Valves

A DISCUSSION PRESENTATION
on
• Valves - classification basis

and components
• Specialty Items
www.automationforum.co
Valves
Valve – An integral part of the piping system

Classified on the basis of
a) Valve function/action
- On/off (stopping or starting flow)
- Regulating (varying the rate of flow)
- Checking (permitting flow in one direction only)
b) Operation
- Manual/Auto operation (e.g. Ball, globe, gate, butterfly, needle)
- Self operation (e.g. Check valve)
The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a Valve Trim. The trim
typically includes a disk, seat, stem, and sleeves needed to guide the stem.
Piping Department www.automationforum.co

Valve components
The basic parts that make up a valve

are:-
a) The DISC - The moving part directly
affecting the flow irrespective of its
shape.
b) The SEAT - The non moving part the
disc rests on.
c) The PORT - is the maximum internal
opening for flow (that is when the valve
is fully open).
d) The STEM - in case of manual
operated valve, disc is actuated by the
stem. Two types –
a) Rising stem (e.g.. Gate, globe)
b) Non rising/rotating stem (e.g. ball,
butterfly)

Valve components
e) The BONNET - three types

a) Screwed - For services where there is no harm to personnel. More
suitable for small valves requiring frequent dismantling.
b) Bolted - Frequently used in hydrocarbon applications. For moderate
pressures and to facilitate frequent cleaning and inspection.
c) Breech-lock - The breech-lock is a heavier infrequently used are more
expensive construction, also for high pressure use and involves seal welding of the
bonnet with the body.
f) LANTERN RING - As an option the bonnet may include a ‘lantern ring’
which serves two purposes –
a) either to act as a collection point to drain off any hazardous seepages,
b) or as a point where lubricant can be injected.

Gate Valve
• A gate valve is a valve that opens by

lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge
out of the path of the fluid.
• Gate valves are sometimes used for

regulating flow, but many are not suited
for that purpose, having been designed to
be fully opened or closed. When fully
open, the typical gate valve has no
obstruction in the flow path, resulting in
very low friction loss.

Gate Valve
• Gate valves are characterized as having either a rising or a non-rising stem.
• Rising stems provide a visual indication of valve position.
• Non-rising stems are used where vertical space is limited or underground.

Globe Valve
• A Globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting
of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical
body .
• Globe Valves are named for their spherical body shape with the two halves of the
body being separated by an internal baffle.
• Automated globe valves have a smooth stem rather than threaded and are
opened and closed by an actuator assembly.
• When a globe valve is manually operated, the stem is turned by a hand wheel.

Ball Valves - Introduction
• Ball valves are flow valves that are quarter-turn

• These valves allow for shut-off and/or purposes of control.
• A ball valve is a valve that opens by turning a handle attached to a ball inside the
valve.
• The ball has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line
with both ends of the valve, flow will occur.
• When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and
flow is blocked.

Ball Valves – Types Full port,
Standard port & Reduced port
• A full port ball valve has an over sized ball so that the hole in
the ball is the same size as the pipeline resulting in lower
friction loss. Flow is unrestricted, but the valve is larger.
• A standard port ball valve is up to one pipe size smaller than
nominal pipe size but still has a significantly better flow than
globe valve. Usually less expensive.
• A reduced port ball valves have more than one pipe size flow
restriction and are not recommended in building services
piping, but rather for process piping in hazardous material
transfer.

Ball Valves – Types
V-Port Ball Valve
• A v port ball valve has either a 'v' shaped ball or

a 'v' shaped seat.
• This allows the orifice to be opened and closed
in a more controlled manner with a closer to linear
flow characteristic.
• Linear flow characteristic produces equal
change in flow per unit of valve stroke, regardless of
the position of the valve.
• When the valve is in the closed position and
opening is commenced the small end of the ‘v' is
opened first allowing stable flow control during this
stage.

Ball Valves – Types One
piece, Two piece and Three piece
• One piece ball valves are almost always reduced bore(thus significant pressure
drop), are relatively inexpensive and generally are throw-away. Have no potential body
leak path.
• Two piece ball valves are generally slightly reduced (or standard) bore, they can be
either throw-away or repairable. Best price value.
• The 3 piece design allows for the center part of the valve containing the ball, stem
& seats to be easily removed from the pipeline. This facilitates efficient cleaning of
deposited sediments, replacement of seats and gland packing's, polishing out of small
scratches on the ball, all this without removing the pipes from the valve body. The
design concept of a three piece valve is for it to be repairable.

Ball Valves – Types Two way
& three way ball valves
• Three-way ball valves have an L- or T-

shaped hole through the middle.
• Multi port ball valves with 4 or more

ways are also commercially available, the
inlet way often being orthogonal to the
plane of the outlets.
• This valve has two L-shaped ports in

the ball that do not interconnect,
sometimes referred to as an "x" port.

Ball Valves – Applications
Ball valves have many good points and are often considered superior to many other
kinds of valves.
• Ball valves are very easy to use and can both maintain and regulate three things
-high pressure
-high volume and
-high flow of temperature.
• Other advantages of ball valves are that they are sturdy devices that can be
purchased for a low price and they have a long service life.
• An added plus is that the regulating element's design makes it easy for the ball
valve to work without concern about side loads, which often plague globe or
butterfly valves.
• The ball valve design allows for the easy ability to fix the seats if a problem arises
and also seals without having to take away the body of the valves from the line.

Ball Valves – Applications
• Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after
years of disuse.
• They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications (and are often
preferred to globe valves and gate valves for this purpose). They do not offer the fine
control that may be necessary in throttling applications but are sometimes used for
this purpose.
• Ball valves are used extensively in industry because they are very versatile,
pressures up to 10,000 psi, temperatures up to 200 Deg C. Sizes from 1/4" to 12" are
readily available They are easy to repair, operate manually or by actuators.
• Ball valves are to be found being used in a number of different industries.
• Some of these include the chemical, oil, pharmaceutical, allied process and also
services such as corrosive and cryogenic.

Butterfly Valves – Introduction
• A butterfly valve is a type of flow control device, typically used to regulate a

fluid flowing through a section of pipe.
• A flat circular plate is positioned in the center of the pipe. The plate has a rod
through it connected to an actuator on the outside of the valve. Rotating the
actuator turns the plate either parallel or perpendicular to the flow.
• Unlike a ball valve, the plate is always present within the flow, therefore a
pressure drop is always induced in the flow regardless of valve position.
• A butterfly valve is from a family of valves called quarter-turn valves.

Butterfly Valves – Types
TYPES
• Resilient butterfly valve which has a flexible rubber seat. Working pressure 232 PSI.
The resilient butterfly valve, which uses the flexibility of rubber, has the lowest
pressure rating.
• High performance butterfly valve which is usually double eccentric in design.
Working pressure up to 725 PSI. The high performance butterfly valve, used in
slightly higher-pressure systems, features a slight offset in the way the disc is
positioned, which increases the valve's sealing ability and decreases its tendency to
wear.
• Tricentric butterfly valve which is usually with metal seated design. Working
pressure up to 1450 PSI.
• The valve best suited for high-pressure systems is the tricentric butterfly valve,
which makes use of a metal seat, and is therefore able to withstand a greater
amount of pressure.

Butterfly Valve - Mounting Schemes
BUTTERFLY VALVE MOUNTING SCHEMES
Wafer Style Butterfly Valves - The wafer style butterfly valve is installed between two
flanges. The valve is kept in place by using bolts or studs and nuts from flange to flange.
This type of installation, of course, makes it impossible to disconnect just one side of
the piping system from the valve. That is where the lug style valve comes in.
Lug Style Butterfly Valves - Lug style valves have threaded inserts at both sides of the
valve body. This allows them to be installed into a system using two sets of bolts and
NO nuts. The valve is installed between two flanges using a separate set of bolts for
each flange. This setup permits either side of the piping system to be disconnected
without disturbing the other side.
A lug style butterfly valve used in dead end service generally has a reduced pressure
rating. For example a lug style butterfly valve mounted between two flanges has a 150
psi pressure rating. The same valve mounted with one flange, in dead end service, has
a 75 psi rating.

Butterfly Valve - Applications
• Butterfly valves are commonly used as control valves in applications where the
pressure drops required of the valves are relatively low.
• Butterfly valves can be used in applications as either shutoff valves (on/off

service) or as throttling valves (for flow or pressure control).
• Typical uses would include isolation of equipment, fill/drain systems, bypass

systems, and other like applications where the only criteria for control of the
flow/pressure is that it be on or off.
• Two special applications for a butterfly valve include the use of a valve for free
discharge and the use of a butterfly valve for flashing or choking cavitation.
(Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a
flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour
pressure)

Check Valve - Introduction
• A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a mechanical device, a
valve, which normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction.
• Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a person or any
external control; accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem.
• An important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure which is the minimum
upstream pressure at which the valve will operate.
• Typically the check valve is designed for and can therefore be specified for a specific
cracking pressure.

Check Valve - Types
• Ball check valve
• Diaphragm check valve
• Swing check valve
• Clapper valve
• Lift-check valve

Check Valve - Applications
• Pumps commonly use inlet and outlet ball check valves.
• Check valves are used in many fluid systems such as those in chemical, and power
plants, and in many other industrial processes.
• Check valves are also often used when multiple gases are mixed into one gas
stream. A check valve is installed on each of the individual gas streams to prevent
mixing of the gases in the original source.

Valves – Design Code & MOC
• Design Code - ASME B 16.34 (Valves-Flanged, Welded and Threaded End)
• Material of Construction - Valves are made using an assortment of materials, some

of which include
- Carbon steel
- Stainless steels
- Alloy steel
• Valve Inspection, Testing - API 598 covers the testing and inspection requirements
for gate, globe, check, ball, plug & butterfly valves.

Valve Type & Service
Final Comparison
VALVE TYPE SERVICE
BALL General type valve, Used for all fluids.(On/Off)
GATE Usually, used for Liquid (On/Off), never used for flow rate control
(Knife Gate type used for Low pressure, Liquid Mud)
GLOBE Used for flow rate control (Small diameter Utility connection etc.)
CHECK Used for prevention of back flow
NEEDLE It’s a Small Size, used for flow rate control certainly, compare with others.
BUTTERFLY It has not Compact, easy to operate, so that used for Firewater, Bulk line, usually.
MODULAR It has Double Block & Bleed function, so that used for Branch line of High pressure
Instrument.
PLUG Used for fluid include solid body, like a sand, Used for High pressure valve in
Wellhead

Valve Material & Specificity
CS VALVE MATERIAL
Classification CS (high temp.) LTCS ( low temp.)

Forging Casting Forging Casting
Material Code ASTM A105(N) ASTM A216 ASTM A350 ASTM A352
B Using Grade - WCB LF2/LF3 LCC
O
Min.Y.S. (ksi) 35 36 35 40
D
Y Min.T.S. (ksi) 60 70 60 70
Impact Test N/A N/A 18J/-50F 20J/-50F
(Aver. J/deg.)
Chem. C 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.25

Content S 0.035 0.045 0.025 0.045
CE NA (0.5 :S5) N/A NA NA ( 0.55:S23)
Trim Material A182 F316, A182 F6A(13 Cr.) A182 F316, A564 Gr.630, Stellite-6
Stellite-6 hard facing
A564 Gr.630(Age hardening),
Bolt/Nut Material A193-B7/A194-2H A320-L7/A194-7
Seat Material PEEK/PTFE PEEK/R-PTFE
Seal/Packing Viton, Teflon, Graphite Viton, Teflon, Graphite

SS VALVE MATERIAL
Classification Stainless Steel Duplex Stainless Steel

Forging Casting Forging Casting
Material Code ASTM A182 ASTM A351 ASTM A182 ASTM A890
B Using Grade F316/ F316L CF8M F51 4A
O
D Min.Y.S. (ksi) 30/25 30 65 60
Y Min.T.S. (ksi) 75/70 70 90 90
Chem. Ni 10-14 9-12 4.5-6.5 4.5-6.5

Content Cr 16-18 18-21 21-23 21-23.5
C 0.08/0.035 0.08 0.03 0.03
S 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.02
Mo 2-3 2-3 2.5-3.5 2.5-3.5
Trim Material A182 F316, A182 F XM-19(22Cr,13Ni) A182 F51, Stellite-6 hard facing
,Stellite-6 hard face, A479 316 (ENP), A479 S31803
Bolt/Nut Material A193-B7/A194-2H, A193-B8M/A194- A320-L7/A194-7, A182 F51/F55

8M
Seat Material PEEK, /RPTFE PEEK, R-PTFE
Sael/Packing Viton, Teflon, Graphite Viton, Teflon, Graphite

ALLOY STEEL VALVE MATERIAL
Classification Ni-Al-bronze (for Cu-Ni) Titanium

Material Code ASTM B148(Casting) ASTM B381(Titanium forging)
B ASTM B367 (Titanium Casting)
O
Using Grade UNS C95800 F2(Forging), C2(Casting)
D
Y Min.Y.S. (ksi) 35 40
Min.T.S. (ksi) 85 50
Chemical Cu: 81.3% C: 0.03
Content Ni: 4.5% Iron 0.25
Iron: 4% Ti: app.99%
Al: 9.5%
Trim Material ASTM B151 UNS C70600 ASTM B381- F2

A182 F316 AISI 316
Bolt/Nut Material A193-B8M/A194-8M ASTM F467/468 Gr.5 or 9
Seat Material PEEK / PTFE PTFE
Sael/Packing Viton, Teflon, Graphite Viton, Teflon, Graphite

Ball Valve Specification
CLASSIFICATION ASME or API BS or EN

Design Standard API 6D, API 608 BS 5351
ASME B16.34 (Pressure Temp. Rating ) EN 13547 ( Al-Bronze valve)
Face to Face API 6D BS EN 558 Part 2
dimension ASME B16.10 (long Pattern)
Housing Design One Piece Body or Split Body (2 piece, 3 piece) , Side or Top entry
Seat Arrangement Floating Type: L.P. & small size (ex: 150/300#:<12”, 600/900#;<8”, 1500/2500#:<4”)
Trunnion type: H.P. & large size (ex: 150/300#:>=12”, 600/900#;>=8”, 1500/2500#:>=4”)
Bore Type RB: Reduced Bore, FB: Full Bore
Operator Lever: L.P. & small size (ex: 150/300#:<12”, 600/900#;<8”, 1500/2500#:<4”) ,
Gear Operate: H.P. & large size (ex: 150/300#:>=12”, 600/900#;>=8”, 1500/2500#:>=4”)
Actuator : Electric Actuator, Hydraulic Actuator, Pneumatic Actuator
Pressure rating ASME B16.34 (150#,300#....2500#) EN13547 (PN20,PN50… PN420)
Fire Test Cert. API 6FA, ISO-10497, API 607
Body/Seat Hyd. Test API 6D, ISO 5208 BS EN 12266 Part-1
Leakage Rate ISO 5208 Rate “A” BS EN 12266 Part-1 Rate “A”
Locking Device - Car Seal or Pad Lock (ASTM F993), - Mechanical Inter-locking device

Gate Valve Specification
CLASSIFICATION ASME or API BS or EN

Design Standard API 602 : for size <=2” BS 5352: SW, FNPT
API6D, API 600 (Style B): for size >=2” BS 1414: Flanged
Face to Face API 6D, ASME B16.10 BS 1414

dimension BS 5154
Housing Design -Regular type with OS&Yoke, solid disc, bolted bonnet/grand Rising stem
- Knife edge gate.
Seat Arrangement Renewable metal seat

Integral seat with hard facing.
Operator Hand wheel
Pressure rating API 800# ; for size <=2” EN13547 (PN20,PN50… PN420)
ASME B16.34 (#150, #300…) Cl. 800#
Fire Test Cert. ISO 10497 ( type approval)
Body/Seat Hyd. Test API 598 BS/EN 12266 Part-1

& Leakage Rate ISO 5208, Rate ”A”

Globe Valve Specification
Classification ASME or API BS or EN

Design Standard ASME B16.34, API 600 BS 1873: Flanged,
BS 5352 :SW, FNPT
Face to Face ASME B16.10 BS EN 588 Part-2: Flanged

dimension BS 5352: SW, FNPT
Housing Design Regular type with outside screw and yoke, solid disc, bolted bonnet/grand
Seat Arrangement Renewable seat,

Integral seat with hard facing.
Operator Hand wheel
Pressure rating ASME B16.34 (150#, 300#....), EN13547 (PN20,PN50… )

API 800#: for size <=2” Cl.800
Fire Test Cert. ISO 10497
Body/Seat Hyd. Test API 598 BS EN 12266 Part-1
Leakage Rate API 598 BS EN 12266 Part-1, Rate ”B”

Check Valve Specification
Design Standard Swing Check: API 6D/ASME B16.34 Swing Check: BS 1868
Dual Plate : API 594 / ASME B16.34 Piston :BS EN 15761 Flange,
Piston : ASME B16.34 BS 5352;SW,FNPT
Face to Face ASME B16.10/API 6D: Swing Type BS 2080 ( for size <=1.5”)
dimension API 594 : Dual Plate type
Housing Design Swing: Straight pattern, Piston: Bolted Bonnet, Dual plate: lugged Wafer
Seat Arrangement Swing/Dual Plate: Metal to Metal, Piston: Spring loaded ball/piston, renewable
Operator Not Applicable
Pressure rating ASME B16.34 (150#,300#,...) EN13547 (PN20,PN50…)

API #800: for size <=2” Cl.800#
Body/Seat Hyd. Test ISO 5208:swing check ISO 5208: swing

API 598:dual plate check BS EN 12266 part-1: piston
Leakage Rate ISO 5208 Rate”A”: swing check ISO 5208 rate”A”: swing
API 598 table-5, rate”C”: dual plate BS EN 12266 part-1 Rate ”B”: piston

Needle Valve Specification
Design Standard ASME B16.34 BS 1873
Face to Face ASME B16.10 BS 2080

dimension
Housing Design Manufacturer standard
Seat Arrangement Integral or Renewable seat
Operator Hand Wheel
Pressure rating API #800, #3000, #6000
Body/Seat Hyd. Test BS EN 12266 Part-1
Leakage Rate BS EN 12266 Part-1 rate ”A”

Butterfly Valve Specification

Design Standard API 609 Category-A or B BS 5155
Face to Face API 609 Table-2 BS 5155

dimension
Housing Design Wafer Type ( Lug Type ,Fully Lug type), Flange Type
Seat Arrangement Renewable
Operator Hand wheel: small size (ex: Up to 6”size) ,

Gear Operate: large size (ex: 8” and above)
Actuator : Electric Actuator, Hydraulic Actuator, Pneumatic Actuator
Pressure rating ASME B16.34 (150#,300#...)
Fire Test Cert. ISO 10497, API 6FA,
Body/Seat Hyd. Test API 598
Leakage Rate API 598 Table-5

Data Sheets
LINE SIZE
MATERIAL • Body Material
• Trim Material
• Seat Material
• Gasket Material
• Bolt/Nut Material.
OPERATOR • Hand Wheel

• Gear Operated
• Chain Operated
• Lever Operated
SEAT ARRANGEMENT • Integral

• Renewable
CONSTRUACTION • Reduced Port, Standard Port or Full Port.

• One piece, Two Piece or Three Piece.
FEATURES • Stem – Rising/Non Rising/Rotating
• Bonnet – Screwed, Bolted or Breechlock.
• Mounting System – Lug or Wafar type
PRESSURE RATING

SPECIALITY ITEMS
• STEAM TRAP
• RUPTURE DISC
• STRAINERS
• FLAME ARRESTOR
STEAM TRAPS
WHAT ARE STEAM TRAPS?
The duty of steam trap is to remove the condensate and non condensable
gases from the steam main line It must involve negligible consumption or loss
of live steam.
An example:
Without steam traps being used condensate would form in the distribution
piping, creating a wide range of problems. Steam would enter a set of tubes or
a coil at one end and come out at the other end as either steam, condensate or
a two-phase mixture of the two; very dangerous, damaging and wasteful.

STEAM TRAPS
Uses
• Thus by installing steam traps in strategic locations throughout the distribution
system we can eliminate those problems. With proper placement and specification
of steam traps we can create and maintain an efficient, cost effective steam supply
and distribution system
The three important functions of steam traps are:

• - Discharge condensate as soon as it is formed.
• - Have a negligible steam consumption.
• - Have the capability of discharging air and other non-condensable gases.

Types of Steam Traps
a) THERMOSTATIC b) MECHANICAL c) THERMODYNAMIC
TEMPERATURE DENSITY KINETIC ENERGY

A) MECHANICAL STEAM TRAPS
• It works on the principle of the difference in density between steam and

condensate.
• This trap is made up of mechanical apparatus that is driven by the density of
condensate to operate a float or a bucket.
• It has a float that rises and falls in relation to condensate level and this usually has
a mechanical linkage attached that opens and closes the valve. Mechanical traps
operate in direct relationship to condensate levels present in the body of the steam
trap.
• They can continuously pass large volumes of condensate and are suitable for a
wide range of process applications.

TYPES OF MECHANICAL STREAM TRAPS
• Float and thermostatic type(ball float type)
• Inverted Bucket type

MECHANICAL STREAM TRAPS
FLOAT AND THERMOSTATIC TYPE
Thermostatic air vent

ADVANTAGES
• The trap continuously discharges condensate at steam temperature. This makes it

the first choice for applications where the rate of heat transfer is high for the area
of heating surface available.
• It is able to handle heavy or light condensate loads equally well and is not affected
by wide and sudden fluctuations of pressure or flow rate.
• As long as an automatic air vent is fitted, the trap is able to discharge air freely.
• It has a large capacity for its size.

Disadvantages
• Although less susceptible than the inverted bucket trap, the float type trap can be
damaged by severe freezing and the body should be well lagged.
• As with all mechanical type traps, different internals are required to allow
operation over varying pressure ranges. Traps designed to operate on higher
differential pressures have smaller orifices to balance the bouyancy of the float. If
a trap is subjected to a higher differential pressure than intended, it will close and
not pass condensate.

MECHANICAL STREAM TRAPS
INVERTED BUCKET STEAM TRAP
• Most widely used trap in

the industry.
(i) The bucket hangs down, pulling • There aren't necessarily

the valve off its seat. Condensate situations where this type
flows under the bottom of the bucket
filling the body and flowing away
of trap wouldn’t work but
through the outlet. rather situations where a
less expensive, smaller,
possible long lasting type of
trap cold have been
applied.
(ii) the arrival of steam causes the
bucket to become buoyant, it then
rises and shuts the outlet.
In (ii), air reaching the trap at
start-up will also give the bucket
buoyancy and close the valve. The
bucket vent hole is essential to
allow air to escape into the top of
the trap for eventual discharge
through the main valve seat. The
hole, and the pressure differential,
are small so the trap is relatively (iii) the trap remains shut until the
slow at venting air. At the same steam in the bucket has condensed or
time it must pass (and therefore bubbled through the vent hole to the
waste) a certain amount of steam top of the trap body. It will then sink,
for the trap to operate once the pulling the main valve off its seat.
air has cleared. A parallel air vent Accumulated condensate is released
fitted outside the trap will reduce and the cycle is repeated.
start-up times.
ADVANTAGES
• The inverted bucket steam trap can be made to withstand high pressures.
• Like a float-thermostatic steam trap, it has a good tolerance to waterhammer
conditions.
• Can be used on superheated steam lines with the addition of a check valve on the
inlet.
• Failure mode is usually open, so it's safer on those applications that require this
feature, for example turbine drains.

Disadvantages
• The small size of the hole in the top of the bucket means that this type of trap can
only discharge air very slowly. The hole cannot be enlarged, as steam would pass
through too quickly during normal operation.
• There should always be enough water in the trap body to act as a seal around the
lip of the bucket. If the trap loses this water seal, steam can be wasted through the
outlet valve.
• Like the float trap, the orifice in an inverted bucket trap is designed to operate up
to a maximum differential pressure. If the trap is subjected to a higher differential
pressure thanintended, it will close and not pass condensate.

B) THERMOSTATIC STEAM TRAPS
• This type of trap operates on the principle of expanding liquids and metals.
• They have a valve that is driven on / off the seat by either expansion / contraction
caused by
temperature change.
• They differ from mechanical traps in that their design requires them to hold back
some condensate waiting for it to cool sufficiently to allow the valve to open.
• In most circumstances this is not desirable as condensate needs to be removed as
soon as it is formed.

TYPES OF THERMOSTATIC STEAM TRAPS
• Bimetallic steam trap
• Liquid expansion steam trap
• Balanced pressure steam trap

THERMOSTATIC STEAM TRAPS
BIMETALLIC STEAM TRAP
Piping Department Operation of bimetallic steam trap with twowww.automationforum.co

leaf element
ADVANTAGES
• Bimetallic steam traps are usually compact, yet can have a large condensate
capacity.
• The valve is wide open when the steam trap is cold, giving good air venting
capability and maximum condensate discharge capacity under 'start-up' conditions
• Bimetallic steam traps are usually able to withstand waterhammer, corrosive
condensate, and high steam pressures.
• The bimetal elements can work over a wide range of steam pressures without any
need for a change in the size of the valve orifice.

Disadvantages
• As condensate is discharged below steam temperature, waterlogging of the steam

space will occur unless the steam trap is fitted at the end of a long cooling leg,
typically 1 - 3m of unlagged pipe (see Fig. 11.2.14). Bimetallic steam traps are not
suitable for fitting to process plants where immediate condensate removal is vital
for maximum output to be achieved.
• Bimetallic steam traps do not respond quickly to changes in load or pressure
because the element is slow to react.

LIQUID EXPANSION TYPE
• Thermal expansion traps contain a thermostatic element that is filled with oil.
• As the oil heats up and expands, it causes a piston to move and thereby close a valve.
• During start up, air and condensate are expelled from the open valve.
• When the oil is sufficiently heated by the steam, the valve closes to keep the steam from escaping
• This trap contains an oil-filled cylinder encasing a sealed bellows with an enclosed piston driven rod with a valve on one end.
• When the temperature of the condensate, flowing through the trap housing, begins to rise the oil in the cylinder begins to expand in response.
• As the oil expands it drives the rod assembly toward a valve seat located in the inlet of the trap body.
• As the condensate surrounding the cylinder cools down the oil contracts allowing the rod assembly to retract from the valve seat.
• Condensate begins to flow until it heats sufficiently to close the valve again.
• The Liquid Expansion Trap also has an adjustable nut on one end. This allows the set temperature to be adjusted within the operating range of the
trap.

ADVANTAGES
• Liquid expansion traps can be adjusted to discharge at low temperatures, giving an

excellent 'cold drain' facility.
• Like the balanced pressure trap, the liquid expansion trap is fully open when cold,
giving good air discharge and maximum condensate capacity on 'start-up' loads.
• The liquid expansion trap can be used as a start-up drain trap on low pressure
superheated steam mains where a long cooling leg is guaranteed to flood with
cooler condensate. It is able to withstand vibration and waterhammer conditions.

Disadvantages
• The flexible tubing of the element can be destroyed by corrosive condensate or

superheat.
• Since the liquid expansion trap discharges condensate at a temperature of 100°C or
below, it should never be used on applications which demand immediate removal of
condensate from the steam space.
• If the trap is to be subjected to freezing conditions the trap and its associated
pipework must be well insulated.
• The liquid expansion trap is not normally a trapping solution on its own, as it usually
requires another steam trap to operate in parallel. However, it can often be used
where start-up rate is not an important consideration, such as when draining small
tank heating coils.

BALANCED PRESSURE TYPE
• The trap will open whenever it is in contact with

anything that is cooler than condensate at the
pressure at which the plant is working.
• It will therefore pass air whenever the air has cooled
to below steam temperature.
• Balanced pressure traps are very light, small and
cheap.
• They are not suitable for handling large quantities.
• The expansion element consists of one or more
capsules or bellows. Operation of balanced pressure
steam trap capsule
• This element expands and contracts in response to
temperature changes.

ADVANTAGES
• The flexible tubing of the element can be destroyed by corrosive condensate or

superheat.
• Small, light and has a large capacity for its Size.
• The valve is fully open on start-up, allowing air and other non-condensable gases to
be discharged freely and giving maximum condensate removal when the load is
greatest.
• This type of trap is unlikely to freeze when working in an exposed position (unless
there is a rise in the condensate pipe after the trap, which would allow water to run
back and flood the trap when the steam is off).
• The modern balanced pressure trap automatically adjusts itself to variations of
steam pressure up to its maximum operating pressure. It will also tolerate up to
70°C of superheat.
• Trap maintenance is simple. The capsule and valve seat are easily removed, and
replacements can be fitted in a few minutes without removing the trap from the
line.

Disadvantages
•The older style balanced pressure steam traps had bellows which were susceptible to
damage by waterhammer or corrosive condensate.
•Welded stainless steel capsules introduced more recently, are better able to tolerate
such conditions.
•In common with all other thermostatic traps, the balanced pressure type does not
open until the condensate temperature has dropped below steam temperature (the
exact temperature difference being determined by the fluid used to fill the element).
•This is clearly a disadvantage if the steam trap is chosen for an application in which
waterlogging of the steam space can not be tolerated, for example; mains drainage,
heat exchangers, critical tracing.

C) THERMODYNAMIC STEAM TRAPS
Thermodynamic traps work on the difference in dynamic response to velocity

change in flow of compressible and incompressible fluids.
As steam enters, static pressure above the disk forces the disk against the valve
seat. The static pressure over a large area overcomes the high inlet pressure of the
steam.
As the steam starts to condense, the pressure against the disk lessens and the trap
cycles. This essentially makes a TD trap a "time cycle" device: it will open even if
there is only steam present, this can cause premature wear. If non condensable gas
is trapped on top of the disc, it can cause the trap to be locked shut.

TYPES OF THERMODYNAMIC STEAM TRAPS
• Traditional disc type
• Orifice type

THERMODYNAMIC STEAM TRAPS
TRADITIONAL THERMODYNAMIC TYPE
Hot condensate
flowing through the
inlet passage into the
The trap operates by means of chamber under the
the dynamic effect of flash disc drops in pressure
steam as it passes through the and releases flash
trap. The only moving part is steam moving at high
the disc above the flat face velocity. This high
inside the control chamber or velocity creates a low
cap. pressure area under
the disc, drawing it
On start-up, incoming pressure towards its seat
raises the disc, and cool (Figure 11.4.1, ii).
condensate plus air is
immediately discharged from
the inner ring, under the disc,
and out through three
peripheral outlets (only 2
shown, Figure i).
At the same time, the flash steam pressure builds up inside the Eventually the trapped pressure in the upper
chamber above the disc, forcing it down against the incoming chamber falls as the flash steam condenses.
condensate until it seats on the inner and outer rings. At this The disc is raised by the now higher
point, the flash steam is trapped in the upper chamber, and condensate pressure and the cycle repeats
the pressure above the disc equals the pressure being applied (Figure 11.4.1, iv).
to the underside of the disc from the inner ring. However, the
top of the disc is subject to a greater force than the underside,
as it has a greater surface area.

ADVANTAGES
• Thermodynamic traps can operate across their entire working range without any
adjustment or change of internals.
• They are compact, simple, lightweight and have a large condensate capacity for their
size.
• Thermodynamic traps can be used on high pressure and superheated steam and are
not affected by waterhammer or vibration.
• As the disc is the only moving part, maintenance can easily be carried out without
removing the trap from the line.

Disadvantages
Thermodynamic steam traps will not work positively on very low differential
pressures, as the velocity of flow across the underside of the disc is insufficient for
lower pressure to occur.

ORIFICE TYPE
The basic principle behind this trap is that the expanded volume of steam
compared to condensate has a throttling effect at the orifice.
These are devices containing a hole of predetermined diameter to allow a

calculated amount of condensate to flow under specific pressure conditions. In
practice, condensate loads and steam pressures can vary considerably. For
instance, start-up and running loads can differ considerably along with steam
pressure which will change due to the actions of temperature controls. These
varying conditions can result in the fixed orifice either holding back condensate
in the process or passing live steam, which can affect plant performance and
compromise safety.

Thermodynamic Steam Traps
Orifice Type
FIXED ORIFICES ARE OFTEN SIZED ON RUNNING CONDITIONS, SO THAT THEY HOLD BACK
ENOUGH CONDENSATE AND DO NOT PASS STEAM. IF THIS IS SO, AT START-UP, THEY ARE
UNDERSIZED TO A GREATER DEGREE AND THE STEAM SPACE STANDS A GOOD CHANCE
OF WATERLOGGING.
THE ALTERNATIVE IS TO SIZE THEM SO AS NOT TO WATERLOG DURING START-UP. THE HOLE IS
THEN EFFECTIVELY OVERSIZED FOR RUNNING CONDITIONS, AND THE DEVICE WILL PASS STEAM.
THE SIZE OF HOLE IS USUALLY A COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE TWO CONDITIONS, SUCH THAT, AT
SOME POINTS IN BETWEEN, THE HOLE IS CORRECTLY SIZED.

ORIFICE TYPE

Advantages
• Can be used successfully when pressures and loads are constant.

• There are no moving parts.
Disadvantages
• Can be used successfully when pressures and loads are constant.

• If sized on running load, fixed orifice traps will waterlog on start-up, reducing plant
performance over this period, increasing start-up times and the risk of corrosion.
• If sized on start-up load, fixed orifice traps will waste steam when the plant is
running, effectively increasing running costs.
• Fixed orifice traps often block with dirt due to the small size of orifice.
• The cost of replacing a heat exchanger due to corrosion will be far higher than the
cost of replacing the fixed orifice trap with a steam trap.
Note: Fixed orifice traps are not recommended for draining condensate from any
application susceptible to varying load conditions.

APPLICABLE CODES AND STANDARDS
• Pressure ratings per ANSI/FCI-69-1
• Performance testing per ANSI/ASME PTC-39.1
• End connections per ANSI B1.20 for threaded ends, per ANSI B16.11 for socket
welding ends.

RUPTURE DISK
RUPTURE DISC
A rupture disc or bursting disc is a pressure relief device that protects a

vessel or system from over pressurization.

RUPTURE DISC ASSEMBLY

FEATURES
• Rupture discs have a one-time-use membrane that fails at a predetermined

pressure, either positive or vacuum.
• Rupture discs provide fast response to an increase in system pressure but once the
membrane has failed it will not reseal.
• A rupture disk is just another pressure relieving device. It is used for the same
purpose as a relief valve, to protect a vessel or system from overpressure that can
cause catastrophic failure and even a death.

WHEN TO USE?
• Rupture disks cost less than relief

valves. They generally require little to
no maintenance.
• A rupture disk is a non reclosing

device, which means once it opens, it
doesn’t close.
• Rupture disks are extremely fast

acting.

• System contents can plug the relief
valve during relief.
• High viscosity liquids.

USED AS ALONE AND WITH RELIEF VALVE
A stand-alone rupture disk is used when:
• You are looking for capital and maintenance savings

• You can afford to loose the system contents
• The system contents are relatively benign
• You need a pressure relief device that is fast acting
• A relief valve is not suitable due to the nature of the system contents
A rupture disk / relief valve combination is used when:
• You need to ensure a positive seal of the system

• The system contains solids that may plug the relief valve over time
• TO SAVE MONEY! If the system is a corrosive environment, the rupture disk is
specified with the more exotic and corrosion resistant material

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
• Standard materials of construction are carbon steel and 316 Stainless Steel.
• Commonly used: Inconel, Monel, Aluminium, Nickel, Hastelloy B & C
• Less Commonly used: Gold, Titanium, Platinum, Silver

STRAINERS
STRAINERS
Purpose
To protect the mechanical equipments such as pumps, condensers,

compressors, heat exchangers etc. from the detrimental effect of sediment,
rust, pipe scale or other extraneous debris

TYPES OF STRAINERS
Mainly of 2 types according to their body configuration-

• Y-type
• Basket type

Y-TYPE STRAINER
• Its body has a compact cylindrical shape that is very strong and can handle high
pressures
• Lower dirt holding capacity
• Used where infrequent cleaning is required (difficult to clean)
• Preferred for steam and other gases, also used in liquids
• Can be installed horizontally as well as vertically
1. Body
2. Cover
3. Basket
4. Gasket
5. Plug
6. Gasket Plug
7. Bolts / Nuts

Y-TYPE STRAINER

BASKET TYPE
• Pressure drop is less due to larger free straining area

• Preferred for liquids
• Basket type strainer the preferred type for liquid
applications.
• Greater dirt holding capacity
• Can only be installed only in horizontal pipelines

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION
• Flow rate
• Dirt holding Capacity
• Size of perforation
• Installation Orientation

TYPES OF SCREENS
• Perforated screens – Formed by punching a large number of holes in a flat sheet of the required material
using a multiple punch. The perforated sheet is then rolled into a tube and spot welded relatively coarse
screens and hole sizes typically range from 0.8 mm to 3.2 mm. Consequently, perforated screens are only
suitable for removing general pipe debris.
• Mesh screens - Fine wire is formed into a grid or mesh arrangement. This is then commonly layered over a
perforated screen, which acts as a support cage for the mesh.
By using a mesh screen, it is possible to produce much smaller hole sizes than with perforated screens.
Hole sizes as small as 0.07 mm are achievable. Subsequently, they are used to remove smaller particles
which would otherwise pass through a perforated screen.

END CONNECTIONS
• Threaded
-Usually a tapered female pipe thread.
• Flanged
• Weld ends
- Socket weld are available upto 3’’
• Special ends

MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
• Carbon steel
Body - ASTM A216 Gr. WCB
Screen - 304 Stainless Steel, ASTM A240
Gasket - Spiral wound graphite filled
Cap - Forged steel A105N
Carbon steel ASTM A216 WCB
Bolts - Carbon steel ASTM A193 B7
End connections- SCREWED NPT / SOCKET WELD or as per customers specification.
Flanged to ANSI B16.5 or as per customers specification
• Stainless Steel
Body - ASTM A351 CF8M
Cap - ASTM A479 316L
Strainer screen -ASTM A240 316L
End connections- SCREWED NPT / SOCKET WELD or as per customers specification.
Flanged to ANSI B16.5 or as per customers specification

DATASHEET
• Type of Strainer (Simplex, Duplex, Self-Cleaning)_____________________

• Material of Construction (C.I., C.S., S.S.) ___________________________
• Basket Perforation Size _________________________________________
• Mesh Liner Desired, if so Mesh Size _______________________________
• Open Area % Desired (if known) __________________________________
• Maximum System Pressure Desired(PSI)___________________________
• Maximum Operating Pressure (PSI) _______________________________
• Maximum Pressure Drop Desired (If known) _________________________
• Flow in GPM _________________________________________________
• Product to be Strained (Oil, Water, etc.) ____________________________
• Viscosity (If other than water) ____________________________________
• Specific Gravity (If other than water) _______________________________
• Pipe Size Desired in Inches ______________________________________
• Other Information you want us to
• Consider In Sizing/Recommendation ______________________________

FLAME ARRESTOR
FLAME ARRESTOR
• Passive devices
• Allows gas to pass through but stops a flame in order to prevent a large fire or explosion
• Quench the flame by absorbing the heat of the flame
• Use wound crimped metal ribbon type flame cell element.
All flame and detonation arrestors work on the same "heat absorption" theory:
• Disperse the flame front
• Release its energy
• Cool flame to below ignition point of the gas/vapour contained in the system
Flame arrestor
element absorbs
Flame stabilised on and quenches
arrestor element flame front
Exposed side Protected side

CONTD.
• The thin metal ribbons, or elements, draw the heat out of the gas and conducts it to the surrounding
environment. The triangular channels divide the gas, exposing as much surface area as possible. The
triangular channels also help to break up the pressure wave, thereby reducing the impact on
equipment.
• Elements consists of alternate layers of crimped and uncrimped metal built into a circular frame
• To quench a flame the height of the cells in the element are below the MESG of the gas/ vapour
therefore stopping onward passage.
• The type of gas in the system and it’s corresponding gas group determines the design of the arrestor
element. The SS316L element must be designed to accommodate the specific gas group that could
possibly ignite and propagate in the system. The available designs consist of
International Electric Code (IEC) group gases
into IIC, IIB, IIA and I, the National Electric Code
(NEC) groups gases into A, B, C and D categories
depending on the MESG value of the gas.

FACTORS AFFECTING FLAME PROPAGATION
• Pipe lengths, bends or flow obstructions.

• Initial operating pressure
• Flame stabilization on the element.
• MESG value of a gas

TYPES
• End-of-line (vent to atmosphere)

- for unconfined low pressure deflagrations
- installed in furnace air inlets and exhaust stacks.
• In-line
- deflagration
- detonation
• Designed, manufactured and tested according to API2000 and BS7244

SELECTION CRITERIA
• For end-of-line flame arrestor

- hazardous group designation
- Process gas temperature
- material of construction
- Connection type and size
- Flame stabilization performance characteristics
• For in-line flame arrestor

- Location of the ignition source from the arrestor
- What needs to be protected
- Initial operating pressure

MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
• Housing construction - Aluminium, Cast Iron, Cast Steel, 304ss and 316Lss.
Flame cell element - 316Lss in a crimped ribbon form
Standard Design Special Design

Body C.I Welded C.S S.S &AL
Element Ring S.S S.S S.S
Element 316L S.S
Standard Coating Inside and outside epoxy 250 micron without S.S & Al Part.

INSTALLATION
• To be mounted either vertically or at angle to allow for fluid drain.

• To avoid blockage or increased pressure drop due to plugging off of the cell

DATA SHEET
THANK YOU!

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A DISCUSSION PRESENTATION

• Valves - classification basis

Valve – An integral part of the piping system

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

The basic parts that make up a valve

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

e) The BONNET - three types

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• A gate valve is a valve that opens by

• Gate valves are sometimes used for

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• Gate valves are characterized as having either a rising or a non-rising stem.

• Rising stems provide a visual indication of valve position.

• Non-rising stems are used where vertical space is limited or underground.

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• Ball valves are flow valves that are quarter-turn

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• A v port ball valve has either a 'v' shaped ball or

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• Three-way ball valves have an L- or T-

• Multi port ball valves with 4 or more

• This valve has two L-shaped ports in

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• Ball valves are to be found being used in a number of different industries.

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• A butterfly valve is a type of flow control device, typically used to regulate a

• A butterfly valve is from a family of valves called quarter-turn valves.

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

BUTTERFLY VALVE MOUNTING SCHEMES

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• Butterfly valves can be used in applications as either shutoff valves (on/off

• Typical uses would include isolation of equipment, fill/drain systems, bypass

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• Ball check valve

• Diaphragm check valve

• Swing check valve

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• Pumps commonly use inlet and outlet ball check valves.

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

• Design Code - ASME B 16.34 (Valves-Flanged, Welded and Threaded End)

• Material of Construction - Valves are made using an assortment of materials, some

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

VALVE TYPE SERVICE

BALL General type valve, Used for all fluids.(On/Off)

CHECK Used for prevention of back flow

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

Classification CS (high temp.) LTCS ( low temp.)

Chem. C 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.25

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

Classification Stainless Steel Duplex Stainless Steel

Chem. Ni 10-14 9-12 4.5-6.5 4.5-6.5

Bolt/Nut Material A193-B7/A194-2H, A193-B8M/A194- A320-L7/A194-7, A182 F51/F55

Sael/Packing Viton, Teflon, Graphite Viton, Teflon, Graphite

Piping Department www.automationforum.co

Classification Ni-Al-bronze (for Cu-Ni) Titanium

Trim Material ASTM B151 UNS C70600 ASTM B381- F2

Bolt/Nut Material A193-B8M/A194-8M ASTM F467/468 Gr.5 or 9

Seat Material PEEK / PTFE PTFE