>tV| 

kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group I >

VD : ]B >EB BD
z] : VV B[ E

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 

,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l gaq;futhjpfs;

 fy;fj;jhtpy; mDrPyd; mikg;ig

 gphpl;b\hhpd; eph;thfk;>
GNuhNkhj;jh kpl;lh;> [jpe;jpuehj;
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; mlf;F
ghdh;[p> kw;Wk; ghpe;jpuFkhh;
Kiwahy; Nfhgkile;j ,e;jpa
Nfh\; MfpNahh; Vw;gLj;jpdh;.
,isQh;fs;> gaq;futhjj;jhy;
jhd; g+uz tpLjiy ngwKbAk;  1906y; mDrPyd; mikg;gpd; cs;

vd;W vz;zpdh;. vdNt mth;fs; mikg;igAk; (Inner Circle)

gphpl;b\; mjpfhhpfis nfhiy thug;gj;jphpf;if ‘Afe;jh;” vd;Dk;

nra;jy;> Mq;fpNyaUf;F gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; ghpe;jpu Fkhh;

tpRthrkhf jfty; mspf;Fk; Nfh\; kw;Wk; GNge;jpuehj; jj;jh

,e;jpah;fis nfhiy nra;jy;> MfpNahh; Muk;gpj;jdh;.

MAjf; nfhs;if> gzk; kw;Wk;  1908 y; guhflj;jy; Gypd;jh];

nghUl;fs; nfhs;is uhZt vd;gth; jiyikapy; lhf;fh

rjpfs;> jdp rhfr tPur;nray;fs; mDrPyd; mikg;G Vw;gl;lJ

Nghd;w nray;fis nra;J NkYk; 1912y; uh]; gpfhhp Ngh];

Mq;fpNyaiu gaKWj;jp> kw;Wk; rr;rpd; rd;ahy; itrpuha;

rz;ilapl;L ntspNaw;WtNj ,e;j `hh;bQ;r; kPJ nly;ypapy;

gaq;futhjpfspd; Nehf;fkhf ntbFz;L jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdh;.

,Ue;jJ.
Gul;rpfu gj;jphpf;iffs;:
1. gaq;futhjpfs; fhyk; Kjy; epiy  re;jpah> Afe;jh;> - tq;fhsk;
(1900 - 1917): fy; (Kal) - kfhuh\;buk;
tq;fhs gaq;futhj nray;fs;: kfhuh\;bu gaq;futhj nray;fs;:
 Kjy; Gul;rpfu mikg;Gfs; 1902 -  1879 y; uhNkh]p
kpjpdhg;g+h; ehNue;jpuehj; ghR tptrhag;gilia (Ramosi
vd;gth; jiyikapy;
Peasant Force) thRNjt;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gy;te;j; gl;Nf vd;gth;

1
 

gphpl;b\;f;F vjpuhf MAjNke;j The Sociologist gj;jphpf;ifia

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. Muk;gpj;jhh;.
 rthh;f;fh; kw;Wk; mtuJ  ghhp]; kw;Wk; n[dpthtpy; Nklk;
rNfhjuh; ,UtUk; ,ize;J gpfh[pfhkh vd;gth; Gul;rpfu
1890 kpj;u Nksh (Mitra Mela) nrayhw;wpdhh;. te;Nj khjuk;
vd;Dk; ufrpa mikg;ig vd;w ,jioAk; elj;jpdhh;.
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ,J 1904y;  ngh;ypdpy; tpNue;jpuehj; vd;gth;
mgpet; ghuj; vd;Dk; gaq;futhj Gul;rpfu nray;fspy; <Lgl;L
mikg;Gld; xd;wpize;jJ. te;jhh;.
 1897 y; rhg;Ngf;fh;
Kjy; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ gaq;futhj
rNfhjh;fshd jhNkhjh; kw;Wk; nray;fs;:
ghyfpU\;zh MfpNahh;  1913 y; uhk;jh];g+hp> G.D. Fkhh;>
g+dhtpd; gpNsf; Mizah; jhuf;ehj; jh];> Nrhfd; rpq;
kw;Wk; nyg;bzd;l; mah;]l
; ; gf;dh kw;Wk; yhyh `h;jahs;
Mfpa ,UtiuAk; jpl;lkpl;L MfpNahh; mnkhpf;fhtpy; rhd;
nfhiy nra;jdh;. gpuhd;rp];Nfh gFjpapy; fhjh;
fl;rpiaAk; (The Ghadr Party)>
gQ;rhg; gaq;futhj nray;fs;:
fhjh; (The Ghadr) thug;
 yhyh y[gjpuha; kw;Wk; m[pj;rpq;
gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; Muk;gpj;jdh;.
Mfpa ,UtUk; ,ize;J
 fhjh; fl;rp cUthtjw;F Kd;Ng
mQ;Rkhd; - I - Nkhfp];ghd; - I -
gaq;futhj nray;fis elj;j
thl;lhd; vd;w ,af;fj;ijAk;>
RNjr Nrtf; ,y;yk; (Swedesh
ghuj; khjh vd;w ,jioAk;
yh$hpy; Muk;gpj;jdh;. Sevak Home) > (United India
House) vd;w mikg;ig rpahl;ly;
ntspehLfspy; ,e;jpa gaq;futhj
(Seattle) vd;Dk; ,lj;jpYk;
nray;fs;:
Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jdh; ,e;jpa
 1905 y; \pahk;[p fpU\;zth;kh
gaq;futhjpfs;.
vd;gth; yz;ldpy; ,e;jpa
jd;dhl;rp r%fk; (Indian Home nfhkfj;j kU epfo;T (Komagata

rule Society) - ,e;jpah ,y;yk; Maru Incident) - 1914

(India House) vd;w mikg;igAk;  rpq;fg;g+hpypUe;J fdlhtpy;

thd;Fnth; gFjpf;F rPf;fpah;fs;
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kw;Wk; gQ;rhgpfis nfhz;L (Hindustan Socialist Republican

nrd;w fg;gypd; ngah; nfhkfj;j Assocation) vd ngah;
kU MFk;. gphpl;b\hhpd; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
J}z;Ljyhy; fdlhtpd;  fNfhhp nfhs;is 1925 - yf;Ndh
murhq;fk; fg;giy jpUg;gp mDg;g (Kakori Robbery)
mJ nrg;lk;gh; 1914y; fy;fj;jhtpy;  gp];kpy;> Nuh\d; rpq; kw;Wk;
fiu njhl;lJ. kf;fs; uhN[e;jpu yfphp MfpNahuhy;
fg;gypypUe;J ,wq;fkWj;J gQ;rhg; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
nry;Yk; uapypy; nry;y tpUk;ghky;  HSRA (Hindustan Socialist
Nghuhl;lk; nra;jdh;. ,jdhy;
Republication Association)
fhtyh;fSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk;
mikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; i)
Vw;gl;l rz;ilapy; 22 Ngh;
gfj;rpq;> Rf;Njt;> Nthf;uh
,we;jdh;. ,J nfhkj;j kU
(gQ;rhg;)
epfo;thFk;.
 ii) gpN[ha; Fkhh; rpd;fh> rpt;
 1915 y; ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhd
nth;kh> n[a; Njt; - xd;Wgl;l
ngh;ypd; fkpl;b - tPNue;jpuehj;
khfhzk;.
rl;Nlhgjp> GNge;jpuehj; jj;jh>
 HSRA tpd; nray;ghLfs;
yhyh `h;jahs; MfpNahuhy;
i) yh$h;> brk;gh; 1928 -
INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
yhyhy[gjpuha; ,wg;Gf;F
2. gaq;futhjpfs; fhyk; - ,uz;lhk; fhuzkhd irkd; FOtpw;F
epiy (1923 - 31): vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;fpa
gQ;rhg; - xd;Wgl;l khfhzk; gPfhh; NghyP]; mjpfhhp rhz;lh;];
gFjpfspy; gaq;futhj nray;ghLfs; nfhiy nra;ag;gLjy;.
 1924 y; `pe;J];jhd; FbauR (rhz;lh;]; nfhiy tof;fpy;
$l;likg;G (Hindustan Republican Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lth;fs; -

Association) fhd;g+hpy; uhk;gpurhj; gfj;rpq;> Mrhj;> uh[;FU)

gp];kpy;> N[hNf\; re;jpu rhl;lh;[p ii) gfj;rpq; kw;Wk; gl;L Nf\;th;

kw;Wk; rr;rpd; rd;ahy; jj; MfpNahh; ,ize;J Vg;uy;
MfpNahuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J 1929y; kj;jpa rl;l kd;wj;jpy;
gpwF 1928 y; `pe;J];jhd; ntb Fz;il tPrp jhf;Fjy;
Nrh\payp];l; FbauR $l;likg;G elj;jpdh;. gfj;rpq;> uh[;FU>

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Rf;Njt; MfpNahh; yh$h; rjp

tof;fpy; (1929) Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gl;ldh;. ,Wjpahf Mrhj;
gpg;uthp 1931y; Nghyp];
vd;fTz;l;lhpy; Rl;Lf;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. gfj;rpq;>
Rf;Njt; kw;Wk; uh[;FU
MfpNahh; khh;r; 23> 1931 y;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;. 1926 y;
gQ;rhg; nes[thd; gFjpapy;
gaq;futhj nray;fs; ghuj; rig
(Punjab Naujavan Charat
Sabha) mikf;f gfj;rpq;
cjtpdhh;.
 #h;ah nrd; jiyikapy; rpl;lfhq;;
Gul;rpf; FO Vg;uy; 1930 -y;
rpl;lfhq; MAj fplq;if
#iuahbaJ. ,jpy; #h;ah
nrd;dpw;F cjtpahf
nray;gl;lth;fs; -Mde;j rpq;>
fNz\; Nfh\; kw;Wk; Nyhfpehj;
ghy; Mthh;. ,JNt rpl;lq;fhf;
MAjf; flj;jy; MFk;. ,Wjpahf
gpg;uthp 1933y; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L
[dthp 1934 J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
Gul;rpfu Gj;jfk;
 The Philosophy of the Bomb
gftjpr;rud; Nthuh vd;gtuhy;
vOjg;gl;lJ. (Bhagwaticharan
Vora).