Environmental Science: Theory into Practice I (AEC) July 2023 (Evening)

Q. 1: (a) Fill in the Blanks:

(i) The non-living elements such as land, air and water are called as abiotic component.

(ii) The first species that colonize a new area are called pioneer species.

(iii) Fossil Fuels are a non-renewable energy resource formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago.

(iv) Shoe polish is an example of hazardous waste.

(v) The full form of UNFCC is United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change.

(b) State True or False:

(i) Ozone layer is found in thermosphere. False, ozone layer is found in stratosphere.

(ii) The running fresh water ecosystem is known as lotic biome. True.

(iii) The Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit was held in 1992. True.

(iv) About 10 percent of the India’s electricity comes from coal-fired power stations. False, Coal accounts around 55% of the India's energy
need.

(v) Sulfur dioxide released from burning coal is converted into acid rain in the atmosphere. True, Sulfur dioxide combined with water and form
sulfuric acid which is a major component of acid rain.

Q. 2: Write a short note on

(i) Estuaries

Estuaries are coastal ecosystems where freshwater rivers or streams meet and mix with the salty waters of the ocean. These transitional zones,
often called the "nurseries of the sea," are characterized by dynamic and diverse habitats. They are characterized by a brackish environment,
estuaries experience constant changes in water salinity, temperature, and tidal currents. They serve as critical habitats for many marine and bird
species during different stages of their life cycles. They provide sheltered areas for spawning, nesting, and feeding, making them important
breeding grounds for numerous marine organisms. The abundant plant life within estuaries, such as saltmarsh grasses and mangroves, offers food
and refuge to various species. These ecosystems also play a significant role in filtering and purifying water. As freshwater flows into estuaries, it
carries nutrients and sediments. The complex network of tidal channels, marshes, and mudflats within estuaries acts as a natural filtration system,
trapping sediments and excess nutrients, thereby improving water quality and reducing pollution. Furthermore, estuaries provide numerous
benefits to human communities. They support commercial and recreational fisheries, offering opportunities for fishing, shellfish harvesting, and
boating. Estuaries also provide protection from storms, as their wetlands help absorb and dissipate wave energy, reducing the impact of coastal
erosion and flooding.

However, estuaries are facing numerous threats. Human activities such as urban development, agriculture, and industrial pollution can negatively
impact water quality and destroy critical habitats. Climate change and rising sea levels also pose significant challenges to the delicate balance of
estuarine ecosystems. Efforts are being made globally to conserve and restore estuaries. These include establishing protected areas, implementing
sustainable fishing practices, reducing pollution inputs, and promoting public awareness and education about the importance of these valuable
and fragile ecosystems.

(ii) Appiko movement

The Appiko movement was a prominent environmental movement that emerged in the 1980s in the state of Karnataka, India. The movement is
inspired by the Chipko Andolan of the Himalayas. Its name, "Appiko," means "to hug" in Kannada, symbolizing the movement's core tactic:
people embracing trees to prevent their felling.

The movement was led by social activist and environmentalist Panduranga Hegde,it aimed to conserve and rationally use the forest resources, as
well as empower local communities in the conservation and management of the forests. The activists of the Appiko movement employed various
non-violent techniques to protest against deforestation. They engaged in activities such as tree-hugging, forming human chains, and conducting
sit-ins at the sites where trees were marked for felling. Apart from this they also used various other methods such as foot marches, slide shows,
folk dances, promote slogans such as "Ubsu, Belesu, Balasu" motto: Save (Ubsu), Grow (Belesu), and Use Rationally (Balasu) resources and
street plays to raise awareness, and the movement succeeded in its objectives of protecting the existing forest cover, promoting afforestation on

Dr. Prabhat Kashyap

denuded lands, and utilizing forest wealth with proper consideration for the conservation and protect the rich ecological resources of the Western
Ghats. The movement garnered widespread support from local communities, students, and environmentalists, which played a crucial role in
pressuring the government to take action. The Appiko movement successfully advocated for reforestation efforts, stricter regulations on logging,
and the recognition of the ecological value of the forests in the Western Ghats.

The Appiko movement stands as a significant milestone in the environmental history of India. It highlighted the power of peaceful activism,
community involvement, and local knowledge in protecting ecosystems. The movement served as an inspiration for subsequent environmental
movements in India and emphasized the importance of sustainable practices and conservation for the well-being of both people and the
environment.

(iii) Bhopal Gas Tragedy

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy, one of the world's worst industrial disasters, occurred on the night of December 2-3, 1984, in Bhopal, India. A
pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) released about 40 tons of the toxic gas, methyl isocyanate (MIC), into the
surrounding residential areas. The disaster led to the immediate death of thousands of people, with estimates ranging from 3,800 to 16,000. Over
500,000 people were exposed to the gas, and the final death toll is estimated to be between 15,000 and 20,000. Survivors suffered from
respiratory problems, eye irritation or blindness, and other long lasting health issues due to exposure to the toxic gas. The dangerous chemicals
released during the disaster also contaminated the soil and water, causing ongoing environmental and health hazards for the residents of Bhopal.

The disaster was attributed to a combination of factors, including inadequate safety measures, poor maintenance, and cost-cutting by the plant's
management. The tragedy sparked outrage and legal battles, with victims and activists seeking justice and compensation. The incident
highlighted the risks associated with hazardous chemical used in the industries and the importance of stringent safety regulations and corporate
accountability. The incident prompted discussions on the ethical responsibilities of companies operating in developing countries and highlighted
the importance of ensuring the safety and well-being of workers and communities. The aftermath saw legal battles between the Indian
government and Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), company. In 1989, UCIL agreed to a settlement of $470 million with the Indian
government, a widely criticized and contested amount.

The Bhopal gas tragedy remains a somber reminder of the devastating consequences that can arise from industrial accidents and the need for
rigorous safety measures and disaster preparedness. It serves as a stark reminder for industries and governments around the world to prioritize
the protection of human lives and the environment in their operations.

Q. 3: (a) Describe the effects of acid rain on man-made materials and monuments.

Answer: Acid rain, which is the result of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions combining with water vapor in the
atmosphere, can have harmful effects on man-made materials and monuments. The acidic components of rainwater can cause chemical reactions
and physical degradation, leading to various forms of damage. Here are some of the effects of acid rain on man-made materials:

1. Corrosion: Acid rain can corrode metals, including iron, steel, and copper. The acidic water reacts with the metal surface, causing oxidation
and the breakdown of protective coatings. This can result in the weakening and eventual destruction of structures, pipelines, bridges, and other
metal-based infrastructure.

2. Erosion: Acid rain can erode stone, concrete, and masonry structures. The acidic water reacts with the calcium carbonate present in many
building materials, causing them to dissolve and gradually wear away. Over time, this erosion can lead to the deterioration and structural
instability of buildings, statues, monuments, and historical artifacts. For example, Acid rain reacts with the marble (calcium carbonate) of the Taj
Mahal, progressively changing its color from white to pale yellow. It has also caused pitting, decolorization, and makes it lusterless.

3. Discoloration: Acid rain can cause discoloration and staining on surfaces. This is particularly noticeable on lighter-colored materials such as
marble and limestone. The acidic water reacts with mineral components in the materials, leaving behind unsightly stains and altering the original
appearance of structures and monuments.

4. Loss of Detail: Acid rain can gradually erode and dissolve finely carved details on statues and intricate architectural features. The intricate
patterns and designs of sculptures and architectural elements can lose their sharpness and distinctiveness due to the gradual dissolution caused by
acid rain.

5. Damage to Paint and Coatings: Acid rain can degrade and weaken protective coatings, including paint, varnish, and sealants. The acidic
components chemically react with these coatings, causing them to crack, peel, or lose their adhesion. This damage leaves underlying materials
susceptible to further degradation by moisture, UV radiation, and pollutants.

The effects of acid rain on man-made materials and monuments not only compromise their aesthetic appeal but also pose significant preservation
challenges. Protecting structures and monuments from acid rain often involves measures such as the use of acid-resistant materials, applying
protective coatings, regular maintenance, and reducing pollutant emissions that contribute to acid rain formation. These efforts are crucial to
ensure the longevity and preservation of our cultural heritage and built environment.

Dr. Prabhat Kashyap

(b) How are human health risks caused by nuclear hazards?

Answer: Nuclear hazards can pose significant risks to human health due to various factors associated with radiation exposure. Here are some
ways in which human health risks can arise from nuclear hazards:

1. Radiation Exposure: Nuclear hazards, such as nuclear accidents or weapon testing, can release ionizing radiations into the environment.
When humans are exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation, it can damage cells and DNA, leading to acute health effects like radiation
sickness, burns, and long-term effects such as an increased risk of cancer and genetic mutations.

2. Acute Radiation Sickness: In the event of a large-scale nuclear accident or exposure to a high dose of radiation, individuals can develop acute
radiation sickness. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, weakness, loss of appetite, hair loss, and damage to organs and tissues. Acute
radiation sickness can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

3. Increased Cancer Risk: Exposure to ionizing radiation, especially at high levels and for extended periods, can significantly increase the risk
of developing various types of cancer. Radiation can cause mutations in DNA, disrupting the normal cell cycle regulation and leading to
uncontrolled cell growth. The risk of cancer may persist for many years after exposure, with leukemia, thyroid cancer, and breast cancer being
among the most common radiation-related cancers.

4. Long-Term Genetic Effects: High doses of radiation can damage DNA within reproductive cells, leading to genetic mutations. These
mutations can be passed down to future generations, potentially increasing the risk of genetic disorders and birth defects. This long-term genetic
impact highlights the importance of protecting reproductive cells from radiation exposure.

5. Psychological Impacts: Nuclear hazards can have significant psychological impacts on individuals and communities. Experiencing a nuclear
disaster or living in proximity to a nuclear site can cause anxiety, fear, and mental health issues. These psychological effects can be long-lasting
and require adequate support and counseling.

To mitigate health risks caused by nuclear hazards, strict safety measures and regulations are essential in nuclear industries and facilities. These
include proper handling, storage, and disposal of radioactive materials, as well as rigorous monitoring and inspection protocols. Additionally,
emergency preparedness and public education about radiation safety are crucial to minimizing health risks in the event of a nuclear incident.

Q. 4: What are the key principles of ecological restoration? Giving a suitable example explain how ecological restoration can restore an
ecosystem to its original state?

Answer: The key principles of ecological restoration involve the understanding and application of ecological processes and practices to restore or
rehabilitate degraded ecosystems. Here are the main principles:

1. Adherence to Natural Processes: Ecological restoration aims to mimic natural processes by allowing ecological systems to recover and self-
regulate. Emphasis is placed on understanding the natural dynamics, interactions, and feedback mechanisms within ecosystems.

2. Ecosystem-Based Holistic Approach: Restoration efforts should focus on whole ecosystems rather than specific components. This approach
recognizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of various elements within an ecosystem, including species, habitats, and ecological
processes.

3. Use of Native Species: Native plant and animal species are preferred for restoration projects as they are adapted to local conditions and play
essential roles in ecosystem functioning. The use of non-native species is generally avoided to prevent potential negative impacts on native
biodiversity.

4. Biodiversity Conservation: Restoration efforts aim to promote and enhance biodiversity by creating suitable habitats, restoring ecological
niches, and encouraging the return of native species. Biodiversity restoration improves ecosystem resilience, ecosystem services, and overall
ecosystem health.

5. Adaptive Management: The process of ecological restoration requires flexibility and adaptive management. Monitoring, evaluation, and
adaptive strategies are employed to continuously learn, improve, and adjust restoration techniques based on ecological outcomes and changing
environmental conditions.

6. Stakeholder Involvement: Effective restoration requires engagement and collaboration among various stakeholders, including local
communities, landowners, researchers, and policymakers. Incorporating local knowledge and fostering a sense of ownership can contribute to
sustainable restoration outcomes.

Dr. Prabhat Kashyap

7. Long-Term Perspective: Ecological restoration is a long long-term process that requires patience and commitment. Restoration goals should be
realistic and achievable, considering the time it takes for ecosystems to recover and mature.

8. Ethical Considerations: Ecological restoration acknowledges the intrinsic value of nature and the ethical responsibility
responsi to conserve and
restore ecosystems. It involves ethical decision
decision-making and considerations for the well-being
being of ecosystems, their components, and future
generations.

Ecological restoration can restore an ecosystem to its original state by following these above principles. For example, the restoration of the
Aravalli Biodiversity Park in Delhi, India, is an excellent example of ecological restoration. The park was once a mining site,
sit and the land was
barren and degraded. However, the park was restore
restored
d by planting native trees and shrubs, creating wetlands, and introducing local wildlife. The
restoration project also involved the local community, who were trained in ecological restoration techniques and were involved
involve in the planting
and maintenance of the park. Today, the Aravalli Biodiversity Park is a thriving ecosystem that supports a diverse range of flora and fauna,
including over 190 bird species, 90 butterfly species, and 25 reptile species. The park has become a popular destination for nature lovers and is an
excellent example of how ecological restoration can restore an ecosystem to its original state.

Q. 5: The various steps representing organisms in a food chain at which the transfer of food and energy takes place are called trophic
levels.

(a) Construct a terrestrial food chain comprising four trophic levels. label it.

A terrestrial food chain comprising four trophic levels can be illustrated as follows:

First Trophic Level (Producer): Plants

Second Trophic Level (Primary Consumer): Grasshoppers
Third Trophic Level (Secondary Consumer):): Frog
Frogs
Fourth Trophic Level (Tertiary Consumer):
): Snake
Snakes

In this food chain, plants (producers) are consumed by grasshoppers (primary consumers), which are then consumed by frogs (secondary (se
consumers), and finally, the frogs are consumed by snakes (tertiary consumers). This example demonstrates the flow of energy and nutrients
through the ecosystem, with each trophic level representing a different position in the food chain. The energy flow in i a food chain is
unidirectional, moving from the lower trophic levels to the higher ones, and the example of the terrestrial food chain illustrates
illust this concept.

(b) What
hat will happen if we kill all organisms in one trophic level? why?

If all organisms in one trophic level were to be killed, it would have significant consequences for the entire food chain and ecosystem.

1. Disruption of Energy Flow: Each trophic level in a food chain relies on the energy transferred from the previous level.le By eliminating an
entire trophic level, the energy flow would be disrupted, as there would be no source of energy for the organisms at the next trophic level.

2. Imbalance in Population Dynamics: Organisms in different trophic levels are interconnect

interconnected
ed in terms of predation and prey relationships. By
removing one trophic level, the prey organisms would no longer have predators to keep their population under control. This couldco result in an
explosion in their population size, leading to uncontrolled gr
growth and resource depletion.

3. Cascading Effects: Removing one trophic level can initiate a cascade of effects throughout the ecosystem. The loss of predators can lead to
an increase in the population of their prey, which in turn can negatively impact th
thee population of other organisms dependent on the prey for food.
This ripple effect can result in imbalances throughout the ecosystem, disrupting ecological stability.

Dr. Prabhat Kashyap

4. Alteration of Community Structure: Each trophic level plays a role in maintaining the balance and structure of an ecosystem. Removing one
trophic level can lead to the decline or disappearance of certain species, impacting the overall diversity and composition of the community. It can
also result in the loss of important ecological functions performed by the organisms within that trophic level.

In short, killing all organisms in one trophic level would disrupt energy flow, create imbalances in population dynamics, cause cascading effects
throughout the food chain, and alter the community structure. The repercussions would have far-reaching consequences for the overall
functioning and stability of the ecosystem.

(c) What is the maximum number of trophic levels present in a food chain. why?

The maximum number of trophic levels present in a food chain is usually limited to around four to five levels. This limitation arises due to the
decreasing amount of energy available at each successive trophic level. Each trophic level represents a transfer of energy, with primary
producers (plants) converting sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. This energy is then consumed by primary consumers
(herbivores) at the next trophic level. As energy is transferred from one level to another, a significant amount of it is lost as heat or used for
metabolic processes, limiting the amount of energy available to higher trophic levels.

Since, energy availability decreases with each trophic level, there is not enough energy to support a large number of higher-level consumers.
Additionally, the energy loss limits the transfer efficiency, making it inefficient to sustain more than a few trophic levels.

(d) Calculate the amount of energy available to the organisms at the fourth trophic level, if the energy available to the organisms at the
second trophic level is 600 J. Explain.

To calculate the amount of energy available to organisms at the fourth trophic level (L4), we need to consider the energy transfer efficiency
between trophic levels.

It is estimated that, on average, only around 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. This is known as the 10% rule
(Lindeman's rule). Therefore, if the energy available to organisms at the second trophic level (L2) is 600 J, we can calculate the energy available
to organisms at the fourth trophic level (L4) as follows:

Energy available to L3 = (10% of energy available to L2) = 0.1 x 600 J = 60 J

Energy available to L4 = (10% of energy available to L3) = 0.1 x 60 J = 6 J

Therefore, the amount of energy available to organisms at the fourth trophic level (L4) is 6 J.

This diminishing energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels is due to various factors, such as the energy lost as heat during metabolic
processes, incomplete digestion and absorption of prey, and energy diverted to activities other than growth and reproduction.

Q. 6: After the examination Raman and his friends went for a small get together in a nearby park. They carried along with them cooked
food wrapped in aluminum foil, paper plates, wooden spoons, water bottles, chocolate and chips in plastic wrappers and some juice in
tetra-packs. After they were done eating, they collected all the leftover food and other materials and went to dispose of in the dustbin
nearby. There were blue and green dustbins in the park. Since there was some confusion on which waste to throw in which dustbin, they
decided to dispose them off by burning.

(a) In your opinion, is burning plastic an eco-friendly method of waste disposal? Explain with reasons.

Burning plastic is not considered an eco-friendly method of waste disposal. Here are some reasons:

1. Air Pollution: Burning plastic releases toxic fumes and pollutants into the air, including dioxins, furans, and greenhouse gases. These
pollutants contribute to air pollution, which has a negative impact on both human health and the environment.

2. Climate Change: Burning plastic releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases are major
drivers of climate change and contribute to global warming. Inefficient or uncontrolled burning can release even more greenhouse gases into the
environment than proper waste management practices.

3. Health Hazards: The combustion of plastic results in the release of hazardous substances, such as heavy metals and toxic chemicals, which
pose risks to human health. Inhaling these pollutants can cause respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and other serious health issues.

4. Waste of Resources: Plastic is made from fossil fuels, which are non-renewable resources. When plastic is burned, these resources are wasted
instead of being recycled or reused. This contributes to resource depletion and further dependence on fossil fuels.

Dr. Prabhat Kashyap

5. Environmental Contamination: Burning plastic can result in the release of ash and residues that may contain harmful chemicals and
pollutants. These residues can contaminate soil and water bodies, affecting local ecosystems and wildlife.

Burning of plastic waste as a waste disposal method is harmful to the environment, human health, and the overall goal of sustainability. Instead, it
is crucial to focus on proper waste management techniques, such as recycling, reuse, and reduction of plastic waste, to minimize the
environmental impact and promote a circular economy.

(b) Outline a proper method of segregation for the various types of waste generated by Raman and his friends in the park.

Proper waste segregation is essential for efficient waste management and environmental conservation. The suggested method for segregating
waste by Raman and his friends in the park involves categorizing all the waste into biodegradable (organic waste), non-biodegradable (inorganic
waste), plastic, tetra-packs and empty water bottles. Each type has a designated disposal method, such as placing biodegradable waste such as
cooked food leftovers, wooden spoons etc. in the green dustbin, non-biodegradable waste like aluminum foil, paper plates in the blue dustbin, and
collecting plastic waste, tetra-packs, and empty water bottles separately for recycling. Additionally, the method emphasizes educational
awareness to instill responsible waste management habits and encourages the use of litter bins instead of burning to maintain a cleaner and
healthier environment. Following this approach helps contribute to a cleaner park, promotes recycling, and minimizes the environmental impact
of waste disposal activities.

(c) After segregating the available waste, what should Raman and his friend do?

After segregating the waste into biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and plastic waste for recycling, Raman and his friends should follow proper
disposal method. They should place the segregated biodegradable waste (cooked food leftovers, wooden spoons) into the green dustbin as
biodegradable waste can be composted, promoting the recycling of organic matter and reducing the load on landfills, non-biodegradable waste
includes materials like aluminum foil, paper plates that do not decompose easily can be put in blue dustbin. Proper disposal ensures that these
items are directed towards recycling or appropriate treatment, and the plastic waste into a separate bag or container designated for recycling.
Plastics take a long time to decompose and can have detrimental effects on the environment. Collecting them separately facilitates recycling.
However, Tetra-packs are made of multiple materials, including paper, plastic, and aluminum. Specialized recycling facilities can process them
more effectively when separated from other waste.

By following above methods, Raman and his friends can contribute to a cleaner and more environmentally responsible park, promoting the
principles of waste reduction, recycling, and sustainable living.

(d) If everyone in the park follows the same method of waste disposal, how will it impact the city and the country? Please explain the
potential implications.

If everyone in the park follows the method of waste disposal by burning, it can have several negative implications for both the city and the
country. This includes environmental pollution with harmful pollutants, leading to severe health risks, especially for vulnerable populations.
Inhaling the pollutants generated from burning waste can lead to respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems, and other health hazards. Burning of
waste also contaminates soil and contributes to environmental degradation. Burning waste also increases the carbon footprint, contributing to
climate change. Burning waste can create unpleasant odors and visually unappealing scenes in public spaces. This negatively impacts the
aesthetic quality of the park and may deter others from using the area for recreational purposes. The cumulative impact of widespread waste
burning can result in long-term environmental damage. It may take years for ecosystems to recover from the effects of air and soil pollution
caused by the continuous burning of waste.

To counter these issues, it is crucial to advocate sustainable waste management practices, including proper segregation, recycling, and responsible
disposal, through public awareness campaigns, education, and improved waste infrastructure.

Q. 7: You have been selected to talk on "Ozone layer and it's protection" in an event on 'Environment Day'. Prepare a small speech
covering the following points.

(a) What are the major causes of ozone depletion, and how do they contribute to environmental damage? Discuss three key factors.

(b) How can individuals reduce their personal consumption of ozone-depleting substances? Share two specific lifestyle changes or
practices that can significantly contribute to minimizing the release of harmful substances.

(c) Discuss the role of international agreements and policies in the protection of the ozone layer.

(d) Provide two examples of such agreements and explain how they have helped in reducing ozone-depleting substances globally.

Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed guests, and fellow environmental enthusiasts,

Dr. Prabhat Kashyap

I am honored to stand before you on this special occasion of Environment Day to discuss a crucial topic that concerns the well-being of our planet
– the ozone layer and its protection.

(a) Let's begin by understanding the major causes of ozone depletion and how they contribute to environmental damage. Three key factors stand
out prominently in this regard. Firstly, the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances used in various industrial
processes, refrigeration, and air conditioning. These synthetic compounds have a destructive impact on the ozone layer, leading to its thinning.
Second, the emissions from certain industrial activities and the use of solvents contribute to the breakdown of ozone molecules. Lastly, nitrous
oxide, a byproduct of agricultural and industrial processes, plays a role in ozone layer depletion. All these factors collectively result in increased
ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface, causing harm to ecosystems and living organisms.

(b) Now, let's examine into how individuals can contribute to the protection of the ozone layer. Two specific lifestyle changes can significantly
reduce personal consumption of ozone-depleting substances. Firstly, opting for eco-friendly products and appliances that do not contain harmful
substances can make a substantial difference. Secondly, practicing responsible waste disposal by recycling and proper disposal of items
containing ozone-depleting chemicals prevents their release into the environment.

(c) Moving on to the international perspective, the role of agreements and policies cannot be overstated in the protection of the ozone layer.
International cooperation is crucial, and the landmark Montreal Protocol, established in 1987, exemplifies this commitment. This protocol aims to
phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances, demonstrating the power of collective action on a global scale.

(d) Let's explore two examples of international agreements and how they have contributed to the reduction of ozone-depleting substances. The
Montreal Protocol, as mentioned earlier, has successfully led to a significant decrease in the global production of ozone-depleting substances,
contributing to the gradual recovery of the ozone layer. Additionally, the Kigali Amendment, adopted in 2016, extends the scope of the Montreal
Protocol to include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases with a high global warming potential. By phasing down the production
and consumption of HFCs, this amendment not only protects the ozone layer but also addresses climate change.

The protection of the ozone layer is a shared responsibility that requires individual commitment, international collaboration, and stringent
policies. Let us continue to strive towards a world where the ozone layer remains intact, safeguarding the health of our planet for generations to
come.

Thank you.

Q. 8: Define the following:

(i) Hydrosphere: The hydrosphere is the entire body of water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and ice caps. It covers about
71% of the Earth's surface and plays a crucial role in regulating climate, supporting life, and shaping landscapes.

(ii) Particulate Matter: Particulate matter, often abbreviated as PM, refers to a mixture of tiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the air.
These particles can come from various sources, including natural events like dust storms and volcanic eruptions, as well as human activities like
burning fossil fuels and industrial processes.

(iii) Ecological Pyramid: An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the energy flow within an ecosystem. It typically depicts
producers (plants) at the base, followed by herbivores, then carnivores, and apex predators at the top. Each level represents a smaller amount of
energy than the one below it due to energy loss through respiration and other processes.

(iv) Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is the heat generated deep within the Earth's core. This heat can be harnessed to produce electricity
through geothermal power plants, which extract hot water or steam from underground reservoirs. Geothermal energy is a clean and renewable
source of energy with minimal environmental impact.

(v) Subsidence: Subsidence refers to the gradual sinking or settling of the Earth's surface. It can occur naturally due to processes like erosion or
the dissolving of underground rock formations. However, human activities like groundwater extraction, mining, and drilling can also trigger
subsidence, often with damaging consequences for infrastructure and ecosystems.

(vi) E-waste: E-waste, or electronic waste, refers to discarded electronic devices and equipment, including computers, smartphones, refrigerators,
and other electronic appliances. E-waste contains valuable materials but also hazardous substances like lead, mercury, and cadmium. Improper
disposal of e-waste can pose significant environmental and health hazards due to the presence of these hazardous materials.

Q. 9: Explain with examples, how Indian environmentalism was able to foster a culture of environmental stewardship and sustainability
in the country?

Answer: India's rich history and diverse landscape have fostered a deep connection between its people and the environment. Indian
environmentalism has played a crucial role in fostering a culture of environmental stewardship and sustainability in the country. Several factors
have contributed to this, including the rich ecological heritage of India, the recognition of environmental challenges, and the efforts of various

Dr. Prabhat Kashyap

individuals, organizations, and movements. Here are some examples illustrating how Indian environmentalism has promoted a culture of
environmental stewardship and sustainability:

Chipko Movement: The Chipko Movement, which originated in the Himalayan region in the 1970s, saw local communities, mainly women,
hugging trees to protect them from logging activities. This movement not only raised awareness about deforestation but also emphasized the
connection between local communities and their natural surroundings, fostering a sense of responsibility and stewardship.

Appreciation for Sacred Groves: India has a tradition of sacred groves, areas dedicated to deities and protected by local communities. These
groves exemplify sustainable practices. The respect for these sacred groves reflects a cultural and spiritual connection to nature, promoting
responsible and sustainable use of natural resources.

Traditional Farming Practices: Many Indian farmers continue to follow traditional and sustainable agricultural practices, such as organic
farming and crop rotation. By preserving and promoting these practices, environmentalists have encouraged a shift away from intensive
chemical-based agriculture, fostering a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach to farming.

Renewable Energy Initiatives: India has made significant strides in promoting renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power.
Initiatives like the National Solar Mission aim to harness India's vast renewable energy potential, reducing dependence on non-renewable sources
and mitigating environmental impacts.

Waste Management Initiatives: Environmental groups in India have been actively involved in waste management and recycling initiatives.
Campaigns promoting waste segregation, recycling, and the reduction of single-use plastics contribute to a culture of environmental responsibility
and sustainability.

Legal Framework for Environmental Protection: The establishment of environmental laws and regulatory bodies, such as the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change, has provided a legal framework for environmental protection. These measures promote responsible
industrial practices and hold entities accountable for environmental conservation.

Environmental Education and Awareness: Environmental NGOs and educational institutions have played a crucial role in promoting
environmental education and awareness. By fostering an understanding of environmental issues and their consequences, these efforts contribute
to the development of a society that values sustainability.

Rural and Urban Conservation Projects: Numerous conservation projects, both in rural and urban areas, have been undertaken to protect
ecosystems, wildlife, and water resources. These projects involve local communities, creating a sense of ownership and responsibility for the
environment.

Overall, Indian environmentalism has woven a fabric of cultural and ecological awareness, emphasizing the interconnectedness of humans and
nature. Through grassroots movements, legal frameworks, and educational initiatives, environmental stewardship and sustainability have become
integral parts of the Indian cultural ethos.

Q. 10: Briefly discuss various categories of ecosystem services.

Answer: Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems. These services can be broadly categorized into four main
types:

1. Provisioning Services: These services involve the products or resources that ecosystems provide to humans. They include essential resources
that directly support human well-being, livelihoods, and economic activities. Examples of provisioning services include:

Food: Crops, seafood, meat, and other edible products.

Water: Clean and fresh water for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use.

Timber: Wood and other forest products.

Fiber: Raw materials for textiles and other products.

2. Regulating Services: Regulating services involve the role of ecosystems in regulating natural processes and maintaining balance in the
environment. These services contribute to the regulation of climate, disease, and water quality. They are also crucial for maintaining ecological
resilience and preventing the disruption of natural processes. Examples include:

Climate Regulation: Forests and oceans play a crucial role in regulating climate by absorbing and storing carbon dioxide.

Water Purification: Wetlands and forests filter pollutants from water, improving water quality.

Dr. Prabhat Kashyap

Disease Control: Ecosystems contribute to controlling pests and diseases that affect human health.

3. Supporting Services: Supporting services are the foundation of all other ecosystem services, as they provide the necessary conditions for
ecosystems to function properly. They are essential for the maintenance of biodiversity, ecosystem productivity, and the functioning of other
ecosystem services. Examples include:

Nutrient Cycling: The cycling of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through ecosystems.

Soil Formation: Processes that contribute to the development and maintenance of fertile soils.

Biodiversity: The variety of species that contribute to ecosystem resilience and productivity.

4. Cultural Services: Cultural services are non-material benefits that ecosystems provide to humans, contributing to cultural, recreational, and
spiritual aspects of human life. Cultural services contribute to overall well-being, cultural identity, and quality of life. Examples include:

Recreation and Tourism: Natural landscapes and ecosystems provide spaces for recreation and tourism.

Spiritual and Aesthetic Values: Natural environments often hold cultural and spiritual significance.

Educational and Scientific Values: Ecosystems serve as subjects of study, contributing to education and scientific knowledge.

It is important to understand and recognize the value of these various ecosystem services as they contribute to the livelihoods of communities,
human well-being, and the overall health of the planet. Awareness and conservation efforts aimed at preserving and sustainably managing these
services are essential for long-term sustainability.

Dr. Prabhat Kashyap