Jit 10 May 2023 Gr12 Chemical Equilibrium

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Education
Just In Time Program

Western Cape Education Department
Physical Sciences
Grade 12
10 May 2023
Presenters: Samantha Heneke, Ziyaad Moerat, Kashief Dilraj
ATP 2023
Chemical Equilibrium
Scaffolding
1. Chemical Equilibrium
2. △Concentrations
3. Change in concentrations
4. Le Chatelier's Principle
5. Explain the changes in equilibrium
6. Equilibrium constant
A + 2B ⮀ AB2
7. Kc calculations
8. Only TEMPERATURE can change the equilibrium constant
9. Applications of the equilibrium constant
10 Equilibrium graphs
.
t1 t2
2022
DBE DIAGNOSTIC REPORT
COMMON MISTAKES AND MISCONCEPTIONS
a) When stating Le Chatelier's principle (Q6.1), some candidates omitted the phrase
closed system. Other common mistakes were: ❶ The reaction was disturbed
instead of equilibrium being disturbed; ❷ Favouring the reaction that will cancel
the movement instead of canceling the disturbance; ❸ Say that the reverse
reaction will be favoured instead of reverse.
a) Q6.2 is poorly answered. Common errors were: ❶ Substitution of number of moles

of CS2 (s) in the Kc expression; ❷ Rounding off the final answer to one decimal
place (0.2 instead of 0.23 mol.dm-3); ❸ No Kc expression; ❹ Kc expressions
containing writing errors; ❺ Use of incorrect Kc expressions (swap reactant and
product).
a) Most candidates got the answer correct in Q6.3, but could not explain this answer
in Q6.4. Candidates failed to link the increase in volume to a decrease in pressure.
Therefore, some candidates explained the answer in terms of a change in
temperature or a change in concentration. Other common mistakes were: ❶ Using
the collision theory instead of Le Chatelier's principle in the explanation and ❷
State Le Chatelier's principle instead of applying it when explaining it.
2022
COMMON MISTAKES AND MISCONCEPTIONS
d) Q6.5 was the poorest answered sub-question in the paper. Many of the candidates
who attempted the question did not realize that the volume was halved and so the
initial concentrations for the new situation should be divided by two. Others did not
realize that there were reactants in the container initially.
d) Most candidates failed to interpret the graph in Q6.6. They confused the rate versus
time graph with a concentration versus time graph. A common mistake when
answering Q6.6.2 was not to mention increase in concentration or amount of S.
Most only mentioned increase in concentration and missed the point. In Q6.6.3
many candidates could not link the change at tc to a drop in temperature and so
the explanation in Q6.6.4 was also poor.
2022
SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
2022
SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
e) Learners must be exposed to many exercises that require explanations in

terms of Le Chatelier's principle. This will help them to express themselves
in such explanations. When explaining to learners in terms of Le Chatelier's
principle, learners must be taught to use the following steps: ❶ Identify
the disturbance; ❷ State that the system will act to oppose this
disturbance; ❸ State which reaction (forward or reverse) will be favoured
when the disturbance is opposed; ❹ State the effect, for example
the number of moles of products.
e) Make sure learners understand and can interpret the different graphs (rate
vs time and concentration vs time) related to changes in equilibrium
conditions.
e) Use the review booklet designed by the DBO to support learners.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES
LAWS AND DEFINITIONS FOR GRADE 12 CANDIDATES
The laws and definitions are grouped in themes and

in two sections: PHYSICS and CHEMISTRY
THESE ARE THE ONLY WORDS THAT WILL BE ACCEPTED

FOR LAWS AND DEFINITIONS DURING FORMAL ASSESSMENT.
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
A dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate
of the reverse reaction AND the concentrations of the reactants and the products
remain constant.
A + 2B ⭢ AB2 NOT a reaction in equilibrium!

NOT a closed system.
Reaction rate ( mol.dm-3.s-1 )
Time ( s )

Time ( s )

Time ( s )
A + 2B ⭢ AB2 Reaction is in equilibrium!

⭢
A closed system.
A dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
AND the concentrations of the reactants and the products remain constant.

⭢
A closed system.

⭢
A closed system.
2. △ Concentrations
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢
Concentration ( mol.dm-3 )
2B
AB2
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢
2B
AB2
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢
2B
AB2
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢
2B
AB2
• Reverse reaction is favoured
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢
Time ( s )
• Reverse reaction is favoured
• [reactants] increases & [Products] decreases.
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢
Time ( s )
• Forward reaction is favoured
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢
Time ( s )
• Forward reaction is favoured
• [reactants] decrease & [Products] increase.
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢
Time ( s )
PHYSICAL SCIENCES


LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the system will establish a
new equilibrium in such a way that the reaction that will counteract the
disturbance will be benefitted.
4. Le Chatelier's Principle 🠕 [ ] 🠕
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
Catalyst
△H > 0 ⭢ AB2
A + 2B ⭢
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
🠕 T 🠕
AWAY 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
△H > 0 ⭢ AB2
A + 2B ⭢
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
• If a reactant or product's concentration is increased, the reaction AWAY from the

increasement is favoured. (To work off the higher concentration)
🠕 T 🠕
TOWARDS 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
△H > 0 ⭢ AB2
A + 2B ⭢
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier

• If a reactant or product's concentration is decreased, the reaction TOWARDS the

decreasement is favoured. (To supplement the lower concentration)
🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 🠕 P 🠕
T Catalyst
△H > 0 ⭢ AB2
A + 2B ⭢
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier


• If the temperature is increased, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the

endothermic reaction. (To counter the increase in energy)
🠕 T 🠕
△H < 0 🠕 P 🠕
T
Catalyst
△H > 0 ⭢ AB2
A + 2B ⭢
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier



• If the temperature is lowered, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the

exothermic reaction. (To replenish the energy deficit)
Least amount of mole 🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
P
Catalyst
△H > 0 ⭢ AB2
A + 2B ⭢
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier




• If the pressure is increased, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the least
number of particles. (To make room for all the particles)
Most amount of mole 🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
P
Catalyst
△H > 0 ⭢ AB2
A + 2B ⭢
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier




• If the pressure is increased, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the least
number of particles. (To make room for all the particles)
• If the pressure is lowered, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the greatest
number of particles. (Because there is then enough room for more particles)
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
Catalyst
Henry Le Chatelier
LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE IS LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE IS

ONLY APPLICABLE TO : NOT APPLICABLE TO :
• Solutions • Solids
• Gases • Pure liquids

(e.g. H2O)
Solutions & Gases have a concentration! Solids & Pure liquids do not have a concentration!
5. Explain the change in equilibrium 🠕 [ ] 🠕
🠕 T 🠕
AWAY 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Solutions &
Gases
🠕 [ ] = Concentration
Increases
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
AWAY 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Solutions &
Gases
Increases
• The concentration of substance AB2 in our
example is increased.
• Reaction that will reduce the excess in the

solution (∴ will eliminate the increase in
concentration) is favoured.
• Reverse reaction is favoured.
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
AWAY 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Solutions &
Gases
Increases

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
AWAY 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Solutions &
Gases
Increases

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
AWAY 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Solutions &
Gases
Increases

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
TOWARDS 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Solutions &
Gases
decreases
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
TOWARDS 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Solutions &
Gases
decreases
example is decreased.
• Reaction that will increase the deficit in the

solution ( will supplement the reduction in
• Forward response is favoured.
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
TOWARDS 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Solutions &
Gases
decreases

solution (∴ will supplement the reduction in
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
TOWARDS 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Solutions &
Gases
decreases

• Forward reaction is favoured.
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
TOWARDS 🠕 P 🠕
[ ] Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Solutions &
Gases
decreases

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 🠕 P 🠕
T Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions
🠕 T = Temperature Increases
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 🠕 P 🠕
T Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions
• The forward reaction in our example is

exothermic and the reverse reaction is
endothermic.
• The reaction that will reduce the excess energy

(the endothermic reaction) is favoured.
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 🠕 P 🠕
T Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions

endothermic.

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 🠕 P 🠕
T Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions

endothermic.

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 🠕 P 🠕
T Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions

endothermic.

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
△H < 0 🠕 P 🠕
T
Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions
🠕 T = Temperature Decreases
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
△H < 0 🠕 P 🠕
T
Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions

endothermic.
• Reaction that will increase the deficit in energy

(the exothermic reaction) is favoured.
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
△H < 0 🠕 P 🠕
T
Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions

endothermic.

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
△H < 0 🠕 P 🠕
T
Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions

endothermic.

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
△H < 0 🠕 P 🠕
T
Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions

endothermic.

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
Most amount of moles
🠕 P 🠕
P
Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Gases
🠕 P = Pressure Decreases
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
P
Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Gases
• The sum of the moles of the reactants in our

example is 3 moles and the products are 1 mole.
• The reaction that allows the most number of

particles (the largest number of moles) is
favoured.
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
P
Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Gases


favoured.
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
P
Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Gases


favoured.
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
P
Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
Gases


favoured.
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
K Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions
🠕 Catalyst Added
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
K Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions
🠕 Catalyst Added
• Catalyst favors both reactions.
• The rate of both reactions increases
• The concentrations of the reactants and the

products remain the same.
Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
K Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions
🠕 Catalyst Added

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
K Catalyst
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
⭢ △H < 0
Henry Le Chatelier
All reactions
🠕 Catalyst Added

Time ( s )
🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕
Catalyst
Production of NH3 during the
Haber process:
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION N2 H2 SASOL
COMPRESSOR
To favor the forward reaction
and increased the NH3 yield.
N2 H2
• Lower the concentration of NH3
CONVERTER • Increase the concentration of N2
• Increase the concentration of H2
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 △H<0 • Lower the temperature
• Increase the pressure
CATALYST
Fe / FeO
NH3
🠕 T 🠕
Step 1: Cancel all SOLIDS and SOLVENTS (H2O) 🠕 P 🠕
Step 2: Identify the disturbance.
Step 3: State Le Chatelier's principle.
Step 4: Identify the reaction that is favoured. Catalyst
Step 5: Discuss the result (Change of color or concentration)
🠕 T = Temperature Increase
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

(LIGHT BROWN) (COLORLESS)
Step 1: NONE
Step 2: Temperature is increased.
Step 3: Reaction that will absorb the excess energy will be favoured.
Step 4: Reverse endothermic reaction is favoured.
Step 5: Concentration of the NO2 increases / reaction mixture turns light brown
NO2 = Nitrogen dioxide / N2O4= Dinitrogen tetraoxide

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
🠕 T = Temperature Decrease
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE
Step 2: Temperature is decreased.
Step 3: Reaction that will replenish the energy deficit is favoured.
Step 4: Forward exothermic reaction is favoured.
Step 5: Concentration of the N2O4 increases / reaction mixture becomes colourless.

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P = Pressure Increase
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE
Step 2: Pressure is increased.
Step 3: Reaction that forms the least number of particles is favoured.
Step 4: Forward reaction forms the least number of moles of particles.

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P = Pressure Decrease
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE
Step 2: Pressure is decreased.
Step 3: Reaction that forms the most number of particles is favoured.
Step 4: Reverse reaction that forms the most number of moles is favoured.
Step 5: Concentration of the NO2 increases / reaction mixture turns light brown.

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
🠕 [ NO2 ] = Concentration Increase
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE
Step 2: Concentration of the NO2 is increased.
Step 3: Reaction that will reduce the excess chemical is favoured.
Step 4: Forward reaction away from the excess NO2 is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
🠕 [ NO2 ] = Concentration Decrease
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE
Step 2: Concentration of the NO2 decreases.
Step 3: Reaction that will supplement the deficiency in the chemical substance is favoured.
Step 4: Reverse reaction towards the NO2 is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
🠕 [ N2O4 ] = Concentration Increase
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE
Step 2: Concentration of N2O4 is increased.
Step 4: Reverse reaction away from the excess N2O4 is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
🠕 [ N2O4 ] = Concentration
Decrease
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE
Step 2: Concentration of the N2O4 is decreased.
Step 4: Forward reaction to the N2O4 is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
Decrease
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
Decrease
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
Decrease
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
Decrease
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
Decrease
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
Decrease
△H > 0 2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0

Step 1: NONE

🠕 T 🠕
△H > 0 CoCl4-2 (aq) + 6H2O (l) ⮀ Co(H2O)6 +2 (aq) + 4Cl- (aq) △H < 0
(BLUE) (PINK)
Step 1: H2O is the solvent.

Step 2: Increase temperature.
Step 3: Reaction that will absorb the excess temperature will be favoured.
Step 5: Concentration of the CoCl4-1 increases / reaction mixture turns blue.
CoCl4-2 = Cobalt tetrachloride-ion / Co(H2O)6+2 =Cobalt(II) hexahidride-ion or hexaaquacobalt(II)-ion

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 2: Decrease temperature.
Step 3: Reaction that will supply the deficit in temperature will be favoured.
Step 5: Concentration of the Co(H2O)6+2 increases / reaction mixture turns pink.

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
🠕 [ CoCl4-1 ] = Concentration Increase
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 2: Concentration of the CoCl4-1 is increased.
Step 4: Forward reaction away from the CoCl4-1 is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
🠕 [ CoCl4-1 ] = Concentration Decrease
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 2: Concentration of the CoCl4-1 is decreased.
Step 4: Reverse reaction towards the CoCl4-1 is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
🠕 [Co(H2O)6 +2 ] = Concentration Increase
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 2: Concentration of the Co(H2O)6+2 is increased.
Step 4: Reverse reaction away from the Co(H2O)6+2 is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
🠕 [Co(H2O)6 +2 ] = Concentration Decrease
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 2: Concentration of the Co(H2O)6+2 is decreased.
Step 4: Forward reaction in the direction of the Co(H2O)6+2 is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Add H2O to reaction mixture
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 2: Addition of H2O decreases the concentration of all ions in solution.
Step 3: Reaction that forms the greatest number of particles (allows greatest number of moles) is favoured.
Step 4: Forward reaction with the most number of moles of ions is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Add HCl to reaction mixture
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 2: Addition of HCl increases the concentration of Cl-1 ions. (Common ion effect)
Step 4: Reverse reaction away from the Cl-1 ions is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 2: Addition of HCl increases the concentration of Cl-1 ions. (Common ion effect)

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 2: Addition of HCl increases the concentration of Cl- ions. (Common ion effect)

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)


🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 4: Reverse reaction away from the Cl- ions is favoured.

🠕 T 🠕
Solvent
(BLUE) (PINK)

Step 4: Reverse reaction away from the Cl- ions is favoured.

Tea Break
10 min
• Concentrations at equilibrium
• Coefficients (mole ratios)

aA + bB ⭢
⭢ cC + dD
⭢
• No solids
• No solvents (H2O).
[ C ] c [ D ]d
Kc =
• Kc value is a ratio [ A ] a [ B ]b
• Kc does not have an SI unit
• Kc = 1 ∴ [ C ]c [ D ]d = [ A ]a [ B ]b
• Kc < 1 ∴ [ C ]c [ D ]d < [ A ]a [ B ]b
• Kc > 1 ∴ [ C ]c [ D ]d > [ A ]a [ B ]b
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
[ N2O4 ]
Kc =
[ NO2 ]2
• Concentrations at equilibrium
• Coefficients (mole ratios)

aA + bB ⭢
⭢ cC + dD
⭢
• No solids
• No solvents (H2O).
[ C ] c [ D ]d
Kc =
• Kc value is a ratio [ A ] a [ B ]b
• Kc does not have an SI unit
• Kc = 1 ∴ [ C ]c [ D ]d = [ A ]a [ B ]b
• Kc < 1 ∴ [ C ]c [ D ]d < [ A ]a [ B ]b
• Kc > 1 ∴ [ C ]c [ D ]d > [ A ]a [ B ]b
CoCl4-1 (aq) + 6H2O (l) ⮀ Co(H2O)6 +2 (aq) + 4Cl -1 (aq) △H < 0
[Co(H2O)6 +2][Cl-1]4
Kc =
[CoCl4-1]
PHYSICAL SCIENCES


EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
A mathematical ratio between the concentration of the products and the

concentration of the reactants at chemical equilibrium.
The ratio remains constant at a specific temperature and obeys Le Chatelier’s

principle.
QUANTITATIVE CALCULATIONS
ORGANIC REACTIONS REACTION RATE CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
QUANTITATIVE
ACID-BASE REACTIONS REDOX REACTIONS
CHEMISTRY
FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
QUANTITATIVE CALCULATIONS
Mass / Molar mass
Particles / Avogadro’s number
n Concentration of gases and aqueous

solutions
Volume of gases at STP
Gases not at STP

7. K calculations
c
3 mol of NO2 are placed in a 1,5 dm3 container and the equilibrium reaction below takes place.
At equilibrium, 0,3 mol of NO2 was found to be present in the container. Calculate the value of the
equilibrium constant (Kc value) for this reaction.
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL)
n(CHANGE)
n(EQUILIBRIUM)
c(EQUILIBRIUM) = n ÷ V
7. K calculations
c
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL) 0
n(CHANGE)
n(EQUILIBRIUM)
7. K calculations
c
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL) 3 0
n(CHANGE)
n(EQUILIBRIUM)
7. K calculations
c
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL) 3 0
n(CHANGE)
n(EQUILIBRIUM) 0,3
7. K calculations
c
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL) 3 0
n(CHANGE) - 2,7
n(EQUILIBRIUM) 0,3
7. K calculations
c
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL) 3 0
n(CHANGE) - 2,7 + 1,35
n(EQUILIBRIUM) 0,3
7. K calculations
c
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL) 3 0
n(CHANGE) - 2,7 + 1,35
n(EQUILIBRIUM) 0,3 1,35
7. K calculations
c
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL) 3 0
n(CHANGE) - 2,7 + 1,35
c = 0,3 ÷ 1,5
7. K calculations
c
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL) 3 0
n(CHANGE) - 2,7 + 1,35
c = 0,3 ÷ 1,5
c = 0,2 mol.dm-3
7. K calculations
c
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL) 3 0
n(CHANGE) - 2,7 + 1,35
c = 0,3 ÷ 1,5 c = 1,35 ÷ 1,5

c = 0,2 mol.dm-3
7. K calculations
c
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
2NO2 N2O4
n(INITIAL) 3 0
n(CHANGE) - 2,7 + 1,35
c = 0,3 ÷ 1,5 c = 1,35 ÷ 1,5

c = 0,2 mol.dm-3 c = 0,9 mol.dm-3
7. K calculations
c
3 mol of NO2 are placed in a 1.5 dm3 container and the equilibrium reaction below takes place.
At equilibrium, 0.3 mol of NO2 was found to be present in the container. Calculate the value of the
2 NO2 (g) ⮀ N2O4 (g) △H < 0
[ N2O4 ] [NO2] = 0,2 mol.dm-3

Kc =
[ NO2 ]2
[N2O4] = 0,9 mol.dm-3
( 0,9 )
Kc =
( 0,2 )2
Kc = 22,5
7. K calculations
c
N2 and H2 react in a 1 dm3 container and reach equilibrium at 350 °C. At equilibrium, there are
2 moles of H2 and 4 moles of NH3 present in the container. The equilibrium constant is 2.
Calculate: (i) the equilibrium concentration of N2 and (ii) the initial amount of moles of N2 placed in
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL)
n(CHANGE)
n(EQUILIBRIUM)
7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL) 0
n(CHANGE)
n(EQUILIBRIUM)
7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL) 0
n(CHANGE)
n(EQUILIBRIUM) 2 4
7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL) 0
n(CHANGE) +4
n(EQUILIBRIUM) 2 4
7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL) 0
n(CHANGE) -2 -6 +4
n(EQUILIBRIUM) 2 4
7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL) 8 0
n(CHANGE) -2 -6 +4
n(EQUILIBRIUM) 2 4
7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL) x 8 0
n(CHANGE) -2 -6 +4
n(EQUILIBRIUM) 2 4
7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL) x 8 0
n(CHANGE) -2 -6 +4
n(EQUILIBRIUM) x-2 2 4
7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL) x 8 0
n(CHANGE) -2 -6 +4
c(EQUILIBRIUM) = n ÷ V c = (x-2) ÷ 1
7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL) x 8 0
n(CHANGE) -2 -6 +4
c(EQUILIBRIUM) = n ÷ V c = (x-2) ÷ 1 c = 2 ÷1
7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
N2 3H2 2NH3
n(INITIAL) x 8 0
n(CHANGE) -2 -6 +4
c(EQUILIBRIUM) = n ÷ V c = (x-2) ÷ 1 c = 2 ÷1 c=4÷1

7. K calculations
c
the container.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⮀ 2NH3 (g) △H < 0
[ NH3 ]2 [N2] = (x-2) mol.dm-3

Kc = =2
[ N2 ] [ H2 ]3 [H2] = 2 mol.dm-3
( 4 )2 [NH3] = 4 mol.dm-3
Kc = =2
(x-2)(2)3
x -2 = 1
(i) c = (3 - 2) ÷ 1 = 1 mol.dm-3
x=3
(i) x = 3 mol
• It has already been established experimentally that the equilibrium constant is

dependent on temperature.
• During a change in CONCENTRATION and PRESSURE, the Kc value remains constant.
• TEMPERATURE is the only change that can change the Kc value!
• In the exam, the Kc value is therefore given or asked for a specific temperature.
• Determine if the FORWARD reaction is exothermic or endothermic!
• The Kc value for an exothermic reaction is lowered by an increase in T.
• The Kc value for an endothermic reaction is increased by an increase in T.

Le Chatelier △H > 0
🠕 [ ] 🠕 🠕 T will 🠕 Kc
Kc remains the same 🠕 T 🠕
🠕 P 🠕 △H < 0
🠕 T will 🠕 Kc
Catalyst
If Kc 🠕 If Kc 🠕
🠕
Kc =
[ PRODUCT ] 🠕
🠕 Kc =
[ PRODUCT ]
[ REACTANTS ] [ REACTANTS ] 🠕
AB (s) + H2O (l) ⭢⭢ A+ (aq) + B- (aq)
⭢
IONIC
SALT SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
HA (aq) + H2O (l) ⭢⭢ H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

⭢
ACID
IONIZATION CONSTANTS FOR ACIDS
AOH (aq) + H2O (l) ⭢⭢ OH- (aq) + A+ (aq)

⭢
BASE
IONIZATION CONSTANTS FOR BASES
H2O (l) + H2O (l) ⭢⭢ OH- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

⭢
AMPHOLYTE
IONIZATION CONSTANT FOR WATER
AB (s) + H2O (l) ⭢⭢ A+ (aq) + B- (aq)

⭢
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
IONIC
SALT
Ksp = [ A+1 ][ B-1 ]
• Ksp < 1 ∴ [ AB ] < [ A+1 ][ B-1 ]

• Ksp > 1 ∴ [ AB ] > [ A+1 ][ B-1 ]
HA (aq) + H2O (l) ⭢ ⭢ H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

⭢
ACID
IONIZATION CONSTANTS FOR ACIDS
[ H3O+1 ][ A-1 ]
Ka =
[ HA ]
• Ka < 1 ∴ [ HA ] < [ A+1 ][ B-1 ]

• Ka > 1 ∴ [ HA ] > [ A+1 ][ B-1 ]
• Strong acid ionizes almost completely in water ∴ Ka > 1
• Weak acid ionizes incompletely in water ∴ Ka < 1

AOH (aq) + H2O (l) ⭢⭢ OH- (aq) + A+ (aq)

⭢
BASE
IONIZATION CONSTANTS FOR BASES
[ OH-1 ][ A+1 ]
Kb =
[ AOH ]
• Kb < 1 ∴ [ AOH ] < [ OH-1 ][ A+1 ]

• Kb > 1 ∴ [ AOH ] > [ OH-1 ][ A+1 ]
• Strong base dissociates almost completely in water ∴ Kb > 1
• Weak base dissociates incompletely in water ∴ Kb < 1

H2O (l) + H2O (l) ⭢⭢ OH- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

⭢
AMPHOLYTE
IONIZATION CONSTANT FOR WATER
Kw = [ OH-1 ][ H3O+1 ]
• At 25 °C the Kw is = [ OH-1 ][ H3O+1 ] = 1 x 10-14
• At 25 °C the Kw is = [ OH-1 ] = [ H3O+1 ] = 1 x 10-7 mol.dm3
• The pH value of a solution is based on the fact that [ H3O+1 ] = 1 x 10-7 mol.dm3 in a
neutral solution.
10 Equilibrium graphs ❷ Forward reaction (away from the excess) is favoured
.
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0
⭢
A
2B ❶ [A] Increase
[Product] Increase
❸
[Reactants] Decrease
AB2
Time ( s )
10 Equilibrium graphs ❷ Reverse reaction (away from the excess) is favoured
.
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0⭢
A
2B
❶ [AB2] Increase
[Product] Decrease
❸
[Reactants] Increase
AB2
Time ( s )
10 Equilibrium graphs ❷ Forward reaction (toward the deficit) is favoured
.
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0⭢
A
2B
[Product] Increase
❸
❶ [AB2] Decrease [Reactants] Decrease
AB2
Time ( s )
10 Equilibrium graphs ❷ reverse reaction (toward the deficit) is favoured
.
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0⭢
A
2B
❶ [A] Decrease ❸
[Product] Decrease
AB2
Time ( s )
10 Equilibrium graphs ❷ Forward reaction (toward the least mole) is favoured
.
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0 ⭢
A If the pressure increases, the concentration

❶ of all gas particles increases
[Product] Increase
2B ❸
[Reactants] Decrease
AB2
Time ( s )
10 Equilibrium graphs ❷ Reverse reaction (toward the most mol) is favoured
.
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0 ⭢
A If the pressure decreases, the concentration

❶ of all gas particles decreases
2B
❸
[Product] Decrease
AB2
Time ( s )
△H > 0 A (aq) + 2B (aq) ⭢ AB2 (aq) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭡ H2 O ⭣ H2 O 🠕T 🠕T
2B
AB2
Kc = 2
Reaction Rate ( mol.dm-3 .s-1 )
Forward
reaction
Reverse
reaction
△H > 0 A (aq) + 2B (aq) ⭢ AB2 (aq) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭡ H2 O ⭣ H2 O 🠕T 🠕T
2B
❶
❹
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2
Forward
reaction ❸
❷
Reverse
reaction
❶ Concentration of A suddenly increases. ❷ Forward reaction (which will use up the increased concentration) is favoured.
❸ Rate of the forward reaction then gradually decreases and the rate of the reverse reaction gradually increases until equilibrium is reached again at a KC = 2
❹ [Product] gradually increases & [reactants] gradually decreases.
△H > 0 A (aq) + 2B (aq) ⭢ AB2 (aq) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭡ H2 O ⭣ H2 O 🠕T 🠕T
2B
❶
❶ ❹
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
❸
❷
Reverse
reaction
❶ H2O (solvent) becomes more and the concentration of all ions in solution suddenly decreases. ❷ Reverse reaction (in the direction of most moles) is favoured. Forward
reaction is therefore impaired. ❸ Rate of the forward reaction gradually increases thereafter and the rate of the reverse reaction gradually decreases until equilibrium is
reached again at a KC = 2. ❹ [Product] gradually decreases & [reactants] gradually increases.
△H > 0 A (aq) + 2B (aq) ⭢ AB2 (aq) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭡ H2 O ⭣ H2 O 🠕T 🠕T
2B
❶
❹
❶
❶
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
❷
Reverse
reaction
❶ H2O (solvent) decreases and the concentration of all ions in solution suddenly increases. ❷ Forward reaction (in the direction of least mole) is favoured.
❸ Rate of the forward reaction then gradually decreases and the rate of the reverse reaction gradually increases until equilibrium is reached again at a KC = 2
△H > 0 A (aq) + 2B (aq) ⭢ AB2 (aq) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭡ H2 O ⭣ H2 O 🠕T 🠕T
2B
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc < 2
Forward ❷
reaction ❶ ❸
Reverse
reaction
❶ Both reactions' rates increase (Factors affecting RT), ❷ but the reverse reaction (in the direction of the endothermic reaction) is favoured more.
❸ Rate of the reverse reaction gradually decreases thereafter and the rate of the forward reaction gradually increases until equilibrium is reached again at a KC < 2
❹ [Product] gradually decreases & [reactants] gradually increases.
△H > 0 A (aq) + 2B (aq) ⭢ AB2 (aq) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭡ H2 O ⭣ H2 O 🠕T 🠕T
2B
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc < 2 Kc > 2
Forward ❶
reaction
❷
❸
Reverse
reaction
❶ Both reactions' rates decrease (Factors influencing RT), ❷ but the forward reaction (in the direction of the endothermic reaction) is least affected.
❸ Rate of the reverse reaction gradually increases thereafter and the rate of the forward reaction gradually decreases until equilibrium is reached again at a KC > 2
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭣P ⭡P ⭣T ⭡T
2B
AB2
Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
Reverse
reaction
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭣P ⭡P ⭣T ⭡T
2B
❶
❹
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
❷
❸
Reverse
reaction
❶ The concentration of A suddenly increases. ❷ The forward reaction (which will use up the increased concentration) is favoured.
❸ Rate of the reverse reaction then gradually increases and the rate of the forward reaction gradually decreases until equilibrium is reached again at a KC = 2
❹ The [Product] gradually increases & the [reactants] gradually decreases.
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭣P ⭡P ⭣T ⭡T
2B
❶
❶ ❹
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
❸
❷
Reverse
reaction
❶ The pressure of the container decreases. The concentration of all gas particles therefore decreases. ❷ The reverse reaction (in the direction of most moles) is favoured.
The forward reaction is therefore impaired. ❸ Rate of the reverse reaction then gradually decreases and the rate of the forward reaction gradually increases until
equilibrium is reached again at a KC = 2. ❹ The [Product] gradually decreases & the [reactants] gradually increases.
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭣P ⭡P ⭣T ⭡T
2B
❶
❹
❶
❶
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
❷
Reverse
reaction
❶ The pressure of the container increases. The concentration of all gas particles therefore increases. ❷ The forward reaction (in the direction of the least mole) is favoured.
❸ Rate of the reverse reaction gradually increases thereafter and the rate of the forward reaction gradually decreases until equilibrium is reached again at a KC = 2.
❹ The [Product] gradually increases & the [reactants] gradually decreases.
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭣P ⭡P ⭡T ⭣T
2B
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc < 2
Forward ❷
reaction ❶
❸
Reverse
reaction
❶ Both reactions' rates increase (Factors influencing RT), ❷ but the reverse reaction (in the direction of the endothermic reaction) is favoured more.
❸ Rate of the reverse reaction then gradually decreases and the rate of the forward reaction gradually increases until equilibrium is reached again at a KC < 2
❹ [Product] gradually decreases & [reactants] gradually increases.
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 [A] ⭣P ⭡P ⭡T ⭣T
2B
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc < 2 Kc > 2
Forward
reaction ❶
❷
❸
Reverse
reaction
❶ Both reactions' rates decrease (Factors affecting RT), ❷ but the forward reaction (in the direction of the exothermic reaction) is less affected.
❸ Rate of the reverse reaction gradually increases thereafter and the rate of the forward reaction gradually decreases until equilibrium is reached again at a KC > 2
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0
⭢
A
🠕 CATALYST ⭣ CATALYST
2B
AB2
Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
Reverse
reaction
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0
⭢
A
2B
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
Reverse
reaction
△H > 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H < 0
⭢
A
2B
AB2
Kc = 2 Kc = 2 Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
Reverse
reaction
△H < 0 A (aq) + 2B (aq) ⭢ AB2 (aq) △H > 0
⭢
A
🠕 [B] ⭣ H2 O ⭣T 🠕 Catalyst ⭡ H2 O
2B
AB2
Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
Reverse
reaction
Informal Classroom Activity

△H < 0 A (g) + 2B (g) ⭢ AB2 (g) △H > 0
⭢
A
🠕 [B] ⭣T ⭡P ⭣ Catalyst ⭣P
2B
AB2
Kc = 2
Forward
reaction
Reverse
reaction
Informal Classroom Activity

The following JIT Sessions:
May 24, 2023: Acid-Base reactions

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Jit 10 May 2023 Gr12 Chemical Equilibrium

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TEAMS PROTOCOL

Just In Time Program

a) Q6.2 is poorly answered. Common errors were: ❶ Substitution of number of moles

e) Learners must be exposed to many exercises that require explanations in

e) Use the review booklet designed by the DBO to support learners.

The laws and definitions are grouped in themes and

THESE ARE THE ONLY WORDS THAT WILL BE ACCEPTED

A + 2B ⭢ AB2 NOT a reaction in equilibrium!

A + 2B ⭢ AB2 NOT a reaction in equilibrium!

A + 2B ⭢ AB2 NOT a reaction in equilibrium!

A + 2B ⭢ AB2 Reaction is in equilibrium!

A + 2B ⭢ AB2 Reaction is in equilibrium!

A + 2B ⭢ AB2 Reaction is in equilibrium!

The laws and definitions are grouped in themes and

THESE ARE THE ONLY WORDS THAT WILL BE ACCEPTED

• If a reactant or product's concentration is increased, the reaction AWAY from the

• If a reactant or product's concentration is increased, the reaction AWAY from the

• If a reactant or product's concentration is decreased, the reaction TOWARDS the

• If a reactant or product's concentration is increased, the reaction AWAY from the

• If a reactant or product's concentration is decreased, the reaction TOWARDS the

• If the temperature is increased, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the

• If a reactant or product's concentration is increased, the reaction AWAY from the

• If a reactant or product's concentration is decreased, the reaction TOWARDS the

• If the temperature is increased, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the

• If the temperature is lowered, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the

• If a reactant or product's concentration is increased, the reaction AWAY from the

• If a reactant or product's concentration is decreased, the reaction TOWARDS the

• If the temperature is increased, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the

• If the temperature is lowered, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the

• If a reactant or product's concentration is increased, the reaction AWAY from the

• If a reactant or product's concentration is decreased, the reaction TOWARDS the

• If the temperature is increased, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the

• If the temperature is lowered, the reaction is favoured in the direction of the

LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE IS LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE IS

• Gases • Pure liquids

• Reaction that will reduce the excess in the

• Reverse reaction is favoured.

• [reactants] increases & [Products] decreases.

• Reaction that will reduce the excess in the

• Reverse reaction is favoured.

• [reactants] increases & [Products] decreases.

• Reaction that will reduce the excess in the

• Reverse reaction is favoured.

• [reactants] increases & [Products] decreases.

• Reaction that will reduce the excess in the

• Reverse reaction is favoured.

• [reactants] increases & [Products] decreases.

• Reaction that will increase the deficit in the

• Forward response is favoured.

• [reactants] decrease & [Products] increase.

• Reaction that will increase the deficit in the

• Forward response is favoured.

• [reactants] decrease & [Products] increase.

• Reaction that will increase the deficit in the

• Forward reaction is favoured.

• [reactants] decrease & [Products] increase.

• Reaction that will increase the deficit in the

• Forward reaction is favoured.

• [reactants] decrease & [Products] increase.

• The forward reaction in our example is

• The reaction that will reduce the excess energy

• Reverse reaction is favoured.

• [reactants] increases & [Products] decreases.

• The forward reaction in our example is