endorsed for edexcel ## Edexcel A level Further Mathematics Core Pure Mathematics Book 2 ra Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, Ian Bettison, Lee Cope, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Johnny Nicholson, Laurence Pateman, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Dave Wilkins Crea esata ie) Pearson.Published by Pearson Education Limited 80 Stand, London WC2R ORL. worapearsanschoolsandfecollegeso.uk Copies ofeficial specifications for all Pearson qualifications may be found on the websit= {ualifcatienspearsoncom “Text © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Edited by HehrSet Ltd Gateshead Typosat by Teeh-Set Lid, Gateshead Origirailustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Cover ilustation Marcuseha-artsts The rights 3 Greg Attwood, ack Barraclough, lan Bettis, Lee Cope, Alistair Macpherson. ‘Bronwen Moran, Johnny Nicholson, Laurence Pateran, joe Petran Keith Pledger, Harty Smith {Geof Staley, Dave Wikis tobe idened as authors ofthis work have been asserted by them in accotdance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, First published 2018 21201918 yooe7 654321, Britis» Library Cataloguing in Publication Data [catalogue record for this book s available From the Bish Library ISBN 978 1 292 183343 Copyright notice ‘ligt reserved. 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Ifyox spotan error pease do contact us a resourcescerretions@pearson com so we can make sue iis carecte.e Contents Overarching themes Extra online content 1 12 13 14 15 16 a 2a 22 23 24 34 32 33 34 35 41 42 43 bd Complex numbers Exponential form of complex numbers Multiplying and dividing complex numbers De Moivre's theorem Trigonometric identities Sums of series nth roots of a complex number Solving geometric problems Mixed exercise 1 Series The method of differences Higher derivatives Maclaurin series Series expansions of compound functions Mixed exercise 2 Methods in calculus Improper integrals, The mean value of a function Differentiating inverse trigonometric functions Integrating with inverse trigonometric functions Integrating using partial fractions Mixed exercise 3 Volumes of revolution Volumes of revolution around the x-axis Volumes of revolution around the y-axis Volumes of revolution of parametrically defined curves Modelling with volumes of revolution Mixed exercise 4 Review exercise 1 u 16 20 25 27 31 32 38 40 44 48 52 53 58 62 65 69 1% 7 81 83 87 89 93 5 Polar coordinates 100 5.1 Polar coordinates and equations 101 5.2 Sketching curves 104 5.3 Area enclosed by a polar curve 109 5.4 Tangents to polar curves 113 Mixed exercise 5 16 6 Hyperbolic functions 19 6.1 Introduction to hyperbolic functions 120 6.2 Inverse hyperbolic functions 123 6.3 Identities and equations 125 6.4 Differentiating hyperbolic functions 130 6.5 _ Integrating hyperbolic functions 135 Mixed exercise 6 142 7 Methods in differential equations 147 7.1 First-order differential equations 148 7.2 Second-order homogeneous differential equations 153 7.3. Second-order non-homogeneous differential equations 157 7.4 Using boundary conditions 162 Mixed exercise 7 165 8 — Modelling with differential equations 170 8.1 Modelling with first-order differential equations am 82 Simple harmonic motion 15 83 Damped and forced harmonic motion 180 8.4 Coupled first-order simultaneous differential equations 186 Mixed exercise 8 191 Review exercise 2 196 Exan-style practice: Paper 1 209 Exan-style practice: Paper 2 au Answers 213 Index 256Overarching themes e Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigarous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols * Ded cated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies * Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2. Mathematical problem solving The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r specify the problem it the ain exercises a + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence one * Challenge boxes provide extra stretch L orton ad J 3. Mathematical modelling ee + Ded'cated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions tha: allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model + Ded'cated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book Access an online digital edition using the code at the front of the book, Modelling with differential equations Eact chapter starts with a list of objectives The real world applications of the maths you are about to lear are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter ‘The Prio” knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapterOverarching themes Exercise questions are carefully graded so they increase indificulty and gradually bring you up to exam standard Exercises are packed with exam- style questions to ensure you are ready for the exams Challenge boxes aglve you a chance te tackle some rrore difficult questions Sxam-style questions / : are laggedwith ©) each section begins Each chapter Step-by-step Problem-solving boxes 2roblem-solving with explanation endswitha worked examples provide hints, tips and questions are flagged and keylearning Mixed exercise focus onthe key strategies, and Watch wit ® points and a Summary types of questions out boxes highlight Ofkey points youllneed to areaswhere students tackle often lose marks in their exams Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions Exam-style practice Further Mat further Mathematics Paper 1: Core Pure Mathemetics 2 Review exercise Seta reads ee Two A level practice papers at the back of the book help you prepare for the real thing,Extra online content e Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. ED setvercssoutensae SE available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions as a PDF or ‘cuickly find the solution you need ontne Use of technology ey Explore topics in more detail, visualise ERED Fina the point intersection problems and consolidate your understanding _ graphically using technology. using pre-made GeoGebra activities. GeeGebra aE GeoGebra-powered interactives oe Interact with the maths you arelearring J" ene using GeoGebra's easy-to-use tools Sears eer Meer Renna oe Te www.pearsonschools.co.uk/cp2maths Seer extra online content by scanning this QRComplex numbers eae) After completing this chapter you should be able to Express a complex number in exponential form > pages 2-5 Multiply and divide complex numbers in exponential form > pages 5-8 Understand de Moivre’s theorem > pages 8-11 © Use de Moivre's theorem to derive trigonometric identities + pages 11-15 ©. Use de Moivte’s theorem to find sums of series > pages 16-19 © Know how to solve completely equations of the form =" — a— ib =0, giving special attention to cases where a= 1 and b > pages 20-25 © Use complex roots of unity to solve geometric problems + pages 25-27 b arg(:) ¢ |zn| d arg(zw) € Book 1, Chapter 2 2 fe) Given that z = is a root of f(z) = 0, show all the roots of f(c) = 0 on an Argand diagram. € Book 1, Chapters 1, 2 rer 922 +4248 The relationships between complex numbers and trigonometric functions allow electrical engineers to analyse oscillations of voltage == andcurrent in electrical circuits more easily. % was oe 3. Use the binomial expansion to find the term in the expansion of (2 +n)? Pure Year 3, Chapter 8(1.1) Exponential form of complex numbers You can use the modulus~argument form of a complex number to express it in the exponential form: = = re", GED the modutus-argument form of a complex number is = = r(cos@ + isin), where r= |2| and 6 = arg=. + Book1, Section 2.3 You can write cos 0 and sin#as infinite series of powers oft Kaye ger a a rte ng 68 6 (cay gee sind = 0-4 at eee aT 2 You car also write e*,x € R, asa series expansion in ERD These are the Maclaurin series powers of x. ‘expansions of sin 6, cos @ and e*. 2 x3 xh > Chapter 2 ester B ated " You can use this expansion to define the exponential function for complex powers, by replacing x with a complex number. In particular, if you replace x with the imaginary number id, you get iO)? , GO) GO)® , Ga)é a at a te isos -+ . Ge.) +i(-F49-...) By comparing this series expansion w'th (1) and (2), you can write e” as. = cosa-+ ising Ths formula is known as Euler's relation. {tis important for you to remember this result. * You can use Euler's relation, e!”=cos0+isind, — QB) substituting m into Eulers to write a complex number z in exponential relation yields Euler's identity: form: e+1=0 care ‘This equation links the five fudamental where r= |z| and @ = argz. constants 0, 1, x, € and i, and is considered an example of mathematical beauty.Complex numbers Express the following in the form re, where ~1 << 7. isin & a z= V2(cos 7p + isin yp) a 2a vB(coo Express 2 = 2 - 3i in the form re”, where -7 <0 = x.ari Express z = V2e 4 in the form x + iy, where x, y € R. Geen) 3n _ cos = cos (9 + 2n) and sind = sin (0+ 2m). 3 is in the range -7 <0 7 oo 5 Subtract multiples of 2x from “= until you find a 2 (coo SF + isin vvaluein the range —n <0 O and -7 <0 <7. (3 marks) ~iv b Hence find the smallest positive integer value of 1 for which is real and positive. (2 marks) ZP) 9 Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that (a + hi)’ + (a — bi" is real for all integers n. (marks) ‘Without using Euler's relation, prove that if m is a positive integer, You may assume de Moivre’s (eos 6 + isin a)" = r-*(cos (nt) + isin (-n6)) theorem for positive integer exponents, but do not write ‘any complex numbers in ‘exponential form. @ Trigonometric identities You can use de Moivre'’s theorem to derive trigonometric identit Ss Applying the binomial expansion ta (cos + isin "allows you to express cos n# in terms of powers of 050, and sin nf in terms of powers of sind. Pe "Cya™th + Coa" tbt +. Cab +... + DREN nt rin = nt ‘€ Pure Year 1, Chapter 8 4ena Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that, ces 60 = 32cos° 0 — 48cos' + 18cos?d— 1 (6050 + isin 6) = cos 68 + isin 8 = cos?d + °C,cos* Ofisind) + ©C,cos* Hisin dy + ©C3cos? Hisind) + °C,cos? éisinO)* + ©C.cos Hisind)? + (isind)® | = cos 0 + Gicos? Asin + 15i?cos* sin? 8 + 20} cos? Asin? 0 + 15i*cos?Osin*O + GP cos Asin? 0 + i sinS 0 = cos + Gicos? Osin# — 15. costOsin? # = 20icos? Asin? 6 + 15.cos? Asin + Gicos@sin®# ~ sin? @ Ezuat ng the real parts gives 0369 = cos’ ~ 15.co3 Msin20 + 15.cos? Osin'O — sin = cos®@ = 15.cos* (1 = cos?) #15. cos? Ml — cos? OF = (I — cos? 4)* = c0s®0 = 15.cos* (1 = cos? 6) 4 15.cos? M(t ~ 2cos? + cos* = (1 = 3cos? 0 + 3cos* 0 - cos 0) = cos®0 ~ 15030 + 15cosO 4 15.cos? 8 ~ 30.cos'8 + 1Scost# = 1+ 3cos?@~ 3cos*@ + cos*O 32c0s*@ - 48c0s"6 + 1Bcos?# = 1 Therelore, cosGd = 32.cos60 - 48cos" + 18cos?0- 1 | | ' You can also find trigonometric identities for sin’ @ and cos" # where n is a positive integer. If = cos + isin, then 4 cos 0+ isin) = (cos(-6) + isin(-A)) Apply de Moivre's theorem 0s —isind Use cos = cos (-#) and -sin @ = sin (-6). It follows that +1 =cos0 +isind + cos —isind = 2cos0 os 0 + isin 6 — (cos ~ isin @) = 2isind 12Complex numbers A\so, 2" = (cos 6 + isin 6)” = cosnd + isinn? By de Moivre's theorem. "= (cos + ising)” = (cos(~n6) + isin(—né)) Apply de Moivre’s theorem. = cos nd —isinnd Use cos f= cos (+0) and sin (-#) = ~sin@, a r It fol ows that 1 2+ 45= cosnd + isin nd + cosné —isinnd = 2cosnd 2" =F = cos nd + isin nd — (cos nd — isin nd) = 2isinnd Itis important that you remember and are able to apply these results: a csta2c0s0 +E =2cosnd In exponential form, these results are t equivalent to: =2isind st 2, =2isinnd cos = Helm + erm sinnd= Hem —e-™, Express cos‘ in the form acos 54+ bcos 38 + ecos 4, where a, b and ¢ are constants, Let z= cosd + isind (2 +4) =@cos6 = 32cos*o +5(2 +4) +10: 42a. Express sin‘ in the form dcos 40 + ecos 20 + f, where d, e and fare constants. b Hence find the exact value of f sin*0d0. cos 6 +isind = 200s 40 ~ 4(2.cos 20) + 6 So 16sin4@ = 2cos 46 ~ Bcos 26 +6 > sintO=$c03.40 — 3 c03 26 + 3. [s98in40 - 42in 20 + 34], ———— = (gesin2n - din + 3(2)) -0 2 [Sor Use de Moivre’s theorem to prove the following trigonometric identities: ® 1 a sin3@=3sin@-4sin'd b sin 50 = 16sin’ @ — 20sin5 # + Ssind cos? = 112cos0-+56cos'9 = 7cos? —d cos* = (cos 4d + 4c0s 20+ 3) 4 (sin 50 Ssin 39 + 10sin 4) © cas 70 e sin’? 2Complex numbers 2 a Use de Moivre's theorem to show that 0s 50 = 16c0s‘ — 20cos'd + Scos (5 marks) b Hence, given also that cos 30 = 4cos?@ ~ 3cos6, find all the solutions of cos 50+ 5cos 30 = 0 in the interval 0 < 0 < 7. Give your answers to 3 decimal places. (6 marks) 3 a Show that 32cos*# = cos 60 + 6cos 40 + 150820 + 10. (6 marks) b Hence find f "cost 0 dd in the form ax + by3 where and b are rational constants to be found. ” (3 marks) 4 a Show that 32cos*Osin*9 = cos 60 ~ 20840 - cos 20+ 2. (6 marks) b Hence find the exact value of f cos? Asin# 68. (3 marks) hy ® 5 By using de Moivre’s theorem, or otherwise, compute the following integrals. in’ 0.40 b ['sinzecostus c [ swocossoan h % EP) 6 a Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that £0360 = 32c0s" — 48.cos" 6 + 18cos?# 1 (5 marks) b Hence find the six distinct solutions of the * eee equation id Use the substitution x = cos(to reduce Ree tele the equation to the form cos 60 = k. giving your answers to 3 decimal places Find as many values of @ as you need where necessary. (5 marks) to find six distinct values of x. GP) 7 a Use de Moivre's theorem to show that sin 49 = 4cos'dsin 0 ~ 4cos 0sin’ 0. (4 marks) 4tan@-4tan' = 6tan? + tant b Hence, or otherwise, show that tan 41 (4 marks) © Use your answer to part b to find, to 2 decimal places, the four solutions of the equation xt 4x3 — 6x2 4 $120, (S marks) 45Complex numbers 2 a Use de Moivre's theorem to show that 0s 50 = 16c0s‘ — 20cos'd + Scos (5 marks) b Hence, given also that cos 30 = 4cos?@ ~ 3cos6, find all the solutions of cos 50+ 5cos 30 = 0 in the interval 0 < 0 < 7. Give your answers to 3 decimal places. (6 marks) 3 a Show that 32cos*# = cos 60 + 6cos 40 + 150820 + 10. (6 marks) b Hence find f "cost 0 dd in the form ax + by3 where and b are rational constants to be found. ” (3 marks) 4 a Show that 32cos*Osin*9 = cos 60 ~ 20840 - cos 20+ 2. (6 marks) b Hence find the exact value of f cos? Asin# 68. (3 marks) hy ® 5 By using de Moivre’s theorem, or otherwise, compute the following integrals. in’ 0.40 b ['sinzecostus c [ swocossoan h % EP) 6 a Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that £0360 = 32c0s" — 48.cos" 6 + 18cos?# 1 (5 marks) b Hence find the six distinct solutions of the * eee equation id Use the substitution x = cos(to reduce Ree tele the equation to the form cos 60 = k. giving your answers to 3 decimal places Find as many values of @ as you need where necessary. (5 marks) to find six distinct values of x. GP) 7 a Use de Moivre's theorem to show that sin 49 = 4cos'dsin 0 ~ 4cos 0sin’ 0. (4 marks) 4tan@-4tan' = 6tan? + tant b Hence, or otherwise, show that tan 41 (4 marks) © Use your answer to part b to find, to 2 decimal places, the four solutions of the equation xt 4x3 — 6x2 4 $120, (S marks) 45®B Sums of series You car use results about the sums of geometric series with complex numbers. = Forw,zeC, 7 EDD These resuits match the ‘corresponding results for real numbers. The infinite series }-n="converges only when |z}<1. =? + Swel =w4 wat we? +. od Given that 2 ‘€ Pure Year 2, Chapter 3 1 sien 5 — cos + isin, where n is a positive integer, show that m Terai. tot! = 1 +icot et ee You know that sin nd = tle — e-mt, You can use this result to simplify an expression like e”— 1 by writing it in the form eile! —e°#) = e'(2isin§). inthis case this is equivalent to multiplying the top land bottom of the fraction bye”, amComplex numbers The series e” + e+ ©" + ... +e" is geometric with first term e”’, common ratio e” and n terms. ier — ‘The sum of this series is given by S, seen Converting the exponential form into modulus-argument form lets you consider the real and imaginary parts of the series separately. e+ et + e+... +m? (cos6 + isin) + (cos26 + isin 20) + (cos3 + isin 36) +... + (cosnd + isinnd) = (CoSO + cos20 + cos30 + ... + cosnd) + i(sind + sin20 + sin30 +... + sinnd) Therefore, lero — 05 + C0820 + COS 30 ... + COS nf ne( ee") e sin + sin 20+ sin304.. er 1) eet s 4 e2i? +e 4. + eS”, for d# In, where n is an imeger, a Stow that § = £Sin48 sin Let P=cos@ + cos26 + cos30+ ... + cos8# and Q= ind + sin 20 + sin30 + ... + sin86 b Use jour answer ta partia to show that P= cos ain sin4dcosec 5 a srBsnapcosec® sin gg Po Muanco! aot = 2 z z Cexercise (Q) ® 1 Given =e", where m is a positive integer, show that: altzeet.t2ts0 b l4z4+274... +2" =icot 2 ® 2 Show that if z=e%, then > z"= 1. 0 1 ® 3 Show that 51 + iy'= i 15i, 1Complex numbers 4 The convergent infinite series Cand S are defined as LLDD The sum of an infinite geometric Seat C=1+4c0s6 +400 20+4-c0s30+... | Msttetmaand common ation sS==7 € Pure Year 2, Chapter 3 S=Fsind +5 sin 20+ 3 sin30+... 3 a Show that C+iS = 55 (4 marks) 9 -3cosd ial 2 b Hence show that C= ‘6cos 6° and find a similar expression for S. (4 marks) 5 The series P and Q are defined for 0 <0 < was P=1+cos@ + cos 26 + cos 30+... + cos 126 Q=sind + sin 26 + sin 3+... + sin 120 a Show that P+iQ= (4 marks) b Deduce that Q = sin ersin Moree’ and write down the corresponding expression for P. You can assume the results sin @ = (4 marks) ¢ Hence find the values of @, in the range 0 < @ <7, for which P + iQ is real. (2 marks) EAP) 6 Series Cand S are defined as C=1+(7}cos + (5)cos2# + (3)cos30 +... + (h)eosna = (j)sina + (5)sin 20 + (5)sin 30 + ... + (Hsin na Show that C= (20s $) cost (4 marks) 2) 82 S_ ant b Show that %= tan" (marks) EP) 7 a Show that (2 +e%2 +e) =5 + 4cos0. (2 marks) The convergent infinite series Cand S are defined by — feos 6 + feos 20 — feos 30+... sind — jsin20 + ¢sin30+... F 4 +2cosd ; . 5 b By considering C iS, show that C= =~ 7°" and write down the corresponding expression for. (4 marks) 19@® nth roots of a complex number You can use de Moivre's theorem to sclve an equation of the form 2" = w, where z, w € C. Thisis equivalent to finding the nth roots of w. Just as a real number, x, has two square roots, Vx and —yx, any complex number has » distinct nth roots. = If and w are non-zero complex numbers and 7 is a positive integer, then the equation z" = has w distinct solutions. You can find the solutions to 2" = w using de Moiure’s theorem, and by considering the fact Ore Ee that the argument of a complex number is not unique. For any complex number z = r(cos0 + isin), you can write z= r(cos (0 + 2kn) +isin(0 + 2kr)), where k is any integer. a Solve the equation =*= 1. b Represent your solutions to part a on an Argand diagram. ¢ Show that the three cube roots of 1 can be written as 1, v and w* where 1 +w +u*=0. | oo Elena cos (0 + 2km) +isin(O + 2km),kEeZ eeu Choose values of k to find the three distinct roots. By choosing values on either side of 1(€03 30 + isin 30) cos (0 + 2kn) + isin(O + 2kn), kez Sor=1 30 = 2h — k=0 > 0=0,507=c050 +isin0 = k=O you can find three different arguments in the interval [-n, 7}. 20Complex numbers CED it canbe proved that the sum of the nth Tocts of unity i 2r0, for any postive integer ne2. Hl in general, the solutions to z*= 1 are z= cos (274) are known as the th roots of unity. If nis a positive integer, then there is an nth root of unity w =e" such that: + the th roots of unity are 1, w, w%, --,w™? + 1,w, «2, -,w! form the vertices of a regular 1-gon eltwtwr+..tw™=0 31Solve the equation z* = 2 + 2iv3. 2? + (VSP = V4412 = 4 = 23) _ argent = actn(25) 28 (cos + ish = 4{cos(§ + 2kn) + isin(Z + 2kx)), ke Z-———__] icos 40 + isin 46) 3 t 2kr) +isin(S + 2kr)) kez CEEED tiie ics done consecutive values of k to get distinct roots. f an argument is not. in the interval [—r, 7] you can add or subtract a multiple of 2m. 2Complex numbers You can also use the exponential form of a complete number when solving equations. Solve the equation 2° + 4/2 + 4iv2 = 0. 24 4V2 + a2 =0 AVE - Ay modulus = V(-4V2)" + (-4V2)° = V82 432 = Vea =e awa ave) ee e_3t argument = -7 + arctan( 242) =n Sm tre? = Bel ree rs 108 = Bel Fee Sor=8>r=\6=2 MN qo 90 2s = 26% 22Solve the following equations, expressing your answers for z in the form x + iy, where x, yER, at-1=0 e527 d *464= f 3+8i=0 Solve the following equations, expressing the roots in the form r(cos0 + isin), where <1 <0< a. b ++ 16i=0 ¢ 432=0 e 4+2iv3=2 f 234323 + 32i=0 Solve the following equations, expressing the roots in the form re”, where r > 0 and -1 <0 = x. Give 0 to 2 decimal places. a t=344i b =I -4i ¢ A=-/7 43: a Find the three roots of the equation (= + 1)? = Give your answers in the form x + iy, where x, y €R. b Plot the points representing these three roots on an Argand diagram. ¢ Given that these three points lie on a circle, find its centre and radius. a Find the five roots of the equation 25-1 = 0. Seer Give your answers in the form »(cos # + isin 6), where -7 <0 <7. Use the factthat the b Hence or otherwise, show that ‘sum ofthe five roots 2n 4n ‘of unity is zero. cos(24) + o0x(42) a Find the modulus and argument of -2 - 2iv3. (2 marks) b Hence find all the solutions of the equation z* + 2 + 2i Give your answers in the form re", where r > 0 and illustrate the roots on an Argand diagram. (4:marks) Find the four distinct roots of the equation z4 = 2(1 ~ iv3) in exponential form, and show these roots on an Argand diagram. (7 marks) (6 +iv2 a Find the modulus and argument of z (2 marks) b Find the values of w such that »° = <4, giving your answers in the form re, where r > 0 and—1<0 0 and -7 < 6 < x. Illustrate these roots on an Argand diagram, (6 marks) Let the points representing these roots on an Argand diagram, taken in order of increasing 6, be A, B,C, D. The midpoints of the sides of ABCD represent the 4th roots of a complex number W. b Find w. (4.marks) @®) 5 Pisone vertex of a regular hexagon in an Argand diagram. The centre of the hexagon is at the origin. P corresponds to the complex number 8 + 8i. a Find, in the form a + bi, the complex numbers corresponding to the other vertices of the hexagon, and illustrate these on an Argand diagram, (5 marks) b The six complex numbers corresponding to the vertices of the hexagon are squared to form the vertices of a new figure. Find, in the form a + bi, the complex numbers corresponding to the other vertices of the new figure. Find the area of the new figure. (4 marks) 6 Anant walks forward one unit and then turns to the right by a It repeats this a further inl 42 sin(4 Sn) (6 marks) three times. Show that the distance of the ant from its initial position is ® | a Usce= cos 0 + isin# to show that cos = ye +e), cos (4 + B) + cos (A = B) b Hence prove that cos A.cos B = a 2 Given that = = r(cos# + isin 6), r © R, prove by induction that >" = r"(cos nd + isinn®), n © Z*. (S marks) (cos 3x + isin 3x)? 3. Express in the form cosnx + isin nx where 1 is an integer to be determined, cos.x — isin. 4 Use de Moivre’s theorem to evaluate: a (-1+i)8 5 a Given z = cos@ + isin, use de Moivre’s theorem to show that 2”+ ‘cos nt. (4 marks) : b Express (# i 4) in terms of cos60 and cos 28, (3 marks) © Hence, or otherwise, find constants a and b such that cos'24 = acos 60 + bcos 26. (3 marks) Hence, or otherwise, show that f cos'29d0 = kV3, where k is a rational constant, (4 marks) » 76 a Show that cos’ = 7g (cos 56 + Scos30 + 10cos 6) (S marks) The diagram shows the curve with equation y = cos* x,-5 0, -7 <6 < x, where rand @ are exact values. (2 marks) b Hence, o otherwise, solve the equation 2$ = 4 ~ 4i, leaving your answers in the form z = Re, where R is the modulus of 2 and k isa rational number such that -1<=k <1. (4marks) € Show on an Argand diagram the points representing the roots. (2 marks) 15 a Find the cube roots of 2 — 2i in the form re” where r > 0 and -1 << 7. (5 marks) These cube roots are represented by points A, B and Cin the Argand diagram, with A in the fourth quadrant and ABC going anticlockwise. The midpoint of AB is M, and M represents the complex number 1, hb Draw an Argand diagram, showing the points 4, 8, Cand M. (2 marks) ¢ Find the modulus and argument of w. (2 marks) ds Find w* in the form a + bi. (3 marks) GP) 16 An equilateral triangle has its centre at the origin and one vertex at the point (2, 1). a Find the coordinates of the other two vertices. (4marks) b Show that the length of one side of the triangle is VTS, (2 marks) Challenge ‘Show that the points on an Argand diagram that represent the roots of (244 < ) =1 ie ona straight line, 20Chant Pues 10 If z, is one root of the equation =" = aq cos + isin, to write a complex number = in exponential z=ree wrere r= |2| and @ = arg. 2. For any two complex numbers + z= rye” ne and z,= re", 2 = Mew-0 Bore 3 De Moivre’s theorem: For any integer n, (r(cos@ + isin)" = r'(cosnd + isin né@) cosnd 1 +i. 2 - 2isinnd Soar wt wet wet at wet. are » 6 If z and w are non-zero complex numbers and mis a positive integer, then the equation 2” = w has n distinct solutions. 7 For any complex number z = r(cos@ + isiné), you can write 1(¢03 (0 + 2kn) + isin (0 + 2kn)) wnere k is any integer. 8 Ingeneral, the solutions to z" = 1 are z= ) =e fork=1,2,...,2and are known as the nth roots of unity. If nis a positive integer, then there is an nth root of unity w =e" such that: + The nth roots of unity are 1, w, 1% ..., w"! + 1wu2,. 1twtort.. +0" , wi! form the vertices of a regular n-gon 0 9 The nth roots of any complex number s lie on the vertices of a regular n-gon with its centre at the origin. and 1, 0, w ..., "are the nth roots of unity, then the roots of 2" = sare given by 2,24 20%, ..., 201.After completing this chapter you should be able to: Understand and use the method of differences to sum finite series > pages 32-37 @ Find and use higher derivatives of functions ~> pages 38-39 © Know how to express functions as an infinite series ir ascending powers using Maclaurin series expansion > pages 40-46 © Be able to find the series expansions of compound functions > pages 44-48 a > (99-4n) « Pure Year 2, Chapter 3 a Show that ¥ (2 + 2-43) = Ann? + 9n + 25) Physicists use Maclaurin series in special relativity to approximate the Lorentz Ib Heneend se (2o cre) factor. The Lorentz factor relates time, 0 length and relativistic mass change for a © Book 1, Chapter 3 moving object. Experiments with atomic clocks have shown that time passes more quickly for a stationary observer a ® poe than for one travelling at high speeds. dx dx? > Exercise 2D, challenge Pure Year 2, Chapter 9 Given y = sin 3x, find:@ The method of differences You car use the method of differences to find the sum of a finite series, = Ifthe general term, u,, of a series can be expressed in the form f(r) ~ Fr +1) You can also start with u, written in the form “ f(r +1) — f(r After adding and cancelling, (F(r) fry) : a (r) - fr +1) you get Sou, = flr + 1) ~ f(1) i sou, =F(1) - f(2) (2) - £(3) us = £(3) — F(4) f(2) + f(2) - £0) (a: £3) ‘The f(2) terms cancel. (n) - f(a +1) Mic =f(1) -f(a+1) Then adding )> os By summing, + up + ... +, all terms cancel except the very first term, f(1), and the very last term, fl + 1). ex) a Show that 4r3 = rr + 1)?= (r= 12? b_Henee prove, by the method of differences, that sors = batt 1 Ar? + 2r + 1) = (7? = ar + Wr? St art rears 2 =4n b Consider So (rer + 1)? = (r - Hr?) let rat Bey - Or ra2: 2Ha"- uper rad: Ber - ere the first and CEEEDD when using the method of ma at Peis differences, be sure to write out enough terms Sum of terms = n(n + 1 to make it clear which terms cancel. When you cance’ terms, make sure that they can still be = tn + 1 clearly read, You could cross them out in pencil Pn + 1 20: a2pt the first and last If the general term of the series is given in the form f(r) - f(r-+ 2), you need to adapt the method of differences to consider the terms f(1), (2), fia + 1) and f(r + 2), Cexampte @) a Express in partial fractions, — OF De+3, b Hence prove by the method of differences that u 2 nan +5) XG eed = Ga Dnt) where a and b are constants to be found. 2 2 © Find the value of }° Xe heey (5 decimal places, an2 A we r+ 3) rei eS _ Ar + 3) + Ber +1) Serie 7 > At + 3) + Bir +1) letr=-3: 2=-2B= B=-1 letre- 2=24—4 “ et 4 herelore Gare a) = ret P+ b Using the method of differences, when rat: 5(n + 2)lu + 3) - Gin + 3) - En + 2) Ein + 2\in + 3) = Di? + 25 + 30 ~ Gn- 18 - Gn 12 = Gln + 2)(n + 3) Sn® + 13n Ca + Qin + 3) (Sn + 13) eae Sit -fr+2) = £1) + f(2) — flr + 1) — f+ 2) = Gln + Qin + 3) Pecos, Soa=5 and b= 13, ais el ries a =. ip Lawes = BOSRSO 219) __ ROK 201.12), *G(30 + 2/130 + 3) ~ G20 + 2120 + 3) = 815. _ 565 “1056 ~ 759 = 665 = 24265 = 002738 to 5 dp. | a a2 A we r+ 3) rei eS _ Ar + 3) + Ber +1) Serie 7 > At + 3) + Bir +1) letr=-3: 2=-2B= B=-1 letre- 2=24—4 “ et 4 herelore Gare a) = ret P+ b Using the method of differences, when rat: 5(n + 2)lu + 3) - Gin + 3) - En + 2) Ein + 2\in + 3) = Di? + 25 + 30 ~ Gn- 18 - Gn 12 = Gln + 2)(n + 3) Sn® + 13n Ca + Qin + 3) (Sn + 13) eae Sit -fr+2) = £1) + f(2) — flr + 1) — f+ 2) = Gln + Qin + 3) Pecos, Soa=5 and b= 13, ais el ries a =. ip Lawes = BOSRSO 219) __ ROK 201.12), *G(30 + 2/130 + 3) ~ G20 + 2120 + 3) = 815. _ 565 “1056 ~ 759 = 665 = 24265 = 002738 to 5 dp. | a aae a Show that r= x(r(r + 1) -r(r~ 1). b Hence show that }> = Bn + |) using the method of differences. 1 _ i 1 rr + D+ 2) > rT) FH DG +2) find > aa using the method of differences. (5 marks) Given a Express in partial fractions. (1 mark) 1 rr +2) using the method of differences. (marks) b Hence find the sum of the series > 7-5 Express aes in partial fractions. (1 mark) b Hence find the sum of the series S~ Panera or Using the method of differences. (5 marks) a Show that ot Di (2 marks) b Hence find of DI (5 marks) . "2 Given that wth 1-1 find + (6 marks) = : 1 a Use the method of differences to prove that 5 Faia S mad! where a and b are constants to be found, b Prove your result from part a using mathematical induction. Prove that 8 nan+b) dbs el ove that Fae F= Gp + Ty Pay MEME 4 An Pare constants to be found. f (6 marks) EBDD this question can be answered using either the method ‘of differences or proof by induction. In the exam, either method would be acceptable. If you use proof by induction, you will need to substitute values of n to find the values of a and b, Prove that S>(r-+ 1? ~(r~ 1)? = ann + 1), where a is a constant to be found. (4 marks) rtSeries = 3 an . 10 a Prove that 5° ry TiGyea)" Bn +c” Where a, b and care constants to be found. (5 marks) ‘" 3 3in+ 1) b Hence, or otherwise, show that 3°35 5-5-9 = 3Gn4 Dana) (4 marks) " . C- 2r+) I HL Robin claims that oO) = His workings are shown below Explain the error that he has made. Using partial fractions: 2r+1_A mer Therefore 2r +1 So A=1and B= Using the method of differences, feted rast ces: wis, ‘Summing the differences: x ee Fer * (2 marks) 1 1 1 1 3 an+b ED 12 Show thar 5 + F3ca* THs tty a” as yea ray Oe a ae constants to be found. (6 marks) A at tti 3 13a Express 5 ya, 45 it Partial fractions, (3 marks) b Find the value of > to 4 decimal places. (§ marks) Qr + DQr+ 5) Challenge 2 @ Given that Sin(1 + Ink, where kis an integer, find k. * 2 ) bb civenthat $282 _ man thn +d) Lee Ge Dass yh eben a7@ Higher derivatives You need to be able to find third, and higher, derivatives of given functions. You already know how to find first and second derivatives. dy ), the first derivative of f(x) is given by a y os) 4) bya ule mr Sim larly the third derivative is given by You car find the nth derivative of f(x) by differentiating n times with respect to x. CEEED nents dervaveo y=fla)is ‘y 11 SY oy written as G5 = Pn. Given that y = In(1 ~.), find the value of (x), and the second derivative of fix) is given "(x), and so on. when x= 2 expe =xP Co fo)=e" a Show that f"(x) = 2xf(x). b By differentiating the result in part a twice more with respect to x, show that: i £"(x) = 2f(x) + 2x") ii £"(x) = af") + 4") © Deduce the values of £"(0), £"(0), and £"(0). bi Mx) = 2ix) + 2x) H Ax) = 2x) + 2x") + 270) xi"(x) + 47"(X) an® 2 a Given that y= xOx 0 HO) + 2 x Ox FO) HO) = 2 x0 x MO) + 410) =4t'Q)=0 isc 1 For each of the following functions, f(x), find f(x), Px), £"(x) and F(x), ac b(l+x)" © xe" @ Ind +x) as find an expression, in terms of y, for $= dy 1 b Hence evaluate =; when x =In (5). ay 3 Gvven that y= sin? 3x, dy « a show that 7. = 3 sin 6x uate 2 i € Hence evaluate 5% when x =% 4 faa re a Show that f"(x) = (6x - 6 - b Skow that f”"(2) = 0, 5 Given that y = see x, a show that b show that the value of 25 when x = 3 is 11V2. ® 6 Grven that y is a function of x, @ a show that 5 (J) ee ay By b Find an expression, in terms of y, gy, Garand gx for G5"). 7 Gven that fix) = In (y+ V+ 9°), show that: a Vite f'(x)= b (1432) P09 + xf") =0 © (1+ 32) "(9 + 3x0") + MQ) =0 d_ Deduce the values of £”(0), (0) and £"(0).. 20Mary functions can be written as an infinite sum of terms of the form ax". You may have already encountered series expansions like these: Bucci Lee AE e x LO EDD the first wo series expansions ‘shown here are examples of the binomial expansion. Pure Year 2, Chapter 4 Given that fix) can be differentiated infinitely many times and that it has a valid series expansion of the form fix) = ay + ax + ayx? + ay? +... + d,x* + ..., Where the a, are all real constants, show that the series expansion must be £"(0)x? £0) + fix) = (0) + "O)x# yy + Write f00) = do + aya + ox? + asx? + ©) Diferentiating f(x) gives: Ho = ay + Zag + Bagx? + aA + Moy = 2X tap +3 X Qasr ton. + rir Nae? + tax" + Mos BX 2X tas +... trie Mr lax? +. Continuing in this way by differentiating r times: Frew Evaluate each term at x = ©: #10) = a, > a, = F"(0) ra, + terms in powers of x 0) Md > do = #0) = zi #10) = Blas > a3 = zi 40) 70) =e a, = 20 ' Hn Therefore for = 10) + "(Om + "Ohne 4 Oya 4 MO 4 LnSeries In this process, outlined in the worked example above, a polynomial in powers of x is being formed step by step. The process focuses on x = 0; substituting x = 0 into successive derivatives increases the power of the polynomial. For example, if you stop the process after finding f'(0) the polynomial is linear, (0) + (Ox, after 0) itis quadratic (0) + °(0)x + x2, after P(0) itis cubic, zi PO). , PO) (he CO gL et gy A anes CED ict at functions satisfy the The above argument assumes that the function can condition that f(0),F'(0),F", ..,Fr(0) all b2 wiitten in the given form. This is only true if the have finite values. given series converges. The above reasoning also only _-—-*Forexample, when fay = In.x, holds if the function can be differentiated an infinite 50 f(0) is undefined and therefore does not number of times, and if f#”(0) is always finite. have a finite value. «= The Maclaurin series expansion of a function f(x) is given by f(x) =£(0) + FO) + PO) se The series is valid provided that f(0), f’ (0), f"(0), . £00), ... all have finite values. The polynomial f(0) + f"(0)x is a Maclaurin polynomial of degree 1. The polynomial fo) + Fox-+ 0. FO) oy is a Maclaurin polynomial of degree 2. The polynomial f0) + f"(0)x + + TO vis a Meclaurin polynomial of degree Even when f'"(0) exists and is finite for all r, a Maclaurin series expansion is only valid for values of x that give rise to a convergent series. For example, the Maclaurin series oft isl4x+x2+3+ ° But when x = 2, the series gives 1+2 +4 +8 +... which coes not converge to 1 1-2 CED the range of vaicity for some individual Maclaurin series is given in the formula2 booklet. If no range of validity is given in this chapter, you may assume that the expansion is vad for all x ¢ R. a Express In(1 +x) as an infinite series in ascending powers of x. b Using only the first three terms of the series in part a, find estimates for: i In 1.05 fi In 1.25 iii In. Comment on the accuracy of the estimates. a fix) in(h +x) > {=mnt=0 tobeptgeters 10) Px) = (1 + 3x = = SS Px) = (INEZ) + xr HO) = 2 The term (-1)" can be used in the general term of HQ) = (EIA). Ur = AHN + alternating sequences, in which the terms are HHO) = EN 1) alternately positive and negative. al