 he founded the Scientific Society at Ghazipore. He wanted to
make scientific writings available to Muslims by translating them from
English into Urdu.
• He established a Muslim college, which led to the Muslim-Anglo Oriental
College in 1876. This became the University of Aligarh, which became
important as it educated many future leaders.
• Improving the position of the Muslim community in society through
encouraging a Western education.
Politics
• He recognised that the Muslim community could not win any election
because of the Hindu majority population, so he advocated separate
seats and a separate electorate, which was the forerunner of the future
demand for a separate homeland.
• His books following the War of Independence attempted to restore
British understanding about the Muslim community. He showed that
there were Muslim supporters of the British government. He gave
explanation of the word ‘Nadarath’ and suggested that the British should
try to understand Muslim groups better.
Language
• Sir Syed was concerned that the Hindu community demanded that Hindi
should be made the official language in 1867 in place of Urdu. He
became opposed to the way that Congress was working for the interests
of Hindus in a way that was detrimental to the Muslim community. This
led to the formation of the United Patriotic Alliance.
• Sir Syed emphasised this threat to the Muslim community and
developed his Two Nation Theory, as a result many Muslim groups
called him the ‘Father of the Pakistan Movement’.
[N2019/Q32b]
(a) Describe ‘The Loyal Mohammedans of India’ .[4]
• Written by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan;
• Its aims were to bring about better relations between the British and the
Muslim community;
• To enable the British to understand and respect Muslim beliefs;
• To encourage consultation with the Indian people.
[N2020Q2c]
‘The “Two-Nation” Theory was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s main contribution to the development of the
Pakistan Movement during the nineteenth century.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
41
Indicative content
May agree that the ‘Two-Nation’ Theory was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s main
contribution to the development of the Pakistan Movement:
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wanted the British to treat Muslim and Hindu
groups separately
• he believed that Muslim and Hindu communities were different
• he was worried about Hindu groups dominating the Muslim community
Counter-arguments might include:

• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote pamphlets and books about the future of the
Muslim community
• he opened a school and a university
• he founded the scientific society at Ghazipore
• he founded the Aligarh Movement
• he wanted to enhance the status of the Muslim community
N2021/Q2(b)
Explain why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wanted to improve relations
between the Muslim community and the British after the War of
Independence.
Indicative content
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan foresaw the potential power of the Hindu
community in India
• he believed that the Muslim community was not responsible for the War
• he wanted to prevent any future suffering of the Muslim community
• he wanted to improve the social and economic conditions of the Muslim
community/the Muslim community to prosper
• he wanted the Muslim community to have improved educational 7
opportunities
J 2022/Q3(a)
3(a) Describe the purpose of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College.
Indicative content
 to replicate the pattern of the English public school/university system
 to form the basis of a Muslim university
 to offer western [1], Islamic [1] and Indian education [1] and modern
scientific developments [1]
 to offer the Muslim community an education [1] comparable to that of
Hindus [1] because Hindus were advancing/give Muslims the
opportunities of/ in society/status [1] and employment [1] to improve their
relations with the British [1]
 to become a symbol of Muslim unity
 to educate future leaders of Pakistan [1] e.g. Liaquat Ali Khan/
Muhammad Ayub Khan [1]
41(a)
[N 2022/Q 2c]
‘Introducing a new approach to education was the main contribution of
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to improving the lives of Muslim people during
the nineteenth century.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
may agree that a new approach to education was the main contribution of
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to improving the lives of Muslim people during the
nineteenth century:
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan sought views about education from influential
Muslims
• he set up the Mohammedan Educational Conference
• he opened a school which became a college and then a university
which taught a mix of Muslim and western content
• it used western educational ideas including new subjects such as
science
• it promoted self-esteem and confidence within Muslims and a pathway
to achieving employment and leadership
• he founded the Scientific Society at Ghazipur

• he believed in the ‘Two-Nation’ Theory
• he was opposed to Hindi replacing Urdu as the official language
• he improved Muslim understanding of Christianity
• he promoted more positive relationships by working with the Muslim
community and the British
• he promoted a greater understanding between the British and Muslim
communities of each other
• he wrote several influential texts
• he gave explanation of the word ‘Nadarath’
• he formed the United Patriotic Alliance
42
Chapter-5
Urdu and Regional Languages
Q Why was Urdu chosen as the national language of Pakistan? [7](J2004/Q/4b)
Marking Scheme
It carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been considered to be the
lan-guage of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the language associated with the Pakistani
Move-ment throughout its struggle with the British and the Hindus. After Independence it
was feltthat the language was the uniting force behind the nation and the government is
committed to using at all levels in society
How important was the development of regional languages to Pakistan between 1947
and 1988? Explain your answer. [14] (N2004/Q/3c)
Marking Scheme:Explains the importance of several regional languages and may state
thecase of Urdu. Also produces a judgement or evaluation.
Punjabi is the regional language of the Punjab. The Government have ensured its
development by giving support to those institutions who are using it. They have also taken
steps to promote the Sindhi language by establishing the Sindhi Literary Board in 1948
which has printed many books and magazines in the language. The Baluchi language has
also been promoted by its broadcasting on the radio. The establishment of the Quetta
Television Station has also helped to promote it. Pushto literature was boosted after
Independence since the poets had contributed a great deal to the freedom struggle.
However the promotion of regional languages has not been as important as that of Urdu.
language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the language associated with the Pakistani
Movement throughout its struggle with the British and the Hindus. After Independence it
was felt that the language was the uniting force behind the nation and the government is
committed to using at all levels in society.
Why did Pakistan choose Urdu as its national language? [7] (N2005/Q/2b)
Move-ment throughout its struggle with the British and the Hindus. After Independence it
committed to using at all levels in society.
‘The promotion of regional languages in Pakistan between 1947 and 1988 has been more
suc-cessful than the promotion of Urdu.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
(J2006/Q/1c)
Marking Scheme
Punjabi is the local language of the Punjab. It was a popular language amongst the Sufi
poets who used it for their romantic folk poetry. These poems contributed greatly to the
popularity of Punjabi. After Independence, steps were taken for the promotion and
development of the language in other parts of the province. The Government have ensured
its development by giving support to those institutions who are using it. Sindhi was written
in ‘Marwari’ and ‘ArzNagari’ was of writing which was subsequently changed into
Arabic. After Independence, steps were taken to promote the language e.g. the Sindhi
Literary Board was set up in 1948 which has printed many books and magazines in the
43
language. Pushto literature was boosted after Independence since the poets had
contributed a great deal to the freedom struggle. The Baluchi language has also been
promoted by its broadcasting on the radio. The establishment of the Quetta Television
Station has also helped to promote it. Urdu carries immense importance for all Pakistanis
since it has been considered to be the language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the
language associated with the Pakistani Movement throughout its struggle with the British
and the Hindus. After Independence it was felt that the language was the uniting force
behind the nation and the government is committed to using at all levels in society.
‘Sindhi was promoted more than any other regional language between 1947 and 1988’.
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (N2007/Q/1c)
Marking Scheme: Explains promotion of more than1 language (Sindhi to be included

formaximum marks). Also produces a judgement or evaluation.
After Independence, steps were taken to promote Sindhi e.g. the Sindhi Literary Board
was set up in 1948 which has printed many books and magazines in the language. Punjabi
is the local language of the Punjab. It was a popular language amongst the Sufi poets
who used it for their romantic folk poetry. These poems contributed greatly to the
popularity of Punjabi. After Independence, steps were taken for the promotion and
development of the language in other parts of the province. The Government have ensured
its development by giving support to those institutions who are using it. Pushto literature
was boosted after Independence since the poets had contributed a great deal to the
freedom struggle. The Baluchi language has also been promoted by its broadcasting on
the radio. The establishment of the Quetta Television Station has also helped to promote
it.
Explain why Urdu was chosen as the national language of Pakistan in 1947. [7]
(J2008/Q/1b)
Marking Scheme
Move-ment throughout its struggle with the British. After Independence it was felt that the
language was the uniting force behind the nation and the government is committed to
using at all levels in society.
Has the promotion of Urdu been more successful than that of any regional language in
Pakistan between 1947 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14] (J2009/Q/1c)
Marking Scheme
Urdu carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been considered to be the
language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the language associated with the Pakistani
Movement throughout its struggle with the British and the Hindus. After Independence it
committed to using at all levels in society. Punjabi is the local language of the Punjab. It
was a popular language amongst the Sufi poets who used it for their romantic folk poetry.
These poems contributed greatly to the popularity of Punjabi. After Independence, steps
were taken for the promotion and development of the language in other parts of the
province. The Government have ensured its development by giving support to those
institutions who are using it. Sindhi was written in ‘Marwari’ and ‘ArzNagari’ was of
institutions who are using it. Sindhi was written in ‘Marwari’ and ‘ArzNagari’ was of
44
writing which was subsequently changed into Arabic. After Independence, steps were
taken to promote the language e.g. the Sindhi Literary Board was set up in 1948 which
has printed many books and magazines in the language. Pushto literature was boosted
after Independence since the poets had contributed a great deal to the freedom struggle.
The Baluchi language has also been promoted by its broadcasting on the radio. The
establishment of the Quetta Television Station has also helped to promote it.
Why have regional languages been promoted by the Pakistan government since 1947?
[7] (N2009/Q/2b)
Marking Scheme
It was felt that the literature and work undertaken by authors in such areas as Sindh
should be kept alive and so the government set up bodies to promote it such as the
Sindhi Literary Board in 1948. Many languages have played an important role in the
history of the region, egPushto literature had an important role in creating opposition
to British rule and the movement for independence. Balochi had little development
before 1947 and its literature was in decline. However the government felt that it
should be kept alive and not lost forever. Hence the language was promoted.
How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of Balochi since
1947? [4] (N2010/Q/2a)
Marking Scheme
Radio Pakistan Karachi broadcasts in Balochi, Balochi Literary Association set up,
weekly and monthly magazines published, Quetta TV station, development of Balochi
literature, writers and poets e.g. Atta Shad, IshqShamin, Gul Khan Nazir and Azad
Jamal Din.
Punjabi has been promoted more than any other Pakistani regional language between
1947 and 1999.’ Give reasons why you might agree and disagree with this statement.
[14](J2011/Q/2c)
Marking Scheme
Punjabi is the local language of the Punjab. It was a popular language amongst the
Sufi poets who used it for their romantic folk poetry. These poems contributed greatly
to the popularity of Punjabi. After Independence, steps were taken for the promotion
and development of the language in other parts of the province. The Government has
ensured its development by giving support to those institutions who are using it. Sindhi
was written in ‘Marwari’ and ‘ArzNagari’ was of writing which was subsequently
changed into Arabic. After Independence, steps were taken to promote the language
e.g. the Sindhi Literary Board was set up in 1948 which has printed many books and
and magazines in the language. Pushto literature was boosted
after Independence since the poets had contributed a great deal to the freedom struggle.
The Baluchi language has also been promoted by its broadcasting on the radio. The
establishment of the Quetta Television Station has also helped to promote it.
Q.Why have regional languages been promoted by the Pakistan government since 1947?
[4](J/2013/Q1b)
Marking Scheme:It was felt that the literature and work undertaken by authors in such areas
as Sindh should be kept alive and so the government set up bodies to promote it such as the
Sindhi Literary Board in 1948. Many languages have played an important role in the history
of the region, e.g. Pushto literature had an important role in creating opposition to British
rule and the movement for independence. Balochi had little development before 1947 and its
literature
was in decline. However the government felt that it should be kept alive and not lost forever.
Hence the language was promoted
45
How has Pakistan promoted the development of Sindhi since 1947? N/2013/Q1a)
Marking Scheme:Goes back to 12th Century, 1948 Sindhi Literary Board set up. Folk
literature books written,1954Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Muala set up, Sarmast academy established in
memory of SachalSarmast, Sindhiology department set up at Sindh University Jamshoro.
After riots of 1972government guaranteed special importance of the language.
Why was Urdu chosen as the national language in Pakistan in 1947?[7](J/2015/Q2b)

Marking Scheme:It carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been
considered to be thelanguage of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the language associated
with the PakistaniMovement throughout its struggle with the British and the Hindus. After
Independence, it wasfelt that the language was the uniting force behind the nation and the
government iscommitted to using it at all levels in society.
Explain why Urdu was chosen as the national language of Pakistan in 1947. [N2018/Q5b]
Marking Scheme:
• Historic importance as it was the language associated with the
Pakistani Movement throughout its struggle with the British and the
Hindu community
• Closely linked to Islamic writings therefore it united the Muslim
community
• After Independence it was felt that the language was the uniting force
behind the nation so the government committed to using it at all levels
in society.
Explain why Muhammad Ali Jinnah chose Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. [2021/Q2(b)]
Indicative content
• Urdu was widely spoken and understood
• He viewed it as a unifying force
• it was associated with the Pakistan Movement
• it has a rich literary heritage
• it has important links to Islam

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www.gceguide.

com>Topical papers>Tahir Ali Babar>History

Tahir Ali Babar

(a)What was Faraizi Movement? [4](N2010/Q/1a)

Syed Ahmad Barailvi

Who was Titu Mir? J2018/Q2(a)

• As at this time the Muslim community were not allowed freedom of

• Shah Waliullah wanted to stop the declining position of Muslims

counter-arguments might include:

 it took place in 1831

Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4

Target: AO1, AO2

Aurangzeb had an intolerant attitude to non-Muslims. He introduced a tax on non-

Strength of British Army.

Who were zamindars? (J2017/Q2a)

Who were the Thuggee? [W2017/Q2a]

Who was Titu Mir? [J2018/Q2a]

Fort William, Calcutta, 1756

Adapted from an essay in History Today, 2006

• Several were already wounded

A print of a contemporary engraving showing the distribution of relief

The annexation of land. Hyderabad and Oudh accepted British

Adapted from an article in a British newspaper published in June 1988

Q1(a)According to Source A what were the personal characteristics of Robert Clive ?

Level 3: Explains reason(s) 5–7

Who was Mir Qasim? [J2020/Q2a] 4

• Nawab of Bengal [1] in 1760 [1], succeeding Mir Jafar [1];

According to Source A, why was Queen Victoria made Empress of India?

1(b) • there is blood

Other relevant responses should also be credited.

Describe the Jizya tax. [N2020/Q2a]

An article on Aurangzeb adapted

• the soldiers are wearing armour

counterarguments may include:

Other relevant responses should also be credited. 10

According to Source A, Mir Jafar was unpopular as Nawab of Bengal.

An engraving depicting the discovery of Tipu Sultan’s body in battle

Question Answer Marks

1(a) According to Source A, Mir Jafar was unpopular as Nawab of Bengal. 3

Target: AO1, AO4

Level 3 (4–5 marks) Supported valid inference(s)

Level 2 (2–3 marks) Unsupported valid inference(s)

Level 1 (1 mark) Identifies a surface feature

Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response

Note: an unsupported valid inference can only be credited if it can be inferred

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Question Answer Marks

Target: AO1, AO2

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.

 Titu Mir advocated jihad against ‘non-Islamic actions’

Other relevant responses should also be credited.

Question Answer Marks

Target: AO1, AO2

Level 5 (10 marks) Explains with evaluation/ judgement

Level 4 (7–9 marks) Explanation of both sides of the issue

Level 3 (4–6 marks) Explanation of one-side of the issue

Level 2 (2–3 marks) Identification/ description of the issue

Level 1 (1 mark) General answer

Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response

Question Answer Marks

1(d) Counter-arguments might include:

Other relevant responses should also be credited.

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