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NINETEENTH
EDITION
Economics
Today
The Micro View
Roger LeRoy Miller

Research Professor of Economics,
University of Texas-Arlington
New York, NY
A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 7 19/11/16 1:24 AM

Dedication To Greg Scott,
Thanks for your

ever-present professionalism
and research proficiency.
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BRI EF CON TENT S
Preface xviii
PART 1 Introduction
1 The Nature of Economics 1
2 Scarcity and the World of Trade-Offs 27
3 Demand and Supply 49
4 Extensions of Demand and Supply Analysis 75
5 Public Spending and Public Choice 100
6 Funding the Public Sector 124
PART 5 Dimensions of Microeconomics

19 Demand and Supply Elasticity 416
20 Consumer Choice 437
21 Rents, Profits, and the Financial Environment of Business 465
PART 6 Market Structure, Resource Allocation, and Regulation
22 The Firm: Cost and Output Determination 486
23 Perfect Competition 510
24 Monopoly 535
25 Monopolistic Competition 559
26 Oligopoly and Strategic Behavior 578
27 Regulation and Antitrust Policy in a Globalized Economy 600
PART 7 Labor Resources and the Environment

28 The Labor Market: Demand, Supply, and Outsourcing 624
29 Unions and Labor Market Monopoly Power 648
30 Income, Poverty, and Health Care 668
31 Environmental Economics 692
PART 8 Global Economics

32 Comparative Advantage and the Open Economy 710
33 Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments 732
ix

C O NTENTS
Preface xviii
PART 1 Introduction
EXAMPLE
Microeconomic and Macroeconomic
1 The Nature of Economics 1
Implications of the Gig Economy 3 The Power of Economic Analysis 2 • The Three Basic Economic Questions and Two
Getting Directions 8
Opposing Sets of Answers 4
INTERNATIONAL POLICY WHAT IF… the government increases pharmaceutical companies’ costs but prevents them
EXAMPLE from raising their prices? 5
Greece Discovers That Higher Tax Rates The Economic Approach: Systematic Decisions 6 • Economics as a Science 7
Encourage More Tax Evasion 6 • Positive versus Normative Economics 10
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE YOU ARE THERE The Incentive to Understand Chickens’ “Speech” 11
Why Doesn’t Higher Pay Persuade Some ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Why More Highly Educated Women Are Having More
Women to Avoid Traditional Gender Children 12
Roles? 7
Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 13 • Problems 14
• References 17
APPENDIX A Reading and Working with Graphs 18
Direct and Inverse Relationships 18 • Constructing a Graph 19 • Graphing Numbers
in a Table 20 • The Slope of a Line (A Linear Curve) 22 • Summary: What You
Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 25 • Problems 26
EXAMPLE 2 Scarcity and the World of Trade-Offs 27

The Airline Industry Confronts the Law Scarcity 28 • Opportunity Cost, Trade-Offs, and Choices 30 • The Economic
of Increasing Additional Cost 36 Choices a Nation’s People Face 33 • Economic Growth, Production Possibilities, and
POLICY EXAMPLE the Trade-Off between Present and Future 37
Why the “Free File” Tax Service Is Not WHAT IF… the U.S. government continues to ratchet up required production of health care
Really “Free” 30 services? 39
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE Specialization, Comparative Advantage, and Trade 39
The Substantial Trade-Off of Satisfying YOU ARE THERE Reducing the Opportunity Cost of Waiting in Gridlocked Traffic, at a
U.N. Development Goals 34 Price 42
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE ISSUES & APPLICATIONS The U.S. Navy Expands Production Possibilities via a New
An Economic Explanation for Technology 42
Monogamy 32
• References 48
EXAMPLE 3 Demand and Supply 49

The Law of Demand in the Market for Demand 50 • Shifts in Demand 55 • Supply 59 • Shifts in Supply 62 • Putting
Cable TV Subscriptions 51 Demand and Supply Together 65
Altered Tastes and Preferences
Generate Lower Demand for Chewing
WHAT IF… the government requires buyers to pay a price that is above the equilibrium
Gum 57 price? 68
Long Lines at Restaurants Special- YOU ARE THERE The Breakfast Cereal Industry Confronts Changing Tastes and Prefer-
izing in Barbecued Brisket Signal a ences 69
Shortage 67
ISSUES & APPLICATIONS The U.S. Oil Gusher Produces Shortages of Oil Storage
POLICY EXAMPLE
Space 70
Policies Generate Higher Water Input
Costs and Cut Agricultural Commodity
Supplies 64
Should Shortages in the Ticket Market
Be Solved by Scalpers? 68

CONTENTS xi
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 71 • Problems 72
A Global Substitution from Coal to • References 74
Natural Gas as an Energy Source 57
An Increase in the Supply of Automo-
biles in China 64
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE
Tips and Quality-Adjusted Prices 52
EXAMPLE 4 Extensions of Demand and Supply Analysis 75

Dramatic Responses to Cities’ The Price System and Markets 76 • Changes in Demand and Supply 77 • The
Minimum Wage Hikes: “Zeroing Out” Rationing Function of Prices 80 • Price Ceilings 82
Employment 88
WHAT IF… the government requires apartment owners to set rents based on tenants’ in-
POLICY EXAMPLE comes? 85
Rationing Water 81
Price Floors and Quantity Restrictions 85
Regulating the Raisin Reserve 93
YOU ARE THERE Price Rationing via Changes in the Number of Items Sold in a Package 90
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE
Why Are Global Ship Rental Prices ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Online Middlemen: Customer Sales Reps Move to the Web 90
Dropping? 80 Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 91 • Problems 92
INTERNATIONAL POLICY • References 95
EXAMPLE APPENDIX B Consumer Surplus, Producer Surplus, and Gains from Trade within a Price
Looking for Hard-to-Find Items in Ven- System 96
ezuela? Ask for the Bachaqueros 83 Consumer Surplus 96 • Producer Surplus 97 • Gains from Trade within a Price
The European Union Decides That the System 98 • Price Controls and Gains from Trade 99
Costs of Milk Quotas Outweigh the
Benefits 89
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE
Online Dating Sites and Virtual
Roses 77
EXAMPLE 5 Public Spending and Public Choice 100

Medicare’s “1 Percent” 112 Market Failures and Externalities 101
POLICY EXAMPLE WHAT IF… the government engages in policies that force down the price of an item subject to
That Noisy Drone Hovering by Your external benefits while leaving its supply curve’s position unchanged? 105
House? Your Property Rights Are The Other Economic Functions of Government 105 • The Political Functions
Unclear 102
of Government 108 • Public Spending and Transfer Programs 109 • Collective
Mixed Public Choice Incentives and Decision Making: The Theory of Public Choice 114
Policies for School Lunches 115
YOU ARE THERE Addressing Rail-Freight Transportation Externalities 116
INTERNATIONAL POLICY
EXAMPLE ISSUES & APPLICATIONS The U.S. Measles Threat––Once Nearly Eliminated but Less So
Is Regulation the Solution for Today 117
an Expanding Cloud of Orbital Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 118 • Problems 119
Pollution? 104 • References 122
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE
Funding Public Goods: Differences in
Valuations versus Competencies 108
EXAMPLE 6 Funding the Public Sector 124

The Progressive U.S. Income Tax Paying for the Public Sector: Systems of Taxation 125
System 126
WHAT IF… borrowing to fund public expenditures was illegal? 125
POLICY EXAMPLE The Most Important Federal Taxes 127 • Tax Rates and Tax Revenues 131
Inducing Disability Insurance • Taxation from the Point of View of Producers and Consumers 134
Recipients Not to Work Causes
Payouts to Exceed Taxes 130 YOU ARE THERE Mergers Move U.S. Firms Abroad and Reduce the U.S. Income Tax Base 136
Are Vehicle User Fees an Inevitable ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Will Taxing “Remote Sales” Be a Salvation for Sinking State
Replacement for Gasoline Excise Budgets? 137
Taxes? 131
North Carolina Cuts Tax Rates and
Expands a Tax Base, and Its Revenue
Increase 133

xii CONTENTS
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 138 • Problems 139
Trying to Boost Government Tax • References 141
Receipts by Making Tax Delinquents
Feel Bad 134
PART 5 Dimensions of Microeconomics

EXAMPLE 19 Demand and Supply Elasticity 416
The Price Elasticity of Demand for Price Elasticity 417 • Elasticity and Total Revenues 421 • Determinants of the Price
Cable TV Subscriptions 418 Elasticity of Demand 423 • The Cross Price and Income Elasticities of Demand 426
The Price Elasticity of Demand for WHAT IF… stronger enforcement of a ban on an illegal drug pushes up its market clearing price,
Movie Tickets 419
but its cross price elasticity with another illicit drug is highly positive? 427
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE Price Elasticity of Supply 428
Short-Term Stress and the Price
Elasticity of Demand for Alcohol 426
YOU ARE THERE Using Price Elasticity of Supply to Assess Effects of Rewards for Academic
Performance 430
ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Cotton Subsidies and the Price Elasticity of Cotton Supply in
Egypt 431
• References 435
EXAMPLE 20 Consumer Choice 437

Monitoring the Provision of Legal Utility Theory 438
Services to Ensure Attainment of a
Consumer Optimum 444 WHAT IF… consuming an additional unit of an item generates negative marginal utility?
Optimizing Consumption Choices 441 • How a Price Change Affects Consumer
Optimum 444 • Behavioral Economics and Consumer Choice Theory 448
Why a Consumer Optimum Can
Include “Unlimited” Consumption in a YOU ARE THERE Confronting the Challenge of Comparing Levels of Disutility from Pain 449
Pay-by-the-Minute Cafe 442 ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Two Different Utility Issues Associated with a “Pacemaker for the
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE Stomach” 449
Do “Big Box” Discount Retailers Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 450 • Problems 452
Contribute to Higher Obesity Rates • References 454
among Consumers? 446
APPENDIX F More Advanced Consumer Choice Theory 455
On Being Indifferent 455 • The Budget Constraint and the Consumer Optimum 459
• Deriving the Demand Curve 461 • Summary: What You Should Know/Where to
Go to Practice 463 • Problems 463
EXAMPLE 21 Rents, Profits, and the Financial Environment of

Why the “Discount Rate” That Pension
Funds Use to Value Their Liabilities
Business 465
Matters 475
Economic Rent 466 • Firms and Profits 467 • Interest 473
Analyzing Tweets to Predict Stock- WHAT IF… the nominal interest rate is negative? 474
Market Swings 479 Corporate Financing Methods 477
POLICY EXAMPLE YOU ARE THERE China’s Government Learns That Stock Prices Can Drift Downward 480
Do Government Grants and Subsidies
ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Assessing Three Recent Changes in Stock Exchange Trading 480
Favor Corporations? 470
The Federal Reserve Allegedly––and
• References 485
Actually––Has Released Insider
Information 479
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE
Does Bounded Rationality Explain
Why Some People “Cash Out” of
Pensions? 477

CONTENTS xiii
PART 6 Market Structure, Resource Allocation, and Regulation

EXAMPLE 22 The Firm: Cost and Output Determination 486
Reducing Variable Costs by Initially Short Run Versus Long Run 487 • A Firm’s Production 488 • Short-Run Costs to
Keeping the Bubbles Out of Bubble the Firm 491
Wrap® 492
WHAT IF… adoption of a technological improvement caused a firm’s average product curve and
Tesla’s Initial Home-Battery Production
Scale Is Below the Minimum Efficient marginal product curve to shift upward? 499
Scale 503 Long-Run Cost Curves 500
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE YOU ARE THERE Wal-Mart Relearns How to Reduce “Shrink” Costs 504
Short-Run Average and Marginal Costs ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Cutting Per-Unit Costs of Making Drugs and Exploring Other Worlds
Increase at the World’s Ports 495 with 3D and Molecular Printers 504
INTERNATIONAL POLICY Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 506 • Problems 507
EXAMPLE • References 509
A Government Produces Solar Energy
on a Massive Scale––To Pump More
Oil 502
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE
Is a Firm’s Feasible Output Greater
with Individual- or Group-Structured
Tasks? 488
EXAMPLE 23 Perfect Competition 510

Characteristics of Perfect Competition Characteristics of a Perfectly Competitive Market Structure 511 • Profit-Maximizing
in the Propane-Distribution Choices of a Perfectly Competitive Firm 512 • Short-Run Supply Under Perfect
Market 512 Competition 517
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE WHAT IF… short-run shutdown prices differ across the firms that constitute a perfectly
Long-Run Supply Curves for “Rare competitive industry? 520
Earths” Turn Out Not to Slope Upward
After All 526
Price Determination Under Perfect Competition 523 • The Long-Run Industry
Situation: Exit and Entry 524
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE
YOU ARE THERE Lower Recycled-Plastics Prices Cause Short-Run Shutdowns––And Exits from
Do Competition and Bad Behavior
Necessarily Go Together? 515
That Industry 528
ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Just How Commonplace Are Entrances and Exits of U.S. Firms? 529
• References 534
EXAMPLE 24 Monopoly 535

Want to Raise Prices of Heart Drugs? Defining and Explaining the Existence of Monopoly 536
Create a Monopoly Seller 545
WHAT IF… a single company acquired rights to lands containing all known deposits of all the key
POLICY EXAMPLE minerals required to produce batteries used to power digital devices? 538
A Tombstone Law Is a Grave Barrier to The Demand Curve a Monopolist Faces 539 • Costs and Monopoly Profit
Entry in New Jersey 538
Maximization 542 • On Making Higher Profits: Price Discrimination 547 • The
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE Social Cost of Monopolies 548
Can Firms Use “Big Data” and YOU ARE THERE A Legal Barrier to Entry Prevents Lemonade Sales by Two Young Sisters 550
Complicated Pricing to “Gouge”
Consumers? 548 ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Why a French Dealer of Illegal Drugs Provides Loyalty Discount
Cards 550
• References 555
APPENDIX G Consumer Surplus and the Deadweight Loss Resulting from Monopoly 556
Consumer Surplus in a Perfectly Competitive Market 556 • How Society Loses From
Monopoly 557

xiv CONTENTS
EXAMPLE 25 Monopolistic Competition 559

When a Drink’s Taste Is Not Monopolistic Competition 560 • Price and Output for the Monopolistic
Sufficiently Distinguishable, Try a Competitor 563
Flavored Edible Straw 561
WHAT IF… the government decided that monopolistically competitive prices exceeding marginal
POLICY EXAMPLE costs constitutes social “waste” and banned such “waste” from occurring? 565
Want to Start a Kids’ TV Network?
Brand Names and Advertising 566 • Information Products and Monopolistic
Bring Back Old Cartoon
Characters 562
Competition 568
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE YOU ARE THERE A Soft Drink Company Faces Another Entry into an Already Crowded
Industry 572
Do Business Schools’ Uses of Their
Rankings Inform or Persuade? 568 ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Professional Service Firms Confront Easier Entry by New
Competitors 572
• References 577
EXAMPLE 26 Oligopoly and Strategic Behavior 578

The Four-Firm Concentration Ratio in Oligopoly 579 • Measuring Industry Concentration 581 • Strategic Behavior and
the U.S. Broadband Industry 581 Game Theory 583 • The Cooperative Game: A Collusive Cartel 587
New Online-Dating Platform Firms
Specialize in Limiting the Number of
WHAT IF… a number of firms that have agreed to restrain the output within a collusive cartel give
Matches 592 in to the temptation to boost their profits by increasing their output? 590
Network Effects and Two-Sided Markets 590
The HHI for the Global Tablet-Device
YOU ARE THERE Free-Game Platform Firms Find Positive Market Feedback Harder to Find 594
Industry 583 ISSUES & APPLICATIONS The Ticket-Resale Industry––An Oligopoly with Many Firms 594
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 596 • Problems 597
Why There Is a 50-50 Chance That
• References 599
Cheating on One’s Mate is a Dominant
Strategy 584
EXAMPLE 27 Regulation and Antitrust Policy in a Globalized

Mandated Energy Efficiencies Threaten
Power Companies––And Electricity
Economy 600
Buyers 605
Forms of Industry Regulation 601 • Regulating Natural Monopolies 603
• Regulating Nonmonopolistic Industries 606 • Incentives and Costs of
POLICY EXAMPLE Regulation 609 • Antitrust Policy 611
Lighting Up the Holidays Now
Requires Satisfying Eleven Pages of
WHAT IF… antitrust laws were altered to forbid all forms of product bundling? 617
Federal Rules 602 YOU ARE THERE A Feedback Effect of Truck Safety Regulations: Unsafe Truck Parking 617
INTERNATIONAL POLICY ISSUES & APPLICATIONS How Firms Engage in Conspiracies to Restrain Trade 618
EXAMPLE Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 619 • Problems 620
European Antitrust Authorities Charge • References 623
Hollywood with Restraining Film
Trade 614
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE
Does Bounded Rationality Strengthen
or Weaken the Argument for
Regulation? 611
A U.S. Firm Asks French Antitrust
Authorities to Halt a Pricing
Conspiracy 613

CONTENTS xv
PART 7 Labor Resources and the Environment

EXAMPLE 28 The Labor Market: Demand, Supply, and
A Rise in the Demand for Restau- Outsourcing 624
rants’ Food Services Shifts the Labor Labor Demand for a Perfectly Competitive Firm 625 • Market Labor Demand for
Demand Curve 632
and the Elasticity of Demand for Inputs 629 • Wage Determination in a Perfectly
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE Competitive Labor Market 631 • Labor Outsourcing, Wages, and Employment 634
Oil Prices Drop, and the Derived • Labor Demand of a Monopolist and Overall Input Utilization 637
Demand for Oil Workers Declines 629
WHAT IF… the government decided to forbid U.S. firms from outsourcing labor abroad and to
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE prevent foreign firms from using outsourced labor located in the United States? 637
Can Behavioral Nudges Induce YOU ARE THERE Robot Tailors Threaten Human Sewing Workers 642
Workers to Keep Labor Supply
Promises? 634 ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Effects of Minimum Wage Laws with Substitution of Capital for
“Mental Productivity” and the Hiring of Labor 642
Younger versus Older Workers 641 Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 644 • Problems 645
• References 647
POLICY EXAMPLE 29 Unions and Labor Market Monopoly Power 648

A Key Structural Change in Collective Industrialization and Labor Unions 649 • Union Goals and Strategies 652
Bargaining: “Micro-Unit”
Representation 652 WHAT IF… the government were to outlaw all union strikes? 653
A Constitutional Interpretation Alters Economic Effects of Labor Unions 656 • Monopsony: A Buyer’s Monopoly 658
Demands for Nonunion and Union YOU ARE THERE Chinese Buyers Act as Monopsony to Push Down Tobacco Prices in
Labor 656 Zimbabwe 662
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE ISSUES & APPLICATIONS A Strategy Regarding Minimum Wages Helps to Achieve Union
Should Firms That Can Set Wages Goals 663
Raise Workers’ Pay All at Once or in Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 664 • Problems 665
Stages? 660
• References 667
EXAMPLE 30 Income, Poverty, and Health Care 668

Pitfalls in Contemplating the Distribu- The Distribution of Income 669 • Determinants of Income Differences 674
tion of Households across Income • Poverty and Attempts to Eliminate It 677 • Health Care 680
Ranges 672
WHAT IF… the government were to reduce out-of-pocket payments by people with subsidized
POLICY EXAMPLE health insurance plans? 685
A Few Medications Account for
a Large Share of Medicare Drug YOU ARE THERE Choosing Not to Purchase Health Insurance 686
Spending 684 ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Do Antipoverty Programs Contribute to Poverty by Penalizing
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE Marriage? 687
Trying to Close the Parental “Word Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 688 • Problems 689
Gap” between Rich and Poor with • References 691
“Nudges” 676
POLICY EXAMPLE 31 Environmental Economics 692

The Environmental Protection Agency Private Versus Social Costs 693 • Pollution 696 • Reducing Humanity’s Carbon
Creates a Negative Externality 696 Footprint: Restraining Pollution-Causing Activities 698
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE WHAT IF… government estimates of resource savings from non-carbon-generated energy sources
How Trophy Hunting Might Help fail to acount for these sources’ reliance on carbon-based energy? 700
to Protect Dwindling Big-Game
Common Property and Wild Species 700
Species 702
YOU ARE THERE Companies in China Seek to Export Pollution Abroad 703
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE
How Behavioral Responses to Appeals ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Assessing the Economics of Global Plastic-Waste Pollution 703
to Conserve Energy Boost Carbon Summary: What You Should Know/Where to Go to Practice 705 • Problems 706
Emissions 694 • References 709

xvi CONTENTS
PART 8 Global Economics

POLICY EXAMPLE 32 Comparative Advantage and the Open Economy 710
Ending the U.S. Oil Export Ban 722 Why We Trade: Comparative Advantage and Mutual Gains from Exchange 711
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE • Arguments Against Free Trade 718 • Ways to Restrict Foreign Trade 721
How African Nations Are Developing • International Trade Organizations 724
Comparative Advantages in WHAT IF… joining a new regional trade bloc shifts existing trade to countries within that bloc and
Agriculture 716 away from countries in another regional trade bloc? 725
Why European Firms View
YOU ARE THERE Argentina Specializes in Oil Production to Protect Domestic Jobs 726
Chinese Tourists’ Parallel Imports
as a Threat 719 ISSUES & APPLICATIONS Drought Induces California Farmers to Double Down on a
Comparative Advantage 726
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE
Has Greater Financial Uncertainty
• References 731
Become an Impediment to Trade? 721
EXAMPLE 33 Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments 732

Harley-Davidson’s Sales of The Balance of Payments and International Financial Flows 733 • Deriving the
Motorcycles Are Reduced by the Demand for and Supply of Foreign Exchange 738 • Determining Foreign Exchange
Strong Dollar 742 Rates 742 • Fixed Versus Floating Exchange Rates 745
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLE WHAT IF… a central bank that fixes its nation’s exchange rate runs out of foreign exchange
Can Behavioral Economics Help reserves? 748
Nations Achieve Balanced Trade? 746
YOU ARE THERE Nigeria’s Central Bank Forces a Reduction in the Demand for Foreign
Exchange 749
ISSUES & APPLICATIONS A Year of an Appreciation, Lower Import Prices, and Higher Quantity
of Foreign Exchange Demanded 750
• References 754
Glossary G-1
Index I-1

PREFACE
How do we motivate students in economics? I believe that we should present them

with economic explanations for what is happening around them and throughout the
world. Theory may be the backbone of our discipline, but its application is the only
way we can help our students understand the importance of economics in their daily
lives and for their futures.
New and Increased Emphasis on Behavioral

Economics
The theory of bounded rationality forms the basis of behavioral economics. This
theory is expanded upon in the introductory chapter, and in many other chapters.
More importantly, in keeping with the desire to show the applicability of theory,
every single chapter in the 19th edition has a behavioral economics example.
New Additional End-of-Chapter Problems

In this 19th edition, you will find six to eight new problems at the end of each
chapter. Many are based on the interactive graphs within the chapter. They require
students to apply their critical thinking skills learned from the chapter.
New Questions in MyEconLab

With the 19th edition, we have added close to 500 new assignable questions
in MyEconLab, expanding the database of questions to an average of over 100
questions per chapter.
MyEconLab—Getting Better with Each Edition

• Figure Animations: Figure animations provide a step-by-step walk-through of
select figures. Seventy percent of all figures are animated. Figure animations have
been updated to reflect changes to the 19th edition.
• Concept Checks: Each section of each learning objective concludes with an on-
line Concept Check that contains one or two multiple-choice, true/false, or fill-in
questions. These checks act as “speed bumps” that encourage students to stop and
check their understanding of fundamental terms and concepts before moving on
to the next section. The goal of this digital resource is to help students assess their
progress on a section-by-section basis, so they can be better prepared for home-
work, quizzes, and exams.
• Graphs Updated with Real-Time Data from FRED®: Data graphs in the eText
are continually updated with the latest data from FRED®, which is a comprehen-
sive, up-to-date data set from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Students can
display a pop-up graph that shows new data plotted in the graph. The goal of this
digital feature is to provide students with the most current macro data available
so that they can observe the changing impacts of these important variables on the
economy.
Assessments using current macro data help students understand changes in
economic variables and their impact on the economy. Real-time data analysis
exercises in MyEconLab also communicate directly with the Federal Reserve
Bank of St. Louis’s FRED® site and automatically update as new data are available.
xvii

xviii PREFACE
These exercises allow students to practice with data to better understand the current economic
environment.
42 PART 1 | INTRODUCTION
• Self Checks: Self Checks appear at the end of every Learning Objective section. Self Check ques-
tions allow students to check their understanding ofsomewhere else in the country,
the key concepts they just U.S.reademployment
beforewould moving decline. That has never
happened and never will.
on. All questions and answers are available in MyEconLab. When nations specialize in an area of comparative advantage and then trade with the
• Dynamic Study Modules: Dynamic Study Modules, restavailable
of the world,within MyEconLab,
the average standard of living continuously
in the world rises. In effect, interna-
SELF CHECK tional trade allows the world to move from inside the global production possibilities
assess student performance on key topics in real time, and provide additional and personalized
curve toward the curve itself, thereby improving worldwide economic efficiency. Thus,
Visit MyEconLab
practice content. Dynamic Study Modules exist for every chapter andinare
to practice
all countries that engage tradeavailable on all
can benefit from mobileadvantage, just as regions
comparative
problems and to get instant
devices for on-the-go studying.
feedback in your Study Plan.
in the United States benefit from interregional trade. MyEconLab Concept Check
MyEconLab Study Plan
• Digital Interactives: Digital Interactives are dynamic and engaging assessment activities that pro-
mote critical thinking and application of key economic principles. Each Digital Interactive has 3–5
progressive levels and requires
Y O Uapproximately
A R E T H E R E20 minutes to explore, apply, compare, and analyze
each topic. Many Digital Interactives include real-time data from FRED®, allowing professors and
Reducing the Opportunity Cost of Waiting in Gridlocked Traffic, at a Price
students to display, in graph and table form, up-to-the-minute data on key macro variables. Digital
Interactives can be assignedFourand graded
decades within
ago, Howard Becker,MyEconLab, or used
founder of Becker Automotive, Inc., as a lecture
including tool
clients, to encourage
personal assistants, or secretarial support staff.
started a Los Angeles business installing sound systems in homes Thus, buyers of Becker’s converted vans and limos can, while paying
engagement, classroom conversation, and group
and vehicles. His company work.
is still based in that area, but now it spe- chauffeurs to traverse the thick traffic, avoid sacrificing time that they
• Learning Catalytics®: Learning
cializes in Catalytics ® generates
reducing the opportunity cost of theclassroom discussion,
hours that people could devoteguides lectures,
to activities and
they otherwise would pursue at home or in an
spend traversing congested highways and surface roads. Becker’s office setting.
promotes peer-to-peer learning with real-time analytics. Now students can use any device to inter-
customers are individuals who had previously been among U.S. com-
act in the classroom, engage with
muters whocontent, and 7even
devote a combined billion draw
hours perand share graphs.
year self-driving CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Enhanced eText for MyEconLab: The Pearson eText for MyEconLab1. gives
their vehicles slowly through nearly gridlocked traffic instead of pur- How muststudents access
the dollar values to
of the opportunity costs of time compare
suing other activities. for a typical purchaser of a vehicle converted by Becker Automotive,
their textbook anytime, anywhere.At prices In
that addition
typically start to note-taking,
at $150,000, Becker’s firmhighlighting,
converts Inc.,and
versusbookmarking, the them? Explain briefly.
commuters who do not purchase
Pearson eText offers interactive and sharing
chauffeur-driven features.
vans and limos into mobile offices or custom-built 2. Why do you suppose that economists have estimated the dollar value
homes away from home. Becker’s converted vehicles provide amenities of the combined opportunity costs of time that U.S. commuters spend
that include built-in touchscreen devices with remote access to cloud- in gridlocked traffic to be in excess of $150 billion per year? Explain
based information networks and home-film library systems, bathrooms, your reasoning.
and even exercise bicycles. Many vehicles provide sufficient seating—
Continuing Emphasis on Public Policy and, if desired, accessories and equipment—for several passengers, Sources are listed at the end of this chapter.
Public policy issues concern your students just as they concern everyone else. Much of the theory
throughout this text relates to exactly how changing public policies affect all of us.
• In Chapter 2, read-
ers will find out
why “free” tax-filing
ISSUES &
Specialist 2nd Class Kristopher Kirsop/Released
services from the IRS

really aren’t free.
APPLICATIONS
U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication
• When water becomes

scarcer because of
droughts, how politi- The U.S. Navy Expands
cians respond affects
everyone, as your
Production Possibilities
students will read in via a New Technology
Chapter 4.
• Poorly defined prop- CONCEPTS APPLIED The U.S. Navy faces an on-going task of producing ship-borne weapons that
deliver explosive forces to remote targets. At the same time, the Navy is
erty rights to airspace Production Possibilities
seeking to expand its fleet of ships afloat. Consequently, the Navy faces an
occupied by drones is Production Possibilities economic problem involving production possibilities.
an issue addressed in Curve
Chapter 5 Technology
M02_MILL8777_19_SE_C02.indd 42 24/10/16 4:36 PM

THE CONTINUING QUEST TO KEEP
STUDENT INTEREST HIGH
From the very beginning, Economics Today was created to maintain high interest by its read-
ers. Many of the pedagogical devices developed in earlier editions have been perfected and
the content for this 19th edition is completely new. They include:
• A chapter-opening vignette about a serious application of each chapter’s theory
with a continuing Issues & Applications feature at the end of every chapter. All of
these are new to this edition.
• Learning Objectives accompany each major chapter section to help focus
6 Funding the Public Sector
student reading comprehension and allow for self-assessment to ensure that

students have grasped key concepts.
• A “grabber” Did You Know That … feature starts off every chapter. All of these
are new.
imageegami/Fotolia
A
few years ago, California began taxing remote
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
sales—revenues of firms based outside the
After reading this chapter, you should be state but with a sufficient physical presence
CHAPTER 32 | Comparative Advantage and the Open Economy 711 able to: within the state to permit taxation of their California
6.1 Distinguish between average tax rates and sales under federal law. Some forecasts had indicated
marginal tax rates that the state would bring in about $450 million in
DID YOU KNOW THAT… 6.2 Explain the structure of the U.S. income
tax system
additional sales tax revenues via taxation of remote
the Midwestern U.S. states are endowed with 80 percent of the fresh sales. In fact, the additional revenues generated by
6.3 Understand the key factors influencing the extending sales taxes to California-based revenues of
water available in the United States and with 20 percent of the fresh water in existence on the planet? In relationship between tax rates and the tax out-of-state firms amounted to closer to $100 million.
revenues governments collect
recent years, residents of these states have been developing techniques for transferring some of this water to 6.4 Explain how the taxes governments levy on
A number of other states recently have implemented
their own remote sales taxes. Many of these states are,
people residing in other U.S. states and even to residents of other nations. By specializing in water- purchases of goods and services affect
like California several years ago, anticipating signifi-
market prices and equilibrium quantities
redistribution technologies, these Midwestern residents hope to engage in trade of fresh water for other goods cant increases in tax collections. In this chapter, you
and services with people living in locations hundreds and even thousands of miles away.
MyEconLab helps you master each CHAPTER
objective and 3 | Demand
will learn whyand
mostSupply 51
economists predict that the states
study more efficiently. See end of chapter for details.
are overestimating gains in revenues from taxation of
The law of demand is supported by millions of observations of people’s behavior in remote sales.
the marketplace. Theoretically, it can be derived from an economic model based on
rational behavior, as was discussed in Chapter 1. Basically, 124if nothing else changes and
the price of a good falls, the lower price induces us to buy more because we can enjoy
Why We Trade: Comparative Advantage and 32.1 Explain
additional whythat
net gains
gain fromyou
nations
specializing
can
were unavailable at the higher price. If you examine your own
will see thatinit generally follows the law of demand.
Mutual Gains from Exchange
behavior,
production
How has aand engaging
change in
in the quantity of cable TV subscriptions in response to a change
M06_MILL8777_19_SE_C06.indd 124 24/10/16 4:56 PM
international
in tradesubscriptions accorded with the law of demand?
the price of these
• AYou
variety of examples
have already been introducedare provided:
to the concept of specialization and mutual gains
from trade in Chapter 2. These concepts are worth repeating because they are essen-
tial to understanding why the world is better off on net because of more international EXAMPLE
trade. First, however, let’s take a look at the growing volumes of international trade
The Law of Demand in the Market for Cable TV Subscriptions
undertaken by the world’s peoples in recent years.
DOMESTIC TOPICS AND EVENTS are presented Between 2000 and 2017, the inflation-adjusted average nationwide price FOR CRITICAL THINKING
through thought-provoking
The Worldwide Importance ofdiscussions, such as:
International Trade of a cable TV subscription rose from $30 per month to about $67 per month.
During the same period, the nationwide number of cable TV subscriptions
Is there an inverse relationship between the price of cable TV
subscriptions and the number of subscriptions that people purchase?
Look at panel (a) of Figure 32-1. Since 1960, world output of goods and services
• The Law
(world of Demand
real gross in the
domestic product, Market
or world real GDP)forhasCable
increasedTV
almost every
declined from more than 68 million to just over 50 million. Thus, consistent
with the law of demand, a significant reduction in the number of cable
Explain.
Subscriptions
year. It is now about 7 times what it was then. Look at the top line in panel (a) of
Figure 32-1. Even taking into account its recent dip, world trade has increased to
TV subscriptions has taken place in response to a substantial increase in
the inflation-adjusted price of cable TV subscriptions. Sources are listed at the end of this chapter.
• Analyzing
more than 16 Tweets toinPredict
times its level 1960. Stock Market Swings
The United States has figured prominently in this expansion of world trade relative MyEconLab Concept Check
to GDP. In panel (b) of Figure 32-1, you see annual U.S. imports and exports expressed
The price of an item may also decrease simply because producers have reduced the item’s
as a percentage of the nation’s total annual yearly income (GDP). Whereas imports
amounted to barely 4 percent of annual U.S. GDP in 1950, today they account for64 Relative Prices versus Money Prices quality. Thus, when evaluating the effects of price changes, we must always compare
PART 1 | INTRODUCTION price per constant-quality unit.
more than 15 percent. International trade has become more important to the U.S. The relative price of any commodity is its price in terms of another commodity. The Relative price
Pprice
O L Ithat
C Y you
E XTABLE
A M P L
pay in3-1E
dollars and cents for any good or service at any point in time is The money price of one commodity divided
economy, and it may become even more so as other countries loosen their trade by the money price of another commodity;
called its moneyHigher
price.Water Input Costs and Cut Agricultural Commodity Supplies
restrictions. MyEconLab Concept Check Policies Generate
Money Price versus the number of units of one commodity that
IMPORTANT POLICY QUESTIONS help students Large aRelative Price upMoney Price the cost of this key input. must
As be
Relative sacrificed to purchase one unit of
aPrice
THE quantities
RELATIVEofPRICE
number OFofAagricultural
HOUSE You commodities
mightareheargrownfrom
each your
pushed considerably
grandparents, “My first new another consequence,
commodity.
The Output Gains from Specialization suppliesPrice
year The money whoprices of both 6-terabyte cloud large portions Price Price Price
carincost
California.
onlyFarmers
thirty-two
servers
reside in this
hundred
and 6-terabyte
state provide
dollars.” The implication, of
ofagricultural
course, commodities
is that thehave declined in California.
price
cotton,external hard Last Year This Year Last Year This Year
understand
The best way public debates,
to understand such
the gains from as:
trade among nations is first to understand
of the nation’s almonds,
of cars todaydrives
apples,
is outrageously
walnuts, and other commodities.
oranges,
high
have fallen. The relative
grapes, lemons, rice,
price ofbecause the average new car may cost $32,000.
Cloud FOR CRITICAL THINKING $300
Money price
The price$210
expressed in today’s dollars; also
That, however,
In recent years, both is
thenot
external
U.S. an
hard drives,accurate
however,
government
has comparison.
risen
andofthe servers What do$300
California govern- you suppose has $210
happened to $150 = 2.0of the supply curves
the positions = 1.50
in nominal price.
the output gains from specialization between individuals. Suppose that a creative called the absolute or
$140
• That Noisy Drone Hovering
up with twoby Your
of ad House?
copy (writtenYour
(or, conversely, the relative price cloud
ment What wasservers
have responded the price
to severe of the
droughts
has fallen).
averagelarge
by redirecting house during
volumes of that
the same
markets for year? Perhaps
commodities such asitalmonds,
was apples, cotton, oranges,
advertising specialist can come pages words) an hour only
water $19,000.
away from farmersByincomparison,
favor of city water then,
systems given
External
that
and to rivers the average
and grapes,$150 price
lemons, rice,of
andhouses
$140walnuts? today
$150 is $140
= 0.50 = 0.67
Property
or generate Rights Are Unclear
hard drives
one computerized art rendering per hour. At the same time, a computer closewith
streams to endangered
$190,000, theFarmers
fishes. current haveprice
had to payof much
a new car doesn’t sound so far out of
higher $300 line, $210
art specialist can write one page of ad copy per hour or complete one computerized art prices
doesto it?obtain water for their crops from private sources, which has Sources are listed at the end of this chapter.
• Ending
rendering the U.S.
per hour. HereOil
the adExport Ban
specialist can come up with more pages of ad copy per
COMPARING RELATIVE PRICES OF DIGITAL STORAGE DRIVES The point is that money prices
hour than the computer specialist and seemingly is just as good as the computer
specialist at doing computerized art renderings. Is there any reason for the ad specialist during different time periods PRICEdon’t tell Why
EXPECTATIONS youAischange
a tip often an essential part of an overall quality-adjusted price paid for a service?
much. You
in the have to calculate
expectation of a future relative
relative price of a product
prices. Consider an example can ofaffect a producer’s
the price current cloud
of 6-terabyte willingnessserversto supply,
versus just theaspriceprice expectations affect
and the computer specialist to “trade”? The answer is yes because such trading will B EHAVIO R AL adrives EXAMPLE
consumer’s current
of 6-terabyte external hard from last yearwillingness
and this year. to purchase.
In TableFor 3-1,example,
we showsuppliers of portable
lead to higher output. the moneyTips prices of powerservers
cloud banks may and withhold
external fromhard the drives
market for part two of their years current supply if they
and Quality-Adjusted Prices
anticipate higher prices in the future. The current amount supplied at each and
during which they have both gone down.
BEHAVIORAL EXAMPLES introduce behavioral
THE SITUATION WITH NO TRADE Consider the scenario of no trading. Assume that during This means Alongside
thatthe
the drives.
inexplicit
provision of
today’s
everythat
prices price will decrease.
dollarsconsumers
we have paytoforpay
services
outsuchlessasfor both
are willing
cloud to payservers
for servicesandprovided in a satisfactory way. Firms that al-
each eight-hour day, the ad specialist and the computer whiz devote half of their day external hard If food
we atlook,
restaurants,
though, drinksatatthebars,relative
and taxi services,
prices low employees
suchofaspeople
cloud who provide
servers tax, and
such services to accept tips typically employ
ex-
economics examples with provocative questions
to writing ad copy and half to computerized art rendering. The ad specialist would ternal hard payments—to
many consumers of such
drives, we those findwho
TAXES
that
AND SUBSIDIES
services
last year,
production
commonly extend
cloud
costs
deliver such services. and
Certain
servers
In manytherefore
taxes,
tips—additional
were
instances,reduce
a per-unit
twicetipping,
there- supply.
as expensive
If the
firms
are effectively
with hard-to-measure
asconsumers
supply
enable
exter-
curvetoispayS1a in
an addition
skills in providing
priceFigure
to By allowing
the services.
3-8,
consistent with the overall
nal hard drives, fore, thewhereas
overall pricesthis year they are only forone and itatohalf timesof theasservice
expensive.
such as:
create eight pages of ad copy (4 hours * 2) and four computerized art renderingsSubsidy
(4 * 1). Conversely,
A negative tax; a paymentiftowe
turn tocompare
a producer
out be higher than
a per-unit
that
Every
consumers
external
tax
hard
producer
the services’
endincrease
up paying
posteddrives
prices. to
would
wouldtheseshift
getcloud
services
a “gift” servers,
3. A
Squality
from the last
ensures
per-unit
year
government
subsidy
the price
for each
a quality-adjusted
woulddodo
they actually
of unit
price
the opposite.
receive.
produced.
that consumers
That is, tipping behavior
are This
willing to pay for a
from external
the government, usually
hard drives in the
What accountsform of
was for per-unit
50thepercent subsidy
of theofprice
observed behavior wouldofshift
consumers cloud
who theservers,
include curve S2. today
tips todelivered
but service.the price of
• Tips and Quality-Adjusted Prices
During that same period, the computer specialist would create four pages of ada cash grant per unit.
copy (4 hours * 1) and four computerized art renderings (4 * 1). Each day, the com-
external hard within overall is
drives prices
aboutfor many
67 services?
percentSome of observers
the price haveofsuggested
cloud servers. In the one-year
FOR
period, although three possible rationales:NUMBER
both prices(1)have attemptsOFbyFIRMS
declined IN
in THE
consumers
money INDUSTRY
to build In the
their own self-
terms, shortCRITICAL
the relative run, when
price ofTHINKING
firms can change only the
exter-
• Why Doesn’t Higher Pay Persuade Some
bined output for the ad specialist and the computer specialist would be 12 pages of ad nal hard drives has risen in relation
copy and eight computerized art renderings.
esteem by rewarding others, (2) altruistic motives of consumers,
number of employees they use, we hold the number
sense of obligation by consumers.
stant. In Theto
keythat
the
of explanation
economic
long run,
cloud servers.
the for
or (3) a How
tipping, of offirms
number
could
services?
laws that ban tips cause
of firms inathe
may change. If the number of firms
reduction in the quality
industry con-of the delivery
Sometimes relative price changes occur because the qualitysuchtheof a productcurve improves,
Women to Avoid Traditional Gender Roles? thereby bringing
however, starts with
as food atabout
restaurants,
the increases,
fact
a decrease
mixed
that consumers
If thedrinks,
number
supply
inor the
taxiof
who purchase
will
item’s
services
firmsknow
products
increase,
effective
and
how muchprice
decreases, they per
supply
supply
constant-quality
Sources
will
will shift outward to the right.
are listed at the end ofunit.
decrease, and the this chapter.
supply curve will shift
inward to the left.
MyEconLab
How has a change in the number of firms in China’s automobile industry affected
Concept Check
the market supply of vehicles?
The Demand Schedule
Let’s take a hypothetical demand situation to see how the inverse relationship be-
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE tween the price and the quantity demanded looks (holding other things equal). We xix
An Increase in the Supply of Automobiles in will consider the quantity of portable power banks—utilized with various digital
China
M32_MILL8777_19_SE_C32.indd 711 25/10/16 10:12devices—demanded
AM per year. Without stating the time dimension, we could not
M03_MILL8777_19_SE_C03.indd make plants
In 2010, there51were fewer than 100 automobile-manufacturing senseinout given
of this demand
price than wasrelationship
the case in 2010.because
Thus, therethe
hasnumbers wouldin be differ-
been an increase 24/10/16 4:35 PM
China. Since then, a number of new vehicle-producing firmsenthave

if we were talking
entered the supplyabout the quantity
of automobiles in China. demanded per month or the quantity
China’s auto market. The result has been an upsurge indemanded
the number ofper decade.
plants, which currently exceeds 140. The larger number of autoInmanufac-
addition toFOR
implicitly
CRITICAL or explicitly
THINKING stating a time dimension for a demand rela-
turers operating in China now produce about 5 million moretionship,
vehicles atwe
anyare also implicitly
Has the referring
market supply curve in to constant-quality
China shifted rightwardunits of theExplain.
or leftward? good or service
in question. Prices are always expressed in constant-quality units in order to avoid the
problem of comparing commodities that are in fact not truly Concept
MyEconLab comparable.Check
In panel (a) of Figure 3-1, we see that if the price is $1 apiece, 50 portable
power banks will be bought each year by our representative individual, but if the
A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 19 Changes in Supply
price versusonly
is $5 apiece, Changes in Quantity
10 portable power banks Supplied
will be bought each year. This 19/11/16 1:24 AM
ref lects the law of demand. Panel (a) is also called simply demand, or a demand
We cannot overstress the importance of distinguishing between a movement along the
industry have disappeared. Thus, U.S. app makers and Indian tablet manufacturers
are worse off.
Some people worry that the United States (or any country, for that matter) might
someday “run out of exports” because of overaggressive foreign competition. The CHAPTER 32 | Comparative Advantage and the Open Economy 725
analysis of comparative advantage tells us the contrary. No matter how much other
countries compete for our business, the United States (or any other32-6
FIGURE country) will
always have a comparative advantage in something that it can export. In 10The or 20
Percentage of World Trade within Regional Trade Blocs
years, that something may not be what we export today, but Asitthewill beofexportable
number
nonetheless because we will have a comparative advantage in producing
regional tradeit. Thus, the 40
agree-
Covered by Regional Agreements

significant f lows of world trade of exports and imports of bothments has increased
goods and services 35
since 1990, the share
Percentage of World Trade

shown in Figure 32-2 will continue because the United States and other
of world nations will 30
trade under-
retain comparative advantages in producing various goods and taken
services.
among nations
25
What new elements have enabled a growing number of Africanthatcountries
are membersto of develop
regional trade 20
comparative advantages in the provision of agricultural products?
blocs—involving the
15
European Union (EU),
the United States, 10
and developing
5
INT ERNAT IONAL EXAMPLE nations—has also
increased. 0
How African Nations Are Developing Comparative Advantages in Agriculture Sources: World Bank
1990 1996 2002 2017
and author’s estimates. EU U.S. Developing countries only
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES AND

The African continent contains about half of the uncultivated but arable techniques. These developments have enabled African farmers to reduce
land in the world. It also contains many people who could, in principle, considerably the opportunity cost of agricultural products in terms of other
farm much of this land. Nevertheless, for many years, African countries
have imported most agricultural products.
goods and services. As the opportunity costs of African agricultural goods
have declined, new comparative advantages in producing these goods and INTERNATIONAL POLICY EXAMPLES
Regional Trade Agreements
During the past decade, a number of African nations have developed
comparative advantages in several varieties of corn and coffee. The conti-
gains from specialization and trade have followed.
Numerous other international trade organizations exist alongside the WTO.
emphasize the continued importance of
nent’s comparative-advantage turnaround has been assisted by adoption
of drought-resistant crop varieties. The key change, however, has been the
FOR CRITICAL THINKING
Why do you think that increased specialization groups
in specific
international perspectives
Sometimes known as regional trade blocs, these organizations are created by special
deals among of countries that grant trade preferences only to countries within
agricultural
Regional trade bloc
and
A group of nations that policy, such as:
grants members
their groups. Currently, special trade privileges.
widespread acquisition of additional physical and human capital. Afri- products has accompanied growth in African exports of those products?more than 475 bilateral or regional trade agreements are in
can farmers are using more machinery to plant and harvest their crops. • Looking for Hard-to-Find Items in Venezu-
effect around the globe. Examples include groups of industrial powerhouses, such as
Furthermore, they are acquiring training in how to apply modern farming Sources are listed at the end of this chapter. the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations. Nations in South America with per capita real GDP ela? Ask for the Bachaqueros
nearer the world average have also formed regional trade blocs called Mercosur and
the Andean Community. In addition, less developed nations have formed regional
trade blocs, such as the Economic Community of West African States and the • How African Nations Are Developing
Community of East and Southern Africa.
Comparative Advantages in Agriculture
DO REGIONAL TRADE BLOCS SIMPLY DIVERT TRADE? Figure 32-6 shows that the formation of
regional trade blocs, in which the European Union and the United States are often
All of these are new to this edition and each has three references from
M32_MILL8777_19_SE_C32.indd 716
key participants, is on an upswing. An average African nation participates in four
25/10/16 A
separate regional trading agreements. 10:12 AM
typical Latin American country belongs to
which the information was obtained (these references can be found at the
eight different regional trade blocs.
In the past, economists worried that the formation of regional trade blocs could
mainly result in trade diversion, or the shifting of trade from countries outside a Trade diversion
back of each chapter). regional trade bloc to nations within a bloc. Indeed, a study by Jeffrey Frankel of
Harvard University found evidence that some trade diversion does take place.
Shifting existing international trade from
countries outside a regional trade bloc to
nations within the bloc.
Nevertheless, Frankel and other economists have concluded that the net effect of regional
trade agreements has been to boost overall international trade, in some cases considerably.
political process, but individually, we cannot determine how much service we pay for
WHAT I F… during any one year.
WHAT IF? FEATURES in each chapter aim to joining a new regional trade bloc shifts existing trade to countries within that bloc and away from
countries in another regional trade VERSUS SPENDING In the private market sector, a dollar voting system is in effect.
VOTINGbloc?
help students think critically about important This dollar voting system is not equivalent to the voting system in the public sector.
Theretrade
If joining a new regional trade bloc shifts existing are from
at least three
the old bloc differences:
bloc has failed to bring about an expansion of total world trade. Thus, the
real-world questions through the eyes of an to the new one, then formation of the new trade bloc has generated trade
1. In
diversion. The consequence is that formation a political
of the system,
new regional
aggregate amount of international trade will remain unaffected by forma-
trade onetion
person
of the gets one vote, whereas in the market system, each
new bloc.
dollar a person spends counts separately.
economist. All of these are new. Majority rule 2. The political system is run by majority rule, whereas the market system is run by
A collective decision-making system in proportional rule.
• What If…the government engages in policies which group decisions are made on the
basis of more than 50 percent of the vote. 3. The spending of dollars can indicate intensity of want, whereas because of the
that force down the price of an item subject In other words, whatever more than half of
the electorate votes for, the entire
all-or-nothing nature of political voting, a vote cannot.
to external benefits while leaving its supply electorate has to accept.

M32_MILL8777_19_SE_C32.indd 725
Proportional rule
Political outcomes often differ from economic outcomes. Remember that
economic efficiency is a situation in which, given the prevailing distribution of
25/10/16 10:12 AM
curve’s position unchanged? A decision-making system in which actions

are based on the proportion of the “votes”
income, consumers obtain the economic goods they want. There is no corresponding
situation when political voting determines economic outcomes. Thus, a political
cast and are in proportion to them. In a voting process is unlikely to lead to the same decisions that a dollar voting process
• What If… joining a new regional trade bloc market system, if 10 percent of the “dollar
votes” are cast for blue cars, 10 percent of
would yield in the marketplace.
Indeed, consider the dilemma every voter faces. Usually, a voter is not asked to
shifts existing trade to countries within that
automobile output will be blue cars.
decide on a single issue (although this happens). Rather, a voter is asked to choose
among candidates who present a large number of issues and state a position on each
bloc and away from countries in another SELF CHECK of them. Just consider the average U.S. senator, who has to vote on several thousand
different issues during a six-year term. When you vote for that senator, you are
Visit MyEconLab to practice
regional trade bloc? problems and to get instant
voting for a person who must make thousands of decisions during the next six years.
MyEconLab Concept Check
feedback in your Study Plan.
MyEconLab Study Plan
Y O U A R E T HE R E
YOU ARE THERE FEATURES demonstrate to Addressing Rail-Freight Transportation Externalities
students how real people in the real world react Noble Boykin, Jr., an attorney in Savannah, Georgia, is at his wit’s A growing number of U.S. communities are requiring rail firms to
end. Each day, about eight freight trains pass along a three-mile incur costs for the noise and delays they create. Some cities have
to changes in our economic environment and to stretch through the city near his law firm’s location. Locomotive
operators blast their horns at each of the 24 rail crossings along the
instructed their police forces to issue tickets assessing fines of
hundreds of dollars on rail firms each time their operations are
policy changes. All of these are new. route. If Boykin and other attorneys at the firms are in the midst of
recording depositions from clients or witnesses when trains pass,
judged to have created unjustifiable traffic delays. A few are even
requiring firms to erect walls beside portions of their track to pro-
• Addressing Rail-Freight Transportation they must halt for time-consuming “train breaks.” If a phone call
with a court official is in progress as a train approaches, Boykin has
vide sound buffers. In these ways, rail companies are being required
to take into account spillover effects of their activities in the market
a choice between apologetically postponing the call or quickly step- for freight transportation services.
Externalities ping into a closet. Boykin’s home also is located near the same
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
stretch of rails. Passing trains often delay his daily commutes, and
• Reducing the Opportunity Cost of Waiting in he sometimes is awakened during the night by the soundings of the
locomotives’ horns.
1. How does a city’s decision to assess substantial fines on rail
operators that persistently generate traffic congestion affect the
Gridlocked Traffic, at a Price The volume of items shipped by rail in the United States has risen
more than 10 percent since 2010. Trains contain more cars, and the
supply curve for rail services within the city?
2. Why do you think that the federal government requires rail opera-
greater weights pulled by locomotives also have slowed many trains tors to mount expensive horns and sound them—at prescribed
along their routes. Consequently, trains typically require more time to decibel levels—at all street crossings? (Hint: What significant
traverse distances than in past years. In many locales, the results negative spillovers can a train create at a street crossing?)
have been longer periods of noisy train operations and related traffic
delays for people such as Boykin. Sources are listed at the end of this chapter.
M05_MILL8777_19_SE_C05.indd 116 24/10/16 5:00 PM
MYECONLAB: PRACTICE, ENGAGE, AND ASSESS

MyEconLab is a powerful assessment and tutorial system that works hand-in-hand with Economics
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manage all assessment needs in one program.
For the Instructor

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xx

• All end-of-chapter problems are assignable and automatically graded in MyEconLab and, for most chapters,
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cises are graded based on that instance of data, and feedback is provided.
• In the eText available in MyEconLab, select figures labeled Real-Time Data now include a pop-up graph up-
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In both cases, pre- and post-questions for each experiment are available for assignment in MyEconLab.
Digital Interactives help to facilitate experiential

learning through a set of interactives focused on core
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presentation, auto-graded homework, or both.
Learning Catalytics™ is a technology that has grown

out of twenty years of cutting-edge research, innova-
tion, and implementation of interactive teaching and
peer instruction. Learning Catalytics is a “bring your
own device” student engagement and classroom intel-
ligence system. With Learning Catalytics you can:
• Engage students in real time, using open-ended
tasks to probe student understanding.
–– Students use any modern Web-enabled device
they already have — laptop, smartphone, or tablet.
–– Eighteen different question types include: word
clouds; graphing; short answer; matching; mul-
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–– Address misconceptions before students leave the classroom.
–– Understand immediately where students are and adjust your lecture accordingly.
xxi

• Improve your students’ critical-thinking skills.
• Engage with and record the participation of every student in
your classroom.
• Learning Catalytics gives you the flexibility to create your
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library of Pearson-created questions.
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Dynamic Study Modules: Dynamic Study Modules continuously
assess student performance on key topics in real time. Dynamic
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For the Student

Students are in control of their own learning through a collec-
tion of tests, practice, and study tools. Highlights include:
• Two Sample Tests per chapter are preloaded in MyEconLab,
enabling students to practice what they have learned, to test their
understanding, and to identify areas for further work.
• Based on each student’s performance on homework, quizzes, and
tests, MyEconLab generates a Study Plan that shows where the
student needs further study.
• Learning Aids, such as step-by-step guided solutions, a graphing
tool, content-specific links to the eText, animated graphs, and
glossary flashcards, help students master the material.
To learn more, and for a complete list of digital interactives,
visit www.myeconlab.com.
SU PPLEM EN TA L R ESO UR CES
Student and instructor materials provide tools for success.

Test Bank (Parts 1, 2, and 3) offer more than 10,000 multiple-choice and short answer questions,
all of which are available in computerized format in the TestGen software. The significant revision
process by author Jim Lee of Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi and accuracy reviewer Conor
Molloy of Suffolk County Community College ensure the accuracy of problems and solutions in these
revised and updated Test Banks. The Test Bank author has connected the questions to the general
knowledge and skill guidelines found in the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
(AACSB) assurance of learning standards.
The Instructor’s Manual, prepared by Jim Lee of Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi, includes lecture-
ready examples; chapter overviews; objectives; outlines; points to emphasize; answers to all critical
analysis questions; answers to all end-of-chapter problems; suggested answers to “You Are There”
questions; and selected references.
PowerPoint lecture presentations for each chapter, revised by Jim Lee of Texas A&M University—Corpus
Christi, include figures, key terms, and concepts from the text.
Clicker PowerPoint slides allow professors to instantly quiz students in class and receive immediate
feedback through Clicker Response System technology.
The Instructor Resource Center puts supplements right at instructors’ fingertips. Visit
www.pearsonhighered.com/irc to register.
Economics Today, 19th edition, is available as an eBook and can be purchased at most eBook retailers.
xxii

ACKN OW LEDG MENT S
I have been blessed for many years with a continuing set of suggestions sent to me by adopters of Economics Today.
To those of you who have sent me ideas, comments, and criticisms, I hope you will be satisfied with this revision.
In addition, my publisher has asked some professors to participate in a more detailed reviewing process. I list them
below. To all of you, please accept my appreciation for the great work that you have done.
Austin Boyle, Pennsylvania State University, University Park William Kent Lutz, University of Cincinnati Blue Ash
William Burrows, Lane Community College Brian Lynch, Lake Land College
Steven Capolarello, West Chester University Brian Macfie, Arizona State University
David Ching, University of Hawaii, Honolulu Kenneth Rebeck, St. Cloud State University
Richard Croxdale, Austin Community College Annette Redmon, University of Cincinnati
Aref Hervani, Chicago State University Patricia Turco, Milwaukee Area Technical College
Scott Hunt, Columbus State Community College Jacqueline Ward, Northeastern Illinois University
Michael Kaluya, Tarrant County College Michael Youngblood, Rock Valley College
Michele Kegley, University of Cincinnati
I also thank the reviewers of previous editions:

Rebecca Abraham, Cinda J. Adams, Esmond Adams, John Adams, Bill Adamson, Carlos Aguilar, John R. Aidem, Mohammed
Akacem, Ercument Aksoy, M. C. Alderfer, John Allen, Ann Al-Yasiri, Charles Anderson, Leslie J. Anderson, Fatma W. Antar, Len
Anyanwu, Kenneth Ardon, Rebecca Arnold, Mohammad Ashraf, Ali A. Ataiifar, Aliakbar Ataiifar, Leonard Atencio, John Atkins,
Glen W. Atkinson, Thomas R. Atkinson, James Q. Aylesworth, John Baffoe-Bonnie, Kevin Baird, Maurice B. Ballabon, Charley
Ballard, G. Jeffrey Barbour, Robin L. Barlett, Daniel Barszcz, Kari Battaglia, Robert Becker, Kevin Beckwith, Charles Beem,
Glen Beeson, Bruce W. Bellner, Daniel K. Benjamin, Emil Berendt, Charles Berry, Abraham Bertisch, John Bethune, Barbara
Blake Gonzalez, R. A. Blewett, Scott Bloom, John Bockino, M. L. Bodnar, Mary Bone, Theologos Homer Bonitsis, Karl Bonnhi,
Thomas W. Bonsor, John M. Booth, Wesley F. Booth, Thomas Borcherding, Melvin Borland, Tom Boston, Barry Boyer, Walter
Boyle, Maryanna Boynton, Ronald Brandolini, Fenton L. Broadhead, Elba Brown, William Brown, James Buck, Michael Bull,
Maureen Burton, Conrad P. Caligaris, Kevin Carey, James Carlson, Robert Carlsson, Joel Caron, Dancy R. Carr, Scott Carson,
Doris Cash, Thomas H. Cate, Richard J. Cebula, Catherine Chambers, K. Merry Chambers, Richard Chapman, Xudong Chen,
Ronald Cherry, Young Back Choi, Marc Chopin, Carol Cies, Joy L. Clark, Curtis Clarke, Gary Clayton, Marsha Clayton, Dale
O. Cloninger, Warren L. Coats, Ed Coen, Pat Conroy, James Cox, Stephen R. Cox, Eleanor D. Craig, Peggy Crane, Jerry
Crawford, Patrick M. Crowley, Joanna Cruse, John P. Cullity, Will Cummings, Thomas Curtis, Joel Dalafave, Margaret M.
Dalton, Andrew J. Dane, Mahmoud Davoudi, Diana Denison, Edward Dennis, Julia G. Derrick, Sowjanya Dharmasankar, Carol
Dimamro, William Dougherty, Stephen Downing, Tanya Downing, Brad Duerson, Barry Duman, Diane Dumont, Floyd
Durham, G. B. Duwaji, James A. Dyal, Ishita Edwards, Robert P. Edwards, Alan E. Ellis, Miuke Ellis, Steffany Ellis, Frank
Emerson, Carl Enomoto, Zaki Eusufzai, Patricia Euzent, Sandy Evans, John L. Ewing-Smith, Jamie Falcon, Frank Falero, Frank
Fato, Elizabeth Faunce, Maurita Fawls, Abdollah Ferdowsi, Grant Ferguson, Victoria L. Figiel, Mitchell Fisher, David Fletcher,
James Foley, John Foreman, Diana Fortier, Ralph G. Fowler, Julia Frankland, Deborah Frazier, Arthur Friedberg, Peter Frost,
Timothy S. Fuerst, Tom Fullerton, E. Gabriel, James Gale, Hamilton Galloway, Byron Gangnes, Frank Garland, Peter C.
Garlick, Steve Garner, Neil Garston, Alexander Garvin, Joe Garwood, Doug Gehrke, Robert Gentenaar, J. P. Gilbert, Otis
Gilley, Frank Glesber, Jack Goddard, George Goerner, Michael G. Goode, Allen C. Goodman, Richard J. Gosselin, Paul Graf,
Anthony J. Greco, Edward Greenberg, Gary Greene, Peter A. Groothuis, Philip J. Grossman, Nicholas Grunt, William Gunther,
Kwabena Gyimah-Brempong, Demos Hadjiyanis, Reza G. Hamzaee, Martin D. Haney, Mehdi Haririan, Ray Harvey, Michael J.
Haupert, E. L. Hazlett, Dennis Heiner, Sanford B. Helman, William Henderson, Robert Herman, Gus W. Herring, Charles
Hill, John M. Hill, Morton Hirsch, Benjamin Hitchner, Charles W. Hockert, Stella Hofrenning, R. Bradley Hoppes, James
Horner, Grover Howard, Nancy Howe-Ford, Cedric Howie, Calvin Hoy, Yu-Mong Hsiao, Yu Hsing, Peng Huang, James
Hubert, George Hughes, Joseph W. Hunt Jr., Scott Hunt, John Ifediora, R. Jack Inch, Christopher Inya, Tomotaka Ishimine,
E. E. Jarvis, Ricot Jean, Parvis Jenab, Allan Jenkins, John Jensel, Mark Jensen, S. D. Jevremovic, J. Paul Jewell, Nancy Jianakoplos,
Frederick Johnson, David Jones, Lamar B. Jones, Paul A. Joray, Daniel A. Joseph, Craig Justice, M. James Kahiga, Septimus
Kaikai, Lillian Kamal, Mohammad Kasraian, Devajyoti Kataky, Timothy R. Keely, Ziad Keilany, Norman F. Keiser, Sukanya
Kemp, Brian Kench, Randall G. Kesselring, Alan Kessler, E. D. Key, Saleem Khan, M. Barbara Killen, Bruce Kimzey, Terrence
Kinal, Philip G. King, E. R. Kittrell, David Klingman, Charles Knapp, Jerry Knarr, Tori Knight, Faik Koray, Janet Koscianski,
Dennis Lee Kovach, Marie Kratochvil, Richard W. Kreissle, Peter Kressler, Paul J. Kubik, Michael Kupilik, Margaret Landman,
Richard LaNear, Larry Landrum, Keith Langford, Theresa Laughlin, James M. Leaman, Anthony T. Lee, Jim Lee, Loren Lee,
Bozena Leven, Donald Lien, George Lieu, Stephen E. Lile, Jane Lopus, Lawrence W. Lovick, Marty Ludlum, Michael
Machiorlatti, Laura Maghoney, G. Dirk Mateer, John McArthur, Robert McAuliffe, James C. McBrearty, Howard J. McBride,
Bruce McClung, Jeremy McCracken, John McDowell, E. S. McKuskey, James J. McLain, Kevin McWoodson, John L. Madden,
Mary Lou Madden, John Marangos, Dan Marburger, Glen Marston, John M. Martin, Paul J. Mascotti, James D. Mason, Paul M.
Mason, Tom Mathew, Warren Matthews, Akbar Marvasti, Pete Mavrokordatos, Fred May, G. Hartley Mellish, Mike Melvin,
Diego Mendez-Carbajo, Dan C. Messerschmidt, Michael Metzger, Charles Meyrick, Herbert C. Milikien, Joel C. Millonzi, Glenn
xxiii

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
nachs wist ie ’t altaid vàst, dat ie d’r was.… Moar op dag, gong ’t
weg!.. Kaik da’ ha je se weer.… Nou stonge se weer om sain.… ’n
heule bende swarte kerels!.… En nou stonge se weer an s’n strot te
trekke.… kaik!.… soo weer aldegoar sterretjes veur s’n ooge.…
huhu!.… pal d’r veur.… Enn.… nou.. kaik!.… wá’ donker ’t word.…
hoho!.… enne.… enne.. tùg dag.… was ’t strak-en-an!.. Sou die in
de hel komme?.. enne.… Spulle waa’s nooit van sain.… nooit had ie
wá’ f’rkocht.… nooit sou ie s’n spulle weer anroàke!.… Enne.… hai
sou weggaife.… teruggaife.… alles.… alles! Aa’s ie nou moar nie
dood hoefte!.… Jesis wá’ wàrm om s’n hoofd.. begon ’t weer te
gloeie, om s’n kop.—kaik!.… nog donkerder.… veur s’n ooge.…
Jesis waa’n benauwing!.…
Zitten, doodstil, bleef ie ’n poos, verkneed in hijgenden lucht-

snakkenden angst, met z’n handen woest-grabbelend aan z’n
[335]kiel, of ie iets wou loswringen dáár. Langzaam eindelijk zakte
weer gloeiing van z’n kop, begon ie weer te peinzen, stil.. Nou sat ie
nie meer in donker.… Moar kaik!.… de kerels.… die swarte kerels
van sain, woare weg! Moar tug most ’r ies skrikkeliks beure mit sain.
Da’ was vast woar!.. vast woar.. hoho!.… Net of d’r swoare onweer in
de lucht sat.… soo bangelik, beverig en angstig, gejoagd, en keliekig
voelde ie s’n aige!.… Hai wou wel loope.… loope.… Want al die
swoare wolke.… satte op sàin kop.… dá’ voelde ie puur. En nou
kwam ’r weer donkerte veur sain ooge.… donker wier ’t.… heul
donker.…
Schuifelend was ie in den leegen koel-beschaduwden stal, in ’n

duister hoekje op ’n steen neergezakt, met z’n hoofd tegen ’t rem. En
z’n handen, slap en trillerig, hingen langs z’n lijf.
Nou mostie moar bedoàre.… stilletjes.… sain gangetje goan.… dà

konne.… de wolleke soo op s’n kop drukke.… en.… aa’s d’r bliksem
kwam.… kon die nie bai sàin.… nie sien.… want veur sain ooge was
’t donker.… stikke donker.… heulegoar puur nacht.… nou most ie
bedoare.… puur nacht.… stikke benauwd.… puur nacht!.…
[Inhoud]
II.
Hooge zang van werkers galmde uit, achter stekjes en rijzen, den
Juni-ochtend in. Prachtige zangklanken, die zeilden in sonore trilling
door diep luchtenblauw, uit de overal dichtgegroeide en omzonde
groente-tuinen.—In kleur-klatering goudde de aarde, en overal uit de
gaarden, van singelgroen en hagen ingesloten, dampte ochtendgoud
van jongen zomer, nevelvroege dauw, die vonkvuur schoot en
paarlen spatte tusschen grashalmen en bladeren. Achter de hagen,
als groene sierwanden tusschen elken akker òpgegroeid,
schemerden blauwkielen door, werkers die hurkten òver het
lichtverstuivend prachtgroen van aardbeibedden. [336]
Jonge, zoete geuren-hitte trilde uit de gouden aarde en lichtelijk

schroeide de zon Wiereland. Tegen den middag alleen, beefde
zwaarder hitte boven het groengoud van velden, flonkerde diep ’t
licht tusschen de bladeren, stond stil de zanglust van werkers, wèg
in zwaren zwoeg.
Dirk en Kees werkten in ’t paarse schaduwlommer, bij Gerrits

aardappelengrond. Aan één zij achteruit, lag hun akker begrensd
door woest, reusachtig tuinbrok van rijken, stillevenden kweeker
Waarmer. Tot vlak achter de meidoornhaag van beukenlaan naar ’t
duin, liep diens tuin, groot en wild. ’n Lompe, nijdige heereboer, stil-
levend en kwaadaardig, was Waarmer. Z’n huis in ’t tuinbrok, lag er
stil dicht-gegroeid en belommerd in groene schemerkoelte, tusschen
reuzige olmen, eiken, beuken en diep gepoort van pracht-wilde
lanen. Voorstuk met ijzerdraad afgepiekt keken de werkers in,
schemerwoeste diep van den tuin, die nu in den Juniochtend te
wonderen groeide, in sproke-atmosfeer van groengoude scheemring
en kleurrankende bloeipracht. Glans-statige kippetjes liepen los,
rond te kokkelen en te kukelen druk en jolig door het gras, doken
glans-schuchter, met punt-wiegelende staartjes wèg in ’t hooge,
blanke waterster, dat er neergesneeuwd wemelde in vonkschitter
bedauwdrupt, broos en wiegelend op teeren, slanken stengel; hooge
boeketten van blank licht, tusschen diep scheemrend goudgroen.
Jonge abeeltjes stonden in wilden stammekronkel te sneeuwen met
hun witte donsblad, te zilver-wuiven tegen luchtglanzen. En weeke
luwte-schuifel zong om ze, als koelende zingende zomerregen in
ruisch-tuin.—
En laag in ’t wilde boomgroen, stond, in oud-goud rood baksteen,

teer-tonig, verzakt en ingeslonken, ’t stalhuis achter sierdans van
gouden regen, slanke stammetjes, met hun gouden trossen, trossen
in prachthang, als lanen waartusschen zonnewebben te verglanzen
ragden, in trillend waas. Midden in tuinbrok kringde open,
schemering van groen grasvlaktetje, goud-zonnig uitduikend onder
woeste beuken. Blanke ganzen waggelden ’r rond, teer ’t oranje van
hun bekken, en om hen dribbelden jonge blonde, kale kuikentjes,
veerloos en druk, wegzakkend [337]in de grashalmen, in eeuwig
eetgepik, kopjes-golvend door ’t pluimgras, achter elkaar, in
waggelend rijtje.—
Hoog, hals-gerekt, in zij-lingschen oogstaar, waakte vadergans, in

blanken waggel achter de pikkende kuikens áán, soms even
stappend in natten zonneschitter, dat er licht van z’n blanke veeren
droop; drentelde moeder-gans méé, achter beschermd jeugdje, in
het schitter-zonnige, zoete grasgroen. Oud bemenied hekwerk,
stond in rood-felle schittering, half bezond, in sier van vuurlijnen voor
’n gedrochtelijk-uitgeholden boomknoest, monster dat gaapte, met
nijlpaarden-muil, aan ingang. En heel diep, in half-bladerduister,
blankte zacht òp, ’t witte huisje van Waarmer, beluwd onder koelend-
groen uitgeurende kastanjes. Rondom, in ’t wild, danste kring van
reuzevarens een woesten horlepijp, fijn in rankte spitsen hun
krullende toppen, als vingeren slank ver-strekkend. En heel naar
achter lag de woeste tuin dichtgegroeid, brak het lentelicht er in, tot
zilver-koele glanzen, mat-blauwig, dampig licht onder blader-donker,
in al gamma’s van schaduwdiep, geheimvol verruischend ’t lied van
de lommerstilte. Als boven graf van gestorven saizoenen, zoemde er
stil, in zilverblauwig waas, gebroken licht, al ijler uitgezeefd en
onderschept door weer ander boom-groen en struik; dreven daar
rond, geheimen van natuurleven, zalig in eenzamen groei, poëzie
van het stilste, zwijgendste lommer.—
Groote heesters bogen in ranken wiegel òver naar wilde graspluim,

en fijn ruischte ’r koele suizel rond van wind, ruischende
eolusharpen, in fluisterenden zangespraak met bloemengroei en
boomleven. Op ’t koele woningmuurtje, vermarmerd blank, ging in
schaduwsier van varen en takjes, geheimvol leven rond van
silhouetten, waartusschen rondgestrooide goudlichtjes en tril-vonkjes
flitsten, verpijld door hooge tak-kronkels.
In de stille, omlommerde vensterruitjes, droomde koel licht van tuin,

teruggeglansd in zachte vegen van gelen gloor, dof en heimelijk. En
naast ’t hekwerk, brokkelde scheef verzakte, donker bemoste,
roestige kringmuur, verweerd en duister, als ruïne van oud kreunend
leven, waarop pauwenpracht uitwaaierde, [338]bronzen goudscherm
van veeren, groenstalen, kijkende schitterings-oogen van glans
alléén. Zacht hondengeblaf dofte soms òp uit den stillen, binnensten
goudschemer van roerlooze lanen.
In den hoek waar Kees en Dirk werkten, lag achter hagedoorn, ’n
plek als leeggehakt, openend gouden tuinhart. Bleek-schoone, lila-
seringen als jonkvrouwen in biechteenzaamheid gevangen, slankten
plots òp uit gloeiende zonneplek, in lange rijen achter elkaar. Fijn,
hun geurige kroonselen zoetten reuken door de lucht, en boven de rij
van bleeke lila’s, dromden verdonkerend bronzen beuken, als
wolken rood-violet licht, hooger òp doorvlamd van zonnegloed, felle
zang van smachtend rood, tegen het bleeke lila, dat èven er onder
uitgeurde, z’n fijne droomtonen, ijl in bedwelmende sfeer. Telkens
zoo éven, schoot, uit de groen-gouë koelte van tuinwoesten groei, ’n
plek open in zon, blankten wat rijtjes narcissen áán, of
vruchtboomen in nabloei, purperend en sneeuwend, met
zwoelenden geur-adem. Gloed zong van kastanje-kroonselen, die te
geuren ijlden in ’t teer-heete Junigoud. En sterker kwamen uitranken
verderop, zangerige lila-trossen, en kranzen hooger. En enkele
seringen buiten de zon, slankten verbroosd in vochtigen wasem van
gebroken zilverende lichtsfeer, koel.—
Op zoog de beukenlaan, vóór Van Ouwenaar’s landgoed,

geurzwijmel van woesten tuin, die ijl te ademen hijgden. Seringen-
adem en jasmijnen, dennengeur, en vochtige boschzoetheid, stoof in
zacht en zwijmel naar de lichtgrot, tusschen al hoogzingender groen
van jong geboomte uit jonkheer’s landgoed.
Als laatste dagpracht van lentefeest, geurde de beukenlaan,

volgedronken van zwoele arooms uit tuinbrok, zwommen in gons,
zang-teer de bijen en vliegen rond, ging lentezwijmel ten offer aan
het licht, het licht dat gloeien en koken wou, naar de gouên grot, aan
’t laan-eind. In zalige weelde, glansde en praalde ’t daggoud, vonkte
’t licht, klaterden de kleuren van bloemen, rond grond en boomen,
lag Wiereland honing te zwelgen uit gouden bloeme-schalen, in
geuren-zoet te zwijmen, in rook van licht en vocht. En overal juichten
en klaroenden de vogels hun zilveren zang door het groen. [339]
Kees was wat later opgehouên dan anders. Er waren karren met
bakken van de haven teruggehaald. Piet had gevent, goed verkocht,
en Kees had van Dirk ’n gulden boven z’n zweetloontje gebeurd.
Noodig voor z’n hongerend nest van dertien, waar ook nù nog,
gevochten werd om broodkruimels.—Voor ’t eerst, met wat geld in
z’n zak, stapte ie naar ’t duinkrot. Stil laat-lichtende lanen liep ie
door, blij met ’t groen, dat ie eerst niet gezien had. Nou was ’t net, of
er iets in z’n ruw leven, z’n driftziel, verzachtte tegen alles. Er woelde
een geur om ’m heen van zoetheid, ijle reuk van bloemen, en er was
iets blij’s in ’m, als hield ie toch van ’t leven.—
Luidloos, in prachtstralende zinking van licht was de vroege

Juniavond om ’m, aan ’t sterven.—Jonge popels lichtelijk bebladerd
slankten ver in avondrood, zachten gloed die als reuzige glansschild
d’aard kwam overdekken.—
Rag en éven groen-verdonkerd lijnden de twijgen in ’t rozerood en

stille murmeling van zoet landgeklank ruischte van akker-verten àf,
als fluisterde nachtleven rond z’n beenen.—Zalig en zoet geurde
bezonken dagzwijmel na, de aarde glansgroenend en
glansvergouênd in droom-rozigen luchtbrand van zonnezink,
madonna-gouïg en heilig ver-aureolend door laantjes en boomblâar.
Dennetjes, licht-groen gezoomd aan donk’re takkransen, stonden

dwars doorlicht in rooien gloed, als heilige kandelabers in reuzige
kathedraal zacht te branden, met de jonge kaarsjes tot den top in
vlam geploft, zacht-glanzend, roereloos kaarselicht, aangestoken in
’t wonder-teere avondgoud. Aan wegkanten van weiland en
glooiigen duingrond, bloedde éven doorvlamd fijn rood gepunt van
eiken hakhout, teer als bladknipsels, looverig rood getintel, dat
arabeske lijntjes droop van zonnig rood door ’t struikgroen. Fijn
paarse hondsdraf toortste, lichtelijk gekringd in stoetjes, in ’t avond
droom-fijne glanslicht, levende wezentjes, zelf bestarend den
zonnezink. En rond, in verre kransen, kroop bijéén in ’t lokkende
goud-zachte gevlam de eereprijs, heel teere blauwe lichtjes,
dwaalzwammetjes in ’t grazend innig-schitterende weigroen.—Als
weggewaaide [340]kleurvedertjes van zwaluwstalig licht, stipten en
trilden ’t blauw-zilverige avondgebloemte in de glanszonne, maar
lichter, weeker van wéérgloedjes, tusschen de blanke boeketjes van
geel-kransige madeliefjes en akkerkoorn, die heel broos, heel blank
kuste ’t licht.—Teer wit, in blank gevloei van licht, al teerder en fijner,
zilverden de witjes-madelieven òp tusschen het schitter-fijne
vergelend gras. Van alle kanten staarden uit den wond’ren
lichtstroom van ’t goud-doorzeisde grasgroen, de bloemgezichtjes.
Overal zongen laat licht, en laat doorgloeide kleuren in den
volstijgenden lentetooi, en ’t diep violet, ’t purper, ’t rood, vloeide en
deinde tusschen ’t dauwende avondpaars. En ’t landschap zong in
avondvergouïng, met keeltjes van duizenden harpenaren.
Tusschen wilgenzilver en abeelensneeuw ging suizeling, die

fluisterde dat lente sterven moest, ging laatste tril nog, in zoete
koortsigheid van grondgeur en jong gras. Hoog, uit de boomen, van
kruinen en dieperen avondglans, zong jubel plòts van nachtegaal,
afscheidszang aan lente.
Tusschen de zoete zomergeuren van wei en tuin en lichtval, die

tooverde roodgoud rond de struiken,—overgoude stof die
verwasemde de avondstille wegjes, rood-zandige kronkelpaadjes en
nauw-door-elkaar harpende boomen,—zilverde neer hun lyrische
jubel.—
Laag op wilgentak, grauwde klein lijfje van nachtegaal. Z’n oogjes

glansden nog van avondrood geluk, en staar en stil, luisterde ze
naar triolenden lokzang, uit eigen wond’re zilverkeeltje, lokzang
opgroeiend in de heilige landstilte, tot zuiltje van parelend kwinkeleer
en zoet tierelier.—Teer verhaperde eerst nog z’n lokkend vleiend
fluitkeeltje, z’n kristallen gorgeltje, wat zangerige weemoeds-
neuriing. En telkens brak z’n liedje, verstomd stil-staand in de
vergoudende avondrust.
Dan plots borrelde zilveren tremolo, ’t kristallen keeltje òpzwellend in

klank-zoet vleiend streelewijsje. Oogjes glansden rooder in gloed,
z’n kopje luisterde zoet. Weer zette dierke in, kwam er smachting in
’t streelewijsje, spoot ’n trillenspartel [341]jubelend hoog, borrelde
voller, klare zilveren toontjes in ’t kristallen gorgeltje. Al luider en
zoetvloeiender beefden de slagen òp uit z’n keeltje, kristallige spartel
en fonkel; al passiënder zwòl de jubel.
Zwijmelende zange-wellust van minnaartjes-drift stortte uit, een

kristalweb van zilveren trillers, en hoog in de lucht sloeg áán een
golf, ’n zoet, zacht, rillend, weemoeds-deinend, jubelend, spartelend
scherzo, klaar als tingelden en klingelden klokjes van kristal,
eind’loos hoog in den hemel rond.
Dan stilte plots; ’t dierke, wèg in eigen jubel, de oogjes rood in

zonnetoover, een takje lager huppelend rond wilgenzilver.
Van verre ruischte hevig-zacht nu, zangestem van aeolus uit

serafientje, een ruischend gevloei van lichte aanslagwijsjes, héél
roffelend-teer, in de diepte van andere keeltjes.—En sterker parelde
’t ààn, kristallen golfjes-ruisch in gouden zomeravondstilte.
Als in druisch van regenkristalletjes, stortten tegen elkaar in

nachtegaal en merel, zanglijster en leeuwrik, zang en kweel van
allen kant.
Sterfhymne aan de lente.
Uit hun donkre, grauwe nachtegaal-borstjes bleef klinken de snik van

’t minnen, ’t zoete lieven; door hun grauwe stille borstjes ging één
kramp van uitstortend jubelgeluk. En engelenkeeltjes filomeelden in
zoeten jubel mee, hoog, van uit ’n hemelschen toren.
Avondschemer donkerde neer over de zoete murmelende landstilte.

Rond het laatste luchtenrood weefden de kristallen vogelen-
gorgeltjes hun webjes van minnebegeerten. En donkerte rondom
zonk uit, de schemer. Als zachte streken op violenkwint, fluweel-
streelde, weende in ’t duisterend groen hun zanggekweel na. En als
kinderkoortjes vèr, in gewijd lied, doorhuiverd van heiligen klank,
tremoleerden terug, uit andere avondlijke schemerboschjes, broozer
en reiner de vogelenkeeltjes, weenend van weemoed naar God.
[Inhoud]
MENSCHENWEE
[Inhoud]
MENSCHENWEE
ROMAN VAN HET LAND
DOOR
IS. QUÉRIDO
HAARLEM
DE ERVEN F. BOHN
Derde Boek
ZOMER.
[1]
[Inhoud]
EERSTE HOOFDSTUK.
Zachte vlekjes rood, donkere en lichte purpering,

schemerden tusschen de vèr-groene, licht-
verstuivende aardbei-akkers, onder laag blad uit. Door
veld en straatjes van Wiereland en Duinkijk, dampten
overal geuren, kittelend-arômig en reseda-zoet, van
aardbeivrucht; zingende aroma van jonge groenten en
frisch-kleurige doppers. De grond, doordrenkt van pas
gevallen regen, wasemde aardvocht uit, verschen
grondgeur, als was er mijlen in ’t rond geploegd. De
lucht koepelde in zilvering van wolken en zonnebrand.
Overal op de akkers was druk jagend gezwoeg. Kerels
in rooidrift, groeven de aarde op, voor zich uitwolkend
damp en zandig stof. Hurkende grondwerkers en
wieders stramden in buk en knieling, dat hun lijven
radbraakten van hitte-uitputting en ploeter. Geuren
zoete rook van pieterselie en jonge selderie, vloeiden
áán uit den grond, woeien door ’t land, de tuinen, en
alles zacht, kwam in bloei en ranken groei de aarde
uitzwellen.
Grove werkershanden, verbronsd, verklauwd, asch-

groenig van aardewroet, graaiden door het jonge
leven, dat bevloeide hun vingers met sappen en
aroma’s van al soorten teelt.—
Geldersche maaiers, in donkere kleeren, met klein

zwarte hoedjes op ernst-koppen, stapten al vroeg uit
de goudbevonkte paadjes, met zeis op den rug, den
polder in, of havenkant òver. Langzaam in gebaar,
enk’len met uitgebogen beenen, de zenboomen
vastgehaakt bij langen dol, ging hun rustig-rhytmische
stap vlak langs het aanhittende akker- en
havengewoel, streepte hun zeis-staal goudvlammen
door de lucht, hoog, tegen prachtgroen van gras en
boomen. [2]
En telkens weer doken donkere ernstige maaiers,

zwijgend in stap, naast elkaar, stille, goudene
weggetjes uit, laantjes met paars-zandigen grond, in
zonnegloed kleurhoog verhit; vlamden boven hun
donkere schouders de zeisen, als droegen ze
verzonken in extaze-kijk, zonnetoortsen rond, door
vrome stedeke-plek.—
In hoogen zonschitter en diepe luchtblauwing trokken

de dagen één na één over de velden, met soms
snikheete gloeiing, op middag-uren.
Drukker en woeliger werkjacht begon er áán te

koortsen in Duinkijk, Wiereland en rondom tuinders-
en kweekersdorpjes.—
In de avonden, door de rood-goud doorzonde

schijnsels als van brandende kathedraalglanzen,
trokken van alle kanten òp, werkers uit verren omtrek,
met karren vol kisten naar de haven van Wiereland,
waar alles heen moest, in laten zomeravondzwoeg.—
In rateling bonkten en dromden de hoog-beladen
karren en wagens door de stille straatjes, waar
knussige renteniertjes in lieve voortuintjes, van
dagsloof en arbeidje uitrustten. Laat dromden de
kerelslijven áán, in zwoegenden hijgduw, zweet
doorzogen en kreunend achter hun kleur-felle hoog
geladen vrachtkarren, twee mannen vooròp, met
snoerende touwen over rugkromming gesjord,
trekkend aêmechtig, doorvloekt van gramschap, van
hevigen sjouw en woest spierzwellende inspanning.
Hun zweet-druppende gezichten gloeiden rood-brons
tegen het zonnezinken in, den haven op; hun
afgemartelde zweetlichamen verstonken in rottende
plunje.—
Een volle werkdag lag al àchter hen; nu kreunden hun

borsten achter d’r karren.—Angstig keken hun oogen
uit, tusschen de breed-uitgestapelde sappige
kleurweelde van hun geur-versch, jubelend groente-
groen en pralend wortelen-rood, bang ergens tegen
aan te bonkeren. Zoo, met hun doormodderde
verzweete kleeren, doorstoofd van schroeiend
zonnevuur, als wroetende dieren, besmet met korsten
van grondvuil, doorzogen van zweet, uitgegrauwd van
dag-zware ploeterramp, stapten ze tusschen hun
fleurige kleurschaterende waar, boot [3]op, boot af,
langs de haven. Van den polder uit woei zoelzoete
hooigeur aan, en soms al, waggelden goud-matte
wagens in langzamen stap van schonkig werkpaard,
door de kleine drukke zomerdagstraatjes,—in hun
geweldigen opbouw boven de huisjes uitzwellend, als
versleepte duinruggen, mat goudgroenig nog van
gras-verschheid.
Heete drang koortste rond, onder de landwerkers om

elkaar vóór te zijn op de markt, met groenten.
Enkelen, vroeg met wat bakken werkend, vervoerden
in stillen trots wortelen en tuinboonen, en hier en daar
stonden al wat mandjes met aardbei uit de zon, zoet
te purperen, zangerig rood, koester-diep karmijn, in al
verspringende gloedtinten, van geranium-vuur naar
dahlia-purper.
Ouë Gerrit was naar de grasveiling en ’t etgroen

geweest. Hij had twee dijken hooi gekocht; te duur,
veel te duur, maar ’t moest. Nijdig nou op zichzelf was
ie, dat ie twee dagen lang daar geloerd had, om ’n
kandelaartje, in de zaal machtig te worden. Z’n heele
zaak had ie ’r voor vergeten. Zoo had ie op ’t end ’n
veel te duur dijkbrok gekocht. Toch praatte ie zich in,
dat ’t nooit goedkooper zou zijn gegaan, omdat ’r zoo
bar prijzig weer gevochten was. De boeren en tuinders
op de veiling hadden elkaar met haat en woeste
afgunst, de hoogte ingejaagd, zoo erg, dat de
landheeren lachten in hun vuistje, de bode listig
knipoogde tegen notaris.
Voor tuinders nu ook, werd ’t vroeg hooien. Dreunvol

en zwaar klonk er klomp-geklos overal. Druk gedrentel
van blank-geschuurde, gloed-nieuwe en vuile klompen
op klinkertjes, weerhalden.—Ouë en nieuwe karren
verwemelden in gezwoeg met trekhonden,
vermartelde, woeste, bloedoogige beesten, heen en
terug van haven naar tuin.
En vròeger, iederen dag poerden de tuinders al op

hun akkers, met zenuwjacht en koortsige werkdrift in
de handen, niet wetend wàt eerst te doen, zóó, in
woesten overvloed kwam groei van al soorten gewas
op woekeren.
Iederen dag drentelde Gerrit ’n beetje mee op ’t land.

Maar morrend giftten en bitsten Dirk en Piet tegen ’m,

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(Original PDF) Economics Today: The

Micro View 19th by Roger LeRoy Miller

ECONOMICS TODAY The Micro View

561590_MILL_MICRO_FM_ppi-xxvi.indd 2 24/11/14 5:26 PM

Roger LeRoy Miller

A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 7 19/11/16 1:24 AM

Thanks for your

Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress

ISBN 10: 0-13-447925-4

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PART 5 Dimensions of Microeconomics

PART 7 Labor Resources and the Environment

PART 8 Global Economics

A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 9 19/11/16 1:24 AM

EXAMPLE 2 Scarcity and the World of Trade-Offs 27

EXAMPLE 3 Demand and Supply 49

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EXAMPLE 4 Extensions of Demand and Supply Analysis 75

EXAMPLE 5 Public Spending and Public Choice 100

EXAMPLE 6 Funding the Public Sector 124

A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 11 19/11/16 1:24 AM

PART 5 Dimensions of Microeconomics

EXAMPLE 20 Consumer Choice 437

EXAMPLE 21 Rents, Profits, and the Financial Environment of

A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 12 19/11/16 1:24 AM

PART 6 Market Structure, Resource Allocation, and Regulation

EXAMPLE 23 Perfect Competition 510

EXAMPLE 24 Monopoly 535

A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 13 19/11/16 1:24 AM

EXAMPLE 25 Monopolistic Competition 559

EXAMPLE 26 Oligopoly and Strategic Behavior 578

EXAMPLE 27 Regulation and Antitrust Policy in a Globalized

A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 14 19/11/16 1:24 AM

PART 7 Labor Resources and the Environment

POLICY EXAMPLE 29 Unions and Labor Market Monopoly Power 648

EXAMPLE 30 Income, Poverty, and Health Care 668

POLICY EXAMPLE 31 Environmental Economics 692

A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 15 19/11/16 1:24 AM

PART 8 Global Economics

EXAMPLE 33 Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments 732

A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 16 19/11/16 1:24 AM

How do we motivate students in economics? I believe that we should present them

New and Increased Emphasis on Behavioral

New Additional End-of-Chapter Problems

New Questions in MyEconLab

MyEconLab—Getting Better with Each Edition

A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 17 19/11/16 1:24 AM

services from the IRS

• When water becomes

M02_MILL8777_19_SE_C02.indd 42 24/10/16 4:36 PM

A01_MILL9255_19_SE_FM_Micro.indd 18 19/11/16 1:24 AM

student reading comprehension and allow for self-assessment to ensure that

China. Since then, a number of new vehicle-producing firmsenthave

Covered by Regional Agreements

Percentage of World Trade

and author’s estimates. EU U.S. Developing countries only

INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES AND

to external benefits while leaving its supply electorate has to accept.

curve’s position unchanged? A decision-making system in which actions

YOU ARE THERE FEATURES demonstrate to Addressing Rail-Freight Transportation Externalities

M05_MILL8777_19_SE_C05.indd 116 24/10/16 5:00 PM

MYECONLAB: PRACTICE, ENGAGE, AND ASSESS

For the Instructor