INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

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 Learning Objectives
At the end of this training-workshop, the students will
be able to:

1. describe the steps in conducting a health research

2. identify a research problem and set a research
objectives/hypothesis
3. formulate a research instrument
4. discuss the concepts of validity and generalizability
of research findings
5. describe the main components of a research report

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 Research
Systematic collection
Analysis
Interpretation of Data

TO ANSWER a
QUESTION OR SOLVE A PROBLEM

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 Other Definitions of Research
• 1. It is a scientific investigation to discover new
knowledge and to test this knowledge
• 2. It is a means to develop new technology
• 3. It is an orderly system of solving the problems
• 4. Research is a tool for growth of science , whether pure
or applied and whether mathematical, physical,
biological or social.
• 5. it is a tool for human and environmental development
• 6. the methods of research is also useful in the
determination of programs, procedures and systems
such as the determination of efficiency as well as
effectiveness of delivery of a service

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 Characteristics of Research:
1. Demands a clear statement of the problem.

2. Requires clear objectives and a plan (it is not aimlessly looking

for something in order to come across a solution).

3. Builds on existing data/work of others

4. Generalizable

5. Empirically verifiable

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 ULTIMATE AIMS
Scientific research plays a very important
role in our efforts to maintain health and
combat diseases.

- helps us create new knowledge and develop

technology

- provides evidence for policies and decisions on

health and development.

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 Purpose of Health Research
• Describe a health event/phenomenon
• Explain causes of health event
• Predict outcomes
• Identify health interventions
• Evaluate health outcomes

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 Goal of health research

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 Ignaz P. Semmelweis
(1818-1865)

Now famous for establishing the link between

hand washing (after autopsy) and infection
control (reduction in puerperal fever)

Reduced mortality from 18.3% to 1.3% by

handwashing between autopsy room and
delivery room

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 John Snow
1854

Cholera rates high in areas supplied by 2

companies – Southwark and Lambeth
(source: polluted part of Thames river)

Lambeth later relocated its source to less

polluted area
Cholera incidence

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 Table 1.1 Deaths from cholera at Golden Square, London
supplied by two water companies,
8 July to 26 August, 1854

Water Population Number of Cholera

Supply 1851 deaths from death rate
Company cholera per 1000
population

Southwark 167,654 844 5.0

Lambeth 19,133 18 0.9

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 Types of Research in Health (Based
on Broad Objectives)
Basic (Biomedical)
anatomy, physiology, histology,
pharmacology, micro, parasitology,
chemistry

Epidemiological

Clinical

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 Types ( Based on Basic Epidemiologic Clinical
Broad Objectives)
Aim Understanding of Identify risk Understand disease
the nature of factors and process; identify
normal events causes of factors that affect
Precedes the diseases outcome of illness
clinical trials on
vaccines, drugs Evaluate Serves as basis for the
and is almost effectiveness of development of
purely based on interventions/ technology for
theory and animal Programs diagnosis and
experiments treatment of the
Serves as basis Serves as basis disease
for some future for the
action or development of
application in preventive
medicine measures

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 Types Basic Epidemiologic Clinical

Participants Experimentation Group of people patients

– animals/test (healthy or with
tubes (laboratory disease)
setting)

Ex Vaccine and drug Risk factors of Clinical Trials- Phase

development are cholera I,Phase II, Phase III
almost purely Screening for & Phase IV
based theory and cervical cancer
animal
experiments

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 Kinds of Research (Based on Ease of
Planning and Implementation)
• 1. Pure Basic Research – often difficult to plan
and it is a step by step process. Each step is
based on a previous one. As knowledge on the
subject grows, the research takes a definite
direction and enters the realm of directed basic
research.
• 2. Applied Research – easier to plan and
organize. The researcher not only can formulate
tentative answers to the problem he is working
on but can often predict the probability of
success.

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 Basic Strategies
1. description of the nature of eventsby observation of all
members of a defined population or an adequate
representative sample.
2. generation of hypothesis of relationship/association from
analysis of prevalence rates in different sub-groups of a
defined population.
3. testing of hypothesis by comparison of frequencies of
factors/conditions in different groups.
4. formulation of solutions/interventions based on findings
of previous studies.
5. testing of solutions by comparison of frequencies of
outcome in experimental and control groups.

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 General Steps of Conducting
Research
A. Identification of research problem
B. Planning the Research/Development of a research proposal
C. Implementation of study:
I. Data Collection
II. Data processing and analysis
III. Interpretation of results
IV. Final report writing
D. Dissemination of results: Scientific publication, presentation at
meetings, seminars, workshops conferences and presentation
for administrators and policy makers

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 THE RESEARCH PROCESS

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 Detailed Steps of Research
(Detailed Research Process)
I. Technical
1. Identification and Definition of the problem
1.1 Analysis of Needs
1.2 Review of the Literature
1.3 Determination of the Significance of the Problem
1.4 Formulation of Hypotheses and Categorization of
Variables
2. Planning the Research
The Plan of Investigation includes:
2.1 Statement of the Objectives
2.2 Study Population and Selection of Subjects
2.3 Research Design
2.4 Method of Data Collection
2.5 Plan of Data Processing and Analysis

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 Detailed Steps of Research
(Detailed Research Process)
3. Implementation of the Plan
3.1 Data Collection
3.2 Data Processing
3.3 Data Analysis
4. Interpretation and Conclusion

5. Reporting of Study

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 Detailed Steps of Research
(Detailed Research Process)
II. Administrative
1. General Preparations
Before the actual collection of data, preparatory work
includes, among others, the following:
1.1 procurement of funds
1.2 purchase of materials, equipment etc.
1.3 hiring and training of personnel
1.4 scheduling of activities
1.5 preparation of study manual
1.6 preparation/orientation of study area
1.7 sampling of study group

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 Detailed Steps of Research
(Detailed Research Process)
2. Feasibility Study
After all the preparations, a “dry run” must be
conducted to pretest the measuring devices
(questionnaires, tests, etc.) and the practicability
of the methodology. Necessary adjustments
should be made before the implementation of
the plans.
3. Termination of Study
Relocating the personnel; disposition of
equipment, supplies and records

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