Modutesd: Statistical Inference mpling variables, central mit theorem and confidences Timit Tor unknown mean. Test of or means of two small samples, students “t distribution. Chi-square distribution nil (az asa test of goodness of ribution. Hours) ERBT Levels: L112 and 13) 4.2 Test of significance ~ 1 test Working rule: + Write the null hypothesis Hy and the altemative hypothesis Hy, Find the calculated value using [¢| = 41. Where S.E( Find the critical value using the table at n — 1 degrees of freedom. Ifcalculated value < critical value, Accept Ho. Ho is the conclusion. Ifcalculated value > critical value, Reject Ho. 1H is the conclusion Notation: Mean S.D Sample Population Problems: 1. A Machinist making engine parts with axle di of 10 parts shows mean diameter 0.742 inches with a SD of 0.04 of this sample, would you say that the work is infer Since n= 10, apply t test. By data, = 0.742,5 = 0.04,°= 0.7, a = SEG & fz Ho: = 0.7, The work is not inferior. Under Ho, eh Calculated value = 3.1579 @=005,y=n-1=9. Critical value of ¢ = 2.26 Calculated value > critical value, Reject Ho. ‘Therefore, the work is inferior De. Narasimhan G, RNSITThe nine items of the sample have the followi ig Values: 45, 47, 5 52, 48, 47, 49, 53 and 51. Does the mean of these differ signifi intly from the assumed mean of 47.5? (cos, = 2.31) Since n=9, apply t test By data, 4 = 47.5,« = 0.05 Ex _ ae Ba a49.11, x (gx)? _ 2702 BEE) = 222 sor 418 ~ 2411.79 = 6.2079 S.EQ@) = |= = $207? = 0.8809 Assume He 475, There is no significant difference from the assumed mean 47.5 Eu] _ froarars ea = R223] = 18276 0.0909 Calculated value = 1.8276 Critical value = 2.31 Since calculated value < critical value, Accept Ho. + There is no significant difference from the assumed mean 47.5 Or. ttarasimhan G, RESITA random sample of 10 boyy hnd the following 1Q: 70, 120, 110, 101, 8H, 43, 95, 98, 107, 100. Does this dita support the hypothesiy that the population mean of 1Q's Is 100 At 8% level of signifiennce? Itos, 9) = 2.26 Since n* 10, apply t = test Et) = 97.27 = 13. iilalar 7 BQ) = f= PM = 4.5136 Assume Ho: = 100, "The population mean of 10 las |F8 | = 0.6203 Calculated value = 0.6203 w=0s 9. Critical value= 2.26 Calculated value < Critical value Accept ‘Therefore, the population mein 1Q is100 atS% level of signifi Dr, Narasimhan G, RNSITATTRA stimatus administered to cach of 12 patients resulted in the following ees srr hrs that ‘he stimulus will in general be accompanied by an inerease in blood pressure? [cos 1) = 2.2 =S553~0) Sane | = 28977 Calculated value = 2.8977 @=005,y 1 Critical value Caleultted value > Critical value Reject Ha *The stimulus will increase blood pressure. Or. Narasimhan G, ANSITEleven students were given a test ies. They were given 2 month’s further tuition and a second test of equal difficulty was held at the end of it. Do the marks give evidence that the students have benefitted by extra coaching? Boys: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wt Marks Ttest: 23 20 19 21 18 20 18 17 23 16 19 Marks Itest: 24 19 22 18 20 22 20 20 23 20 17 Icos, 10) Since n= 11, apply t test. Yd =2(e—x) =11 La m i & ? a 7_ fm_ fi se(@)= [R= BE = [B= o672 Assume He 0, The students did not have benefitted by extra coaching. = \secayl = leeraal Calculated value = 1.4832 @ = 0.05,y=n-1 Calculated valiie < Critical value Accept Ho. z. The students did not have benefit by extra coa Or. Narasimhan G, RNSITnumbers in ea Is the mean sei Since ny = By data, > Ho: Therefore, calei .05,y = (eos, 14) = 2, s Ro . A group of bo, ‘atenadd — 100000 _ 155 97 ch group are as follows: Mean S.D on Boys Tina [i2 [ig ] Girls [1] 10 [aa ‘ore of boys x 2e—sany = Feaeasal = Hae = 07298 ulated value of t= 0.7298 my tn, -2= 14] Sineeni = 9)n2=7, apply t test. By data, = 196.42, 75 = 269841073 947=2 = 3.2621 8 and girls were given an intelli '0, Therefore, critical value of t= 2, “198.82, n,s? = 26.94, ngs? = '€ normal population, int test. The mean score SD’s and ignificantly different from that of girls? [t¢05,30) = 2.04] 121, 5; = 12,5 =10 SE@-%) = S242) 133.07(£44) = 4.1406 Hz, the mean score of boys does not differ significantly from that of girls. Since calculated value < critical value, AcceptH, ‘The mean score of Boys does not differ significantly from that of girls, The eANs Of H¥0 Fadom samples Ofsizes 9 and 7 are 196-42 and 198.82 respectively. The sum of squares of the deviations from th Can the sample be considered to Sera) = (E43) = fazeai a} = onsen His: = pz, Sample is drawn from the samMerolore, eafelated value of t= 2,668 0.05, VSM 25 9-7 = 25 14, Critical value oft~2.14 Sincw enlewtated! value erithenl vilug, Reject Io ple Ts not draws fron the sune normal population... From i Fandom sample of 10 pgs fed on dlct A, the Inerenses In welt fn certain werlod were 10, 6, 16, 17, 1S, 12, My My 1S, 9H ple of 12 li fed on alle If, the Inerenses bie the 18, 8, 21, 10,17 thw, Mets A and nificantly av regards thelr effect on Moos, 14) = 2,09] se 3 a4 812 = 225 = 26N7 eel 21,7020 SHOR = XG) [a2 (- +t) 21,7020(e+2) = 1.9947 Mo: 14) Hay dicts A and td do not differ significantly, id= | = 1.5040 ‘Therefore, enlculated values 1.6 10.05, 9 nyt y= ZH 10+ 12 = 2 = 20, Critical value= 2.09 ‘Sluge caleulited valuc < critical value, Accept Ho. Dlebv A and Bodo not differ significantly: * lnhan G, RUSHaN Home work: a 9 A machine is expected to produce nails of length 3 inches. A random sample of 25 nai “an it be said that 1 Baye an average length of 31, Inches with standard deviation 0.3. Can it he iiven fo9s(24) = 2.064 machine is producing nails as per specifications? 10. Two horses and 11 were test according tothe time (seconds) to run a particular race With the following results: Horse A] 28] 30] 32 Test whether you can discriminate Fetween the two horses Given that ta9s = 2.20 for 11 degrees of freedom 11. Two types of batteries are teste fr ther length of life and the following fesults were ee [feo Paes) | 500 | S00 Check whether there is a significant difference between No. means. [f505(18) = 0.086] 12.4 sample of 12 measurements of the diametch of a metal ball gave the mean 738 mm = = ith-standard. deviation +2 nih Kil 2052 ofidence, tienite foeactual diameter, foor(11) = 3.11) Note: Confidence limits for the mean are i + ae) : P Of 8 boys fed on a different dict B fora period of six months reconled the following increase ip eight (Ibs) DA [S]6 18 [1 [2 [a[3 [oe Diet B]2 [3] 6] 8] 10/1 /2 [8] Test whether dit A and B difcr significantly regarding their effort weight.5.4 Test for goodness of fit Working rul Find Expected frequency using E; = N x P(x) Assume Ho? Expected frequeney distribution is a good fit to the observed frequency distribution. Calculated value: Under He, x7 = 2 2S*™ with n — ¢ degrees of freedom. Where 0; — Observed frequency or tabulated frequency E; — Expected frequency or theoretical frequency n— number of terms, ¢ — number of constraints Critical value: Level of significance a = 0.05 or 0.01(Always upper tailed) 1, In general Degrees of freedom y = n—c. Wherec = }2, For Poisson distribution 3) For normal distribution Use table. If calculated valtie< critical value, ‘AcceptHe = ‘The expected frequentey distribution is a good fit to the observed frequency distribution If calculated value > critical value, Reject Ho. “The expected frequency distribution is not a good fit to the observed frequency distribution. Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSITthrown 60 times and the frequency distribution for the number appearing ¢ face x is given by the following table: =I 2 3 4 § «6 EI 6 4 7 Wo 47 ed. Uoos(5) = 11.07] By data observed frequency 0;:15, 6,4, 7,11, 17. Test the hypothesis that the die is unbi: Find expected frequency E,=NX P(x), x:1,2,3,4,5)6 aaa 6 PO): "PE: 60% (2), 60% (2), 60. (2.6050), 60% (), 60% () £10, 10,10, 10, 10,10 Assume Ho: The die is unbiased. 1] 1 fis fio 25 2)6 10 16 34 [10 | 36 p4 {7 [10 [9 7 So} 1} 6 [i710] 49 Critical value= 11.07 + Calculated value > Critical Value. Reject H,. Therefore, the die is not unbi: Or. Narasimhan 6, RNSIT2. ‘The following table gives the mumber of road aceidenty that acerred he a barge ely during the various days of n week. Test the hypothesis (hat the aecldents ine uniformly distributed over all the days ofa week, Lxdya() = 12.89] Day: Sun Mon ‘Tue Wed ‘Thi rt Sat Total Novofaccidents: 4-16 82S By data observed frequency Oj: U4, 16,8, 12, 11,9 Me Find expected frequency fy = NX PO), 423 ) 4x (a4 Qt @ By:12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 Assume Ho: Th jents are uniformly distributed over ull dhe days of weeks LOE) with n= 1 = 6 degrees of freedom, Under Ho, x? = LSS 0; | i] r= BO” Ey 1a [12 Wi 16 [12 16/12 8 [12 16/2 12/12 0 MW f12 TAZ, 12 OZ Sat [14 (12. AN SO/2, Calculated value Critical value = 12.59 + Calculated value < Critical Value. Accept Ho: Therefore, ys of n week Ee Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSITets 3 AS OFS similar coins is tossed 320 times and the result Number‘ofhiesds:0) 1) 0 3 14) 5 Frequeney:6 27 72 112 7132 ‘Test the hypothesis that the data follows a binomial distribution. [y2os(5) = 11.07) By data. observed frequency 0,:6,27,72,112.71,32. Find expected frequency E, = Nx P(x), 1:0,1,2.3,4,5 PD = neprarr = 56, (2)" (2) = 2x 5c, (mnaof NXP) = 320x4% 5c, = 10% 5¢, © * 5Co, 10 x S6,,10 x 52,10 x SCs, 10 x 5C,, 10 x SC Assume Ho: The data follows Binomial distrib, (oreo? Se with n — degrees of freedom, Under Hg, x? = (n-number of frequencies) fx] 0 | & [OEP] ©, ee] — 0 mM 16 16] 1 50 | 339 10.58 2 100] = 784 784 3 [12 [100] 14 Lad af a [sof sa 882 eee | 10 484 484 78.68 Calculated value = 78.68 Critical Value = 11.07 * Calculated value > Critical Value. Reject H,. ‘Therefore, the data does not follow Binomial distribution,'on distribution to the following data and test for its g level of significance 0.05, iscsasaneeameerelns ceeneeeaaianial x0 1 2 3 S419 352154 Ixé05(3) = 7-82] By data, observed frequency 0,:419, 352, 154, 56,19 Find expected frequency; = N x P(x), x:0,1,2,3,4 Bx _ 908 Ef 1000 a m= mean en™ = 27094 = 0.4049, im* _ (0.4049) (0.904)* 2 PO) eT + = Nx P(x) = 1000 x P(x) = 404.9 x 228 Ej; = 405, 366, 165, 50, 11 Assume H,: The data follows Poisson distribution. E, 0.4033, 366, 196 0.5355, 165 121 0.7333, 56 |_50 36, (0.7200 19 [1142 [36 2.7692 5.1613 ‘Numbers added in £; only to preserve totality, Calculated value = 5.1613 Degrees of freedom= n—2=5—2=3 (+t follows Poisson distribution) Critical value = 7.82 + Calculated value < Critical Value. Accept Hp: Therefore, the data follows Poisson distribution. De. Narasimhan G, RNSIT— 5. Genetic theary » Whnrd type X wits Proportion of thee children having one 45% Of type MIN inl2) = 5.99) tes that children having one parent of blood type M and other always be one of the three types M, MN, N and that the typex will on average ‘A report says that out of 300 M parent and one N parent, 30% were found 10 be type M, and remainder of type N. Test the hypothesis by 2? test, Rey dasa. chnexved frequency 01: 20% of 200,45% of 300, 25% of 300. Fed expects frequency Ey = Mx Plz), x: UN Bb Po 2 Py: 74,200 72, 0078 E275, 150,75 Asseme Hg: The proportion of thine types is un average 1: LOE with n—1 = 3— Under Hy 7 = 2 degrees of freedom, zx a, Z | (1 — £0* | (0, ~ &)? i Z| 4 Wh ATA AO Pe eS LAD 75 Catrtated vatae = 4.5 Cts vader = 5.99 Calerleted valse < Critical Valo. Aces Hy ae ‘Therelore, the Genttic theory, “The proportion of these types is on average S224", fitted to the report.6. In experiments on Pea bre: Jing, the following frequencies of seeds were obtained: Round | Wrinkled | Round and yellow | and yellow | and green Wrinkled | Total and green Lo3is Tor 108 32. 356, the correspondence between theory Find expected frequency Ej = Nx aaaa POEs E,:313, 104, 104,35, Assume H: The frequencies are Under Ho, x* ‘Theory predicts that the frequencies should he in proportions 9: By data, observed frequency 0,:315, 101, 108, 32 23:1. Examine and experiment. [bos (3) = 7-821 P(x), x: RY,WY.RGWG Nx PCay:556x2, 556 x2, S56x2, 55631 in proportions 9: 2B: 1 4 —1=3 degrees of freedom. Calculated value = 0.5102 Critical value = 7.82 ‘Accept Ho: Therefor to the experiment. br, Narasimhan G, RNSIT Calculated value < Critical Value. xo Fi OE)? |G BF © = scission _ 7 oo ®Y BE] sse(2) = 33 138 wy [ror cy >) a8 556 (2)= 104 O55 RG | 108 $56(=) = 104 16 8 WG | 32 1 9 0.2571 556 (2h) =35 ol , the theory, “The frequencies should be in proportions 9:3:3:4, fittedTabulated values of x?,(v) Vf Poo) | om) 3.84 6.64 5.99 921 7.82 11.34 9.49 1328 11.07 15.09 12.59 16.81 14.07 18.48 15.51 20.09 16.92 21.67 18.31 23.21 7. The theory predicates the proportion, of beans in the four groups G,,Gz,G,and G, should be in the ratio 9: 3:3:4){n an experiment with 1600 beans the numbers in the four groups were 882, 313, 287 and 118. Does the experimental result support the theory? Dbos(3) = 7.815] B. Records taken of the number of male and female births in 800 families having four children are as follows: Nomberofmale births [071 [2 [3 4 | 7 Number of female births |4_[3 [2 [i To Number of families [32178 | 290 [236 | 94 ‘Test whether the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the binomial law holds and the’chance of male birth is equal to that of female birth. Lxdos(4) = 9.488] Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT$F Descrifucing Bandini & The f es samme im tonanr of die reat saison 8 £ ex. The objecive at the F ves ow Sind on wether he ovo inderendew atimanes of sopulariom vacances ¢ seenifeantty or wtecier dhe ep samples omy Se regarded ax drawer tron the same oeoniation towne he seme saree Far nour he tek signifies. The cain F i devine a5. Te colicin fs Sencaret wth shel iuimed value toe DMG lead of siemifiemes Be ec ncny ar ci d ap Der of ample as ine smaller variance [ibe cnieulanet valine ees am te aPaabnet value the mall Ryerss & accepred and init a oot San voc vartnest asp Inows as the variance ratio: — Fics cf ree v2 nes Silows 2 Gewurion called he F Giswitunic F Tesc ws easet Orit Slowing esumecees mally Gisiuet Fhe varemce within ch = should equal fir all cops (GE = Te ene (oration of ext value amend is con "ou mem) steed be cock valineTwo nindom samples were drawn from wo normal populations snd thelr values ares A: 66 67 75 76 a2 84 88 90 92 B: 64 66 74°78 92 85 07 92 93 95 97 ‘Festwhether two populations have dhe same variance at the 5% level of significance, ron = 3.36) Assume Ho: The two populati is have the same varinnee. er “-% | Gam)? a0 $418 | SG 713 “17 209 -s | 7 25 9 81 eZ 16 5 25 2 82 4 -1 1 4 85 16 2 4 8 87 GA 4 16 10 92 100 9 a1 - 12 ‘oF 44 10 100 95 12 4 97 14 196, 720 a3 74 1298 2x, pe hy =e Ea PSEC ori 29.8 ie sats ours = 141 freedom vy = ny 10,¥;=m-1=9 At 5% level of significance, y9q = 3.36 Conetusion: ee Calculated value < Critical value, accept Mp “Therefore, the wo populations have the some varignee,XL Warampte ot 8) e t » EON ATOM Ue NNT a AHH HE LEN AALH ONE AE OHNE HUH HE NIT WAR SEA Da another sample ot ~s we ~ aN ays wt AW atoor nathan (he vata vas Rawat by Be HAG, Dt ae The AHTHONNNTS D NTIEHOANAT AT HHH HVA UP = SHAN AC A OF Asaane Noe TACHA iN eet ace so Bano Signe ANH HH AN AUAHHNNHHN HENNE HY SANPHS Ns fo JNoy ey = sta \== w| Veto, Cvitical vals, Pearse or ton OATS CY SLND At SH KVTOT SATA Fes FAY =O Qouchsiont Cateatatat Vans S Unita vans, AT HS SFioacnse We the yanggss OF whe HH SATS s¥o bret of eve AS hy SHANNA Signitlonnies. De. Navasinghan & RNNTSo sates ate tna how te Monta papas, Bone the Nether the toy sannytos Nave the eae VAT AaNER HEA Nawpe lo OH ty RENN 8 Sample Ot 68 67 SNORE AL RE BK ON Of Watton toe antag teat weve ‘Assume Has Doosan hes chinn tan tyo naam poytaine hae NY oN i et Mes canine Varian W Wy ty Critioat vatner: Vearesottionhun yy aye Ley says bse AAU SM towel ot nignithonneny, Bye = tet Contin Sino tSahaulaha Vato S Crit van Heep Ng voto the tr many hes tah hh tsa NN NAN the AA Vaan Oy, Navasianhay 6, RNS x4. The following data present the yields in quintals of common 10 subdivisors of equal area of two agricultural plots: Plott: 62 5.7 65 6.0 63 58 57 6.0 6.0 58 Plot2: 5.6 5.9 56 5.7 58 5.7 60 55 57 55 ‘Test whether two samples taken from two random populations have the same 18) variance. (Foy = Assume Ho? Two samples drawn from two normal populations have the same variance. pmlc eco —_ Hata qyT 6 and WATT To Find: s} and s3 Ga -e? Xz =~ 6)? 0.04 56 0.09 59 0.25 5.6 0. 87 0.09 58 0.04 57 0.09 6.0 0 55 0 57 0.04 5S 0.64 57 EG, — 5)" xx; 71 Critical valu Degrees of freedom vy = 4 — At 5% level of significance, Fo.9 Conclusion: ‘Since Calculated value < Critical value, accept Ho “Therefore, the two samples taken from the two populations have the same variance, br. Narasiothan G, RNSIT 2and 8 sive the sum of squares of deviations from their Ss equal to 160 Square inches and 91 square inches respectively. Can wn from the same population? Assume Hg: By data, Two samples are drawn from the same population. %)? = 160 Calculated value: s?_ 20 sug 7 se Critical value: Degrees of freedom (v,¥,) = (nm, — 1, ng 21) = (8,7). AL5% level of significance, Faz = 3.73 Conclusion: Calculated value'< Critical value, Accept Hp. Two samples are dfawn Tron the Sainie popalation>— Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSITMeasurements on the length of a copper wire were taken in two experiments A and B asunder: A’s Measurements (mm): 12.29 12.25 11.86 12.13 1244 12.78 12.77 11.90 12.47 B's Measurements (mm): 12.39 12.46 12.34 12.22 11.98 12.46 12.23 12.06 Test whether B's measurements are more accurate than A’s. (The readings taken in both cases being unbiased.) Assume Ho: Both measurements have the Ex, _ 110.89 2x, 9814 5 ot ae ‘To Find: s? and s3 Calculated value: sf _ 0.1101 =u cone 744 Critical value: Degrees of freedom vy = ny ~1 = 8,¥2 =m, -1=7 At 5% level of significance, Faz = 3.73 Conel +e Calculated value < Critical value, accept Ho. ‘Therefore, Both measurements have the same variance. Or. Narasimhan G, RNSIT