https://www.futuremarketinsights.

com/reports/bio-wax-market#:~:text=Bio%2Dwax%20is%20a
%20group,of%20the%20biodiesel%20production%20process.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/contact-angle-measurement

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950061815300933

BIO-WAX

Wax is a petroleum based product; the researchers came up with a substitute for these because

petroleum is not a renewable source which is bio-wax. There are two major types of wax which is the

natural wax and synthetic wax, bio wax is a natural wax because it is made from natural resources

classified as an organic material that has properties of becoming a wax. It is a variety of water-soluble

organic polymers derived from an organic material. Since bio-wax is naturally derived, it can be used as

additives in a substance and human needs that is made from wax. Bio-wax is a biodegradable substance,

it can be friendly both human and environment (TOYOCHEM, n.d.).

1. Description of properties

This study focuses on these parameters of bio-wax in terms of Hydrophobicity,

Viscosity and Density. Hydrophobicity can be determined using contact angle

measurement. According to the study of Thiago. S (2021), contact angle measurement is

a type of test where it evaluates the surface whether it has a hydrophobic or hydrophilic

characteristic. It is the observation of water droplet that meets the surface. Its angle will

be the parameter for determining its surface characteristics. As stated by H. Kim, (2015),

viscosity property of asphalt containing bio-wax is being evaluated in viscometer to

evaluate its viscous property depending in temperature and flow rate. Wax additive

affects the viscosity of the binder which reduces its flow rate. Viscosity can be the basis

of wax when it is mixed in the asphalt because viscosity of asphalt determines its

performance to penetration and compaction. According to E. Ray (n.d.), density is a

 measure of how compact the mass in a substance or object is. One of the major

properties when it comes to mixture such as asphalt mixed with an asphalt modifier like

bio-wax. This is design to properly manage the compaction of mixture and prevent air

voids. Since, wax reduce the flow rate of the asphalt mixture then it its enough to

prevent the permeability of air and water.

Table
Bio-wax Properties
Properties Parameters
Hydrophobicity 250 / -50
Using contact angle Measurement
Density @ Solid Phase 890 kg /m3
Density @ Liquid Phase 654.4kg /m3
−5
Viscosity 6.6 x 10

2. Sources of Bio-wax

 Based on the study of Dr. Helmenstine (2018), Carnauba wax is made

from natural ingredients. It originates from the leaves of the Copernicia

prunifera palm, which is exclusively found in Brazil. The wax is made by

removing the wax from dried palm fronds and purifying it for usage.

Yellow is the color of pure wax. Fatty acid esters (80-85%), fatty alcohols

(10-16%), acids (3-6%), and hydrocarbons (3-6%) make up carnauba wax

(1-3%). Around 20% esterified fatty diols, 10% methoxylated or

hydroxylated cinnamic acid, and 6% hydroxylated fatty acids make up this

mixture. The melting point of carnauba wax is 82-86 °C (180-187 °F). It is

almost insoluble in water and ethanol and is tougher than concrete. It is

hypoallergenic and non-toxic. Food, cosmetics, vehicle, dental floss and

 furniture wax are just a few of the possibilities for this unique

combination of properties.

 As stated by the study of G. Agrios (2005), the leaves of the Euphoria

antisyphilitica Zuccarini plant, which is endemic to northern Mexico and

south-west Texas, are used to make candelilla wax. Candelilla wax is

made up of around 42% hydrocarbons, 39% wax, resin, and sitosteroyl

esters, 8% free wax and resin acids, 6% lactones, and 5% free wax and

resin alcohols. Precision foundries employ candelilla wax because of its

low contraction. It has a strong adhesive property and may be used to

make cosmetics, polishes, and waxes for furniture, leather, fabrics, and

flooring. It's utilized in leather, textiles, and string finishes, as well as

lubricants and greases, adhesives with a slippery surface, and paper and

cardboard coatings when blended with other waxes. Other waxes can be

hardened without raising the melting point of the mixture significantly

(Candelilla Institute, 2013).

 According to the study of Biology Libretexts (2020), bees wax is a bio-wax

came from animal. The ester myricyl palmitate, which bees utilize to build

honeycombs, is a key component of beeswax. Spermaceti is a wax found

in high quantities in the sperm whale's head oil. Cetyl palmitate, a fatty

acid and fatty alcohol ester, is one of its key components. Long-chain

hydrocarbons with functional groups including alkanes, fatty acids,

alcohols, diols, ketones, and aldehydes are used to make plant waxes.
 Waxes are also used by plants to keep them from drying out by

controlling evaporation and hydration. Because of their hydrophobic

properties, waxes are beneficial to both plants and animals. They become

water resistant as a result, preventing water from clinging to surfaces.

3. Application of Bio-wax
 Several applications of bio - wax were known to be beneficial not just for the

persons involved, but also for the environment. To name a few, the

applications of bio - wax in the industry are cosmetics and personal care

products, water protection systems, fire logs, infrastructure building, and

paints & coatings. But in this research, bio - wax will be used to improve the

properties of asphalt for longer use.

 An application named Whittle Waxes Bio Wax Paste is one of the products

available today that uses natural wax derived from different varieties. It is

used for protection and maintenance of timber floors, furniture, parquet,

cladding, stairs, laminate, cork and unglazed stone floors and terracotta

floors. It offers hydrophobic properties to protect the said fixtures, and the

property said before is the key property needed by the researchers for their

study. (Greenmagazine.au, n.d.).

 Another application of Bio - wax in the industry is biowax - based coatings

that can substitute paraffin wax on corrugated boxes. Corrugated boxes may

now be recycled rather than landfilled thanks to the usage of these new

coatings. Methane, a greenhouse gas having 22–27 times the greenhouse

impact of CO2, is eventually produced by fiber in landfills. According to Life

 Cycle Associates, diverting fiber boxes from landfills to recycling has a one-

time effect of 0.965 metric tons of GHG reductions (CO2e or CO2

equivalents) for every metric ton of fiber. When completely exploited, virgin

fiber may be recycled around 5–7 times, resulting in a CO2e reduction of up

to 5 metric tons for each metric ton of fiber box recycled. One of the aims of

this research is to reduce the Carbon footprint that will be emitted by

producing asphalt while strengthening it on the other hand.

(Sustainablepackaging.org, 2019).

 According to the Bio-wax market (2022), Bio-wax is used in cosmetics and

personal care products, as well as water protection systems, fire logs,

infrastructure construction, and paints and coatings. To substitute

petroleum-based wax and synthetic olefins, bio-waxes were produced. It's

often a low-odor collection of chemicals that doesn't get in the way of

complicated scent profiles.