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Name:__________________________________
H.T.No:_________________________________
Year/Semester:__________________________
To be a premier institute for professional education producing dynamic and vibrant force of
technocrats with competent skills, innovative ideas and leadership qualities to serve the society
with ethical and benevolent approach.
To create a learning environment with state-of-the art infrastructure, well equipped laboratories,
research facilities and qualified senior faculty to impart high quality technical education.
To facilitate the learners to foster innovative ideas, inculcate competent research and
consultancy skills through Industry-Institute Interaction.
To develop hard work, honesty, leadership qualities and sense of direction in rural youth by
providing value based education.
To produce professionally deft and intellectually adept Electrical and Electronics Engineers and
equip them with the latest technological skills, research & consultancy competencies along with
social responsibility, ethics, Lifelong Learning and leadership qualities.
To produce competent Electrical and Electronics Engineers with strong core knowledge, design
experience & exposure to research by providing quality teaching and learning environment.
To train the students in emerging technologies through state - of - the art laboratories and thus
bridge the gap between Industry and academia.
To inculcate learners with interpersonal skills, team work, social values, leadership qualities and
professional ethics for a holistic engineering professional practice through value based
education.
PEO 1: Provide sound foundation in mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals to analyze,
formulate and solve complex engineering problems.
PEO 2: Have multi-disciplinary Knowledge and innovative skills to design and develop Electrical &
Electronics products and allied systems.
PEO 3: Acquire the latest technological skills and motivation to pursue higher studies leading to
research.
PEO 4: Possess good communication skills, team spirit, ethics, modern tools usage and the life-long
learning needed for a successful professional career.
On completion of the B.Tech. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering) degree, the graduates
will be able to
PSO-1: Higher Education: Apply the fundamental knowledge of Mathematics, Science, Electrical and
Electronics Engineering to pursue higher education in the areas of Electrical Circuits, Electrical
Machines, Electrical Drives, Power Electronics, Control Systems and Power Systems.
PSO-2: Employment: Get employed in Public/Private sectors by applying the knowledge in the
domains of design and operation of Electronic Systems, Microprocessor based control systems, Power
systems, Energy auditing etc.
CONTENTS
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
The objectives of this lab course are to make the student practically learn about
Get the knowledge of feedback control and transfer function of DC servo motor
Model the systems and able to design the controllers and compensators
Get the knowledge about the effect of poles and zeros location on transient and steady behavior of
second order systems and can implement them to practical systems and MATLAB
Determine the performance and time domain specifications of first and second order systems.
2. While entering into the LAB students should wear their ID cards.
4. Students should sign in the LOGIN REGISTER before entering into the laboratory.
5. Students should come with observation and record note book to the laboratory.
7. Circuit connections must be checked by the lab-in charge before switching the supply
DONT‘S
SCHEME OF EVALUATION
MARKS AWARDED
S. Total
N EXPERIMENT NAME DATE Viva 30
Record Observation Attendance
O voce (M)
(10M) (10M) (5M)
(5M)
Time Response of Second
1
Order System
2 Characteristics of Synchros
3 Transfer Function of Dc
Machine
Effect Of P, PD, PI, PID
4
Controller on a Second Order
System
5 Lag and Lead Compensation –
Magnitude and Phase Plot
6 Temperature Controller Using
PID Controller
7 Characteristics of Magnetic
Amplifiers
8 Characteristics of A.C
Servomotor
Stability Analysis of Linear
9
Time Invarient Systems Using
Matlab
State Space Model For
10
Classical Transfer Function
Using Matlab
Simulation of Integrator &
11
Differentiator Circuits Using
Pspice
12 Determination of Steady State
Error Using Matlab
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
Simulation Of Integrator &
11
Differentiator Circuits Using
PSPICE
12 Determination Of Steady
State Error Using Matlab
Circuit Diagram:
Model Waveform:
Experiment - 1
TIME RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER SYSTEM
Aim:
To obtain the time response of second order system and draw the response on the graph.
Apparatus:
S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Decade Resistance Box (0-100)Ω 01
2 Decade Capacitance Box (0-50µ)f 01
3 Decade Inductance Box (0-1)H 01
4 Function Generator (0-2M)Hz 01
5 Digital Multimeter (0-10)A 01
6 CRO (0-2M)Hz Dual Trace Oscilloscope 01
7 BNC Adaptors --- 01
8 Patch cords --- Some
Procedure:
1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2) The step input is given to the circuit.
3) The input is connected to CRO and output is observed across the capacitor in CRO
4) The output is to be plotted on the graph.
Tabular Column:
Theoretical Calculations:
Formulae:
Transfer function of given circuit is
Vo/Vi = (1/LC) / (s2+(R/L)s+(1/LC))
Delay time, td = tr / 2
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. What is control system?
2. What are the Time domain specifications?
3. What is Rise time?
4. What is Delay time?
5. What is Characteristic Equation of second order system?
6. What is Maximum peak overshoot?
7. What is Settling Time?
8. What is Settling Time with 2% tolerance band?
9. What is the relation between rise time and band width?
10. What are various types of Control Systems?
Circuit Diagram :
Experiment - 2
CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNCHROS
Aim: To study the Synchro Transmitter and Receiver Pair
Apparatus:
S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Synchro Transmitter and Receiver Pair Kit --- 1
2 Patch Cords --- Some
Precautions:
1) Handle the pointers for both the rotors in a gentle manner.
2) Do not attempt to pull out the pointers.
3) Do not short rotor (or) stator terminals.
Procedure:
Synchro Transmitter:
1) Connect the main supply to the system with the help of cable provided. Do not connect any patch cords
to terminals marked S1, S2 and S3.
2) Switch ON the main supply for the unit.
3) Starting from zero position, note down the voltage between stator winding terminals i.e., V S1S2 & VS2S3 &
VS3S1 in a sequential manner.
4) Enter reading in tabular columns and plot a graph of angular position of rotor voltage for all 3-phases.
5) Note that zero position of the stator rotor coincides with VS3 VS1 voltage equal to zero voltage. Do not
disturb this condition.
Synchro Transmitter & Receiver Pair:
1) Connect the supply cable.
2) Connect the S1, S2 and S3 terminals of transmitter to S1, S2 and S3 terminals of synchro receiver by
patch cords.
3) Switch ON SW1, SW2 and also switch ON the main supply.
4) Move the pointer i.e., rotor position of synchro transmitter in steps of 300 and observe the new
rotor position.
5) Enter the input angular position and output angular position in the tabular form and plot a graph.
Model Graphs:
Output
Receiver
0
Input Angular Displacement
Tabular Columns:
Stator Voltages for 3-ф (VS1S3, VS1S2, VS2S3)
ROTOR VOLTAGE = VR =
10
11
12
10
11
12
Result:
Viva - Questions :
Circuit diagram:
Model graph:
Experiment - 3
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF DC MACHINE
Apparatus:
S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 DC Generator set --- 1
2 Field Rheostat 400 ohm/1.7 A 1
3 Potential Meter 500 ohms/2A 1
4 Ammeter (MI) (0-100)mA 1
5 Ammeter (MC) (0-2)A 1
6 Voltmeter(MI) (0-300) 1
7 Voltmeter(MC) (0-300) 1
8 Connecting Wires … …
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the Motor Generator set with the help of starter.
4. Adjust the speed of the Motor Generator Set to rated speed value by adjusting motor field rheostat.
5. Increase the excitation of the generator in steps by adjusting the potential divider and note down the
corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings.
6. Take the readings up to a value little higher than the rated voltage of the generator.
7. To determine Kg magnetization characteristics Eg vs If of a separately excited DC generator has to be
plotted and use straight line position to determine Kg= Eg/If
8. Field resistance & inductance of generator is determined by using voltmeter and ammeter readings
Precautions:
1. Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Potential Divider must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. Starter arm must be in OFF position.
Transfer Function =
1
2
3
4
Result:
Viva Questions:
Block Diagram:
Model Graphs:
Experiment - 4
EFFECT OF P, PD, PI, PID CONTROLLER ON A SECOND ORDER SYSTEM
Aim:
To study P, PD, PI, PID Controllers.
Apparatus:
S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 PID Controller Kit --- 01
2 Weights --- 01
3 Patch Cords --- Some
Procedure:
1) Connect the speed sensor to the socket provided.
2) Connect the motor to corresponding terminals.
3) Switch ON ‘P’ Controller. Set suitable gain (maximum).
4) Set required speed using set potentiometer.
5) Now load the motor in steps of 50grams up to 250grams using the given load on the loading
arrangement.
6) Observe the speed of the motor and take the readings.
7) Now switch ON P and I Controllers. Set suitable timing and gain (maximum).
8) Repeat steps 4 to 6 (for PI Controller).
9) Now switch ON P, I, D controllers. Set suitable timing and gain (maximum).
10) Repeat steps 4 to 6 (for PID Controller).
Tabular Columns:
P Controller:
Weights Run Speed Run Speed
S.No. Set Speed
(gms) (Gain 50%) (Gain 100%)
1
2
3
4
PI Controller:
Weights Run Speed Run Speed
S.No. Set Speed
(gms) (Gain 50%) (Gain 100%)
1
2
3
4
PID Controller:
Weights Run Speed Run Speed
S.No. Set Speed
(gms) (Gain 50%) (Gain 100%)
1
2
3
4
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. What is controller?
2. What is P, PI, PID, PD controllers?
3. PI controller resembles what type of filter?
4. PD controller resembles what type of filter?
5. PID controller resembles what type of filter?
6. PI controller resembles what type of compensator?
7. PI controller resembles what type of compensator?
8. PI controller resembles what type of compensator?
9. Which controller provides zero steady state error?
10. Which controller responds very fast but it doesn’t provide zero steady state error?
Circuit Diagrams:
Model Waveform:
Lead Compensator:
Experiment - 5
LAG AND LEAD COMPENSATION – MAGNITUDE & PHASE PLOT
Aim: To study the frequency response of lead, lag and lead-lag compensators.
Apparatus:
Procedure:
1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2) Set the input voltage say 3V.
3) Without changing the input voltage vary the frequency in steps and note down the corresponding
voltage.
4) Compare theoretical and practical values.
Precautions:
1) Readings should be taken without the parallax error.
2) Loose connections should be avoided.
3) While varying the frequency, input voltage should be kept constant.
Tabular Columns:
Lead Compensator:
Practical Values Theoritical Values
Frequency Vo Magnitude Magnitude
Phase Phase
(Hz) (V) 20 log(Vo/Vi) 20 log(Vo/Vi)
Difference Difference
(dB) (dB)
1
2
3
Lag Compensator:
Lead-Lag Compensator:
Practical Values Theoritical Values
Frequency Vo Magnitude Magnitude
Phase Phase
(Hz) (V) 20 log(Vo/Vi) 20 log(Vo/Vi)
Difference Difference
(dB) (dB)
1
2
3
Theoretical Calculations
Lag Compensator:
Lead-Lag Compensator:
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. What is meant by compensator?
2. What are the types of compensators?
3. LAG Compensator resembles what type of controller?
4. LEAD Compensator resembles what type of controller?
5. LEAD LAG Compensator resembles what type of controller?
6. LAG Compensator resembles what type of Filter?
7. LEAD Compensator resembles what type of Filter?
8. LEAD LAG Compensator resembles what type of Filter?
9. LAG Compensator improves what type of stability?
10. LEAD Compensator improves what type of stability?
Circuit Diagram:
Experiment - 6
TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER USING PID - CONTROLLER
Aim:
To study the phenomenon of offset for PID controller when the load on the process is varied.
Apparatus:
S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Proportional Controller Kit --- 01
2 Patch Cords --- Some
Precautions:
1) Operate set control in a gentle fashion.
2) Study all the controls carefully before using the equipment.
3) “ADJUST” control is adjusted and is made proportional to get 50% of output power when deviation is
zero. The “ADJUST” control is not disturbed in the entire experiment.
4) Make (or) break the connections only after turning OFF the main supply.
5) Heater lamps are Philips make with rectifier 3No.s and with 100 / 150 watts.
6) During winter season in view of low ambient temperature you may have to adjust the process for lower
temperatures. (vice-versa for summer season)
Procedure:
1) Establish the connection between the conditioning unit and the model process with the help of cables
provided.
2) Refer typical settings diagram and connect red 3 and black 1 with the help of patch cords.
3) Set the “SET” potentiometer at the position of 20Ω corresponding to 50oC of temperature.
4) Set proportional band control to 10% i.e., KI=10.
5) Now turn ON the power supply and also turn ON the fan. Place the fan regulators at low position.
6) Wait until the deviation indicator stabilized at some point. Record the deviation readings and
percentage of power readings at interval of 15 seconds.
7) Now suddenly increase the fan speed to full level by moving fan control to high position.
8) Now note the deviation meter readings when the pointer stabilizes. Record the deviation meter
readings and the difference between the two readings i.e., step 8 and step 6 is the offset (steady-state
error) associated with the proportional control.
9) Now you may increase the gain to 100 i.e., proportional band to 1% and repeat the steps 5 to 8. In this
experiment you will observe the offset error which is reduced.
10) You may perform experiments with various gain settings
Tabular Column:
PID-Controller (Typical Readings)
PROPORTIONAL ACTION 18Ω = 45OC Set
Low Disturbance High Disturbance
S.NO
(Fan Low Speed) (Fan High Speed)
Model Graphs:
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. Why PID controller is used for temperature controller?
2. PID controller is what type of filter?
3. Why PID controller is called integral-differentiator circuit?
4. What is ambient temperature?
5. What are the types of control systems?
6. What are the examples of open loop control systems?
7. What are the examples of closed loop control systems
8. What is heat sink?
9. What device is used as heat sink?
10. Can you relate PID controller with control transformer?
Circuit Diagram:
Series connected magnetic amplifier:
Model Graph :
Tabular column:
Experiment - 7
CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS
Aim: To study the performance characteristics of magnetic amplifier.
Apparatus:
S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Magnetic amplifier kit (0-100)kΩ 02
(0-1)A MC 02
2 Ammeter
(0-2)A MI 02
3 Patch cords --- Some
4 lamp 100W 01
Procedure:
Series connected magnetic amplifier:
Complete circuit diagram for conducting this experiment is built in the unit itself. Following
procedure has to be followed for conducting this experiment
1. Keep the slide switch in position D which will be indicated after unit is switched ON.
2. Keep control current setting knob at its extreme left position which ensures zero control at
starting.
3. With the help of plug in links connect the following terminals on the front panel.
a) Connect AC to A1
b) Connect B1 to A2
c) Connect B2 to L
4. Connect 100W lamp in the holder provided for this purpose and switch on the unit.
5. Now gradually increase the control current by rotating control current setting knob clockwise in
steps and note down control and corresponding load current.
6. Plot the graph of load current versus control current.
Model Graph :
Tabular column :
S.NO Control Current Load Current
1. Keep the slide switch in position D which will be indicated after unit is switched ON.
2. Keep control current setting knob at its extreme left position which ensures zero control current
at starting.
3. With the help of plug in links connect the following terminals on the front panel.
a) Connect AC to A1
b) Connect A1 to A2
c) Connect B2 to L
d) Connect B1 to B2
4. Connect 100W lamp in the holder provided for this purpose and switch on the unit.
5. Now gradually increase the control current by rotating control current setting knob clockwise in
steps and note down control and corresponding load current.
6. Plot the graph of load current versus control current.
Model Graph
Tabular column:
S.NO Control Current Load Current
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. Describe the basic operation of magnetic amplifier.
10. Compare the input and output characteristics in both the modes.
Circuit Diagram:
Model Graph:
Torque
(N-m)
0
N (rpm)
Experiment - 8
CHARACTERISTICS OF A.C SERVOMOTOR
Aim:
To obtain torque speed characteristics of an A.C Servomotor.
Apparatus:
S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 A.C Servomotor Kit --- 1
2 Multi meter (0-10)A 1
3 Patch Cords --- Some
Procedure:
1) Keep P1 in the minimum position and control knob in the maximum position.
2) Switch ON the main supply POWER switch.
3) Measure the AC control winding voltage, WC and AC reference winding voltage, WR by multimeter.
Adjust control winding voltage, WC by control voltage knob say 230V or 220V.
4) Now slowly load the motor by switching on SW and by varying P 1 in steps of Ia note down back emf, Eb
and speed, N.
5) Tabulate the readings in the table.
6) Potentiometer P1 is brought back to minimum position and switch OFF SW switch.
7) Set the control winding voltage to new value say 210V or 220V.
8) Repeat steps 4 and 5.
9) Plot the graphs of speed Vs torque for two control winding voltages.
Note:
If the control winding voltage is reduced (less than 190V) the motor may not rotate due to insufficient
voltage.
Tabular Column:
Ia Eb P T N
S.No.
(mA) (V) (W) (N-m) (rpm)
1
2
3
4
Formulae:
P = Eb Ia (W)
T = P X 60 (N-m)
2πN
Theoretical Calculations:
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. What is a servo motor?
2. Compare AC Servomotor with single phase induction motor.
3. What is another name for ac servo motor?
4. What is X/R ratio of AC servo motor?
5. Applications of AC servo motor.
6. Explain the operation of AC Servo motor.
7. Why servomotor is used for closed loop control system?
8. Why encoders used in servomotors?
9. What is the difference between DC motor and Servomotor?
10. Why servomotors can also be used as variable frequency drives?
Experiment - 9
Aim : To obtain the stability analysis of a given linear time invariant system.
Apparatus:
Problem Specifications:
1) Input is num=[ ]
den=[ ]
Procedure:
1) Construct root locus and bode plot theoretically for the given transfer function.
2) Obtain the stability of the given system represented in the form of transfer function.
3) Verify the result with MATLAB.
Sample Program:
Root locus
num=[ ]
den=[ ]
a=tf(num,den)
rlocus(a)
Bode plot
num=[ ]
den=[ ]
a=tf(num,den)
bode(a)
Theoretical calculations:
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. Define Order of a system.
2. Define Type of a system.
3. Define Stability of a System.
4. What is the effect of addition of pole to the system?
5. What is the effect of addition of Zero to the system?
6. How to describe the stability by root locus?
7. What is gain margin?
8. What is phase margin?
9. What is corner frequency?
10. How to describe the stability by Bode plot?
Experiment - 10
STATE SPACE MODEL FOR CLASSICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION USING MATLAB
Aim:
To obtain the state space model for the given transfer function.
Apparatus:
S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Personal Computer with MATLAB software --- 01
Problem Specifications:
2) Input is num=[ ]
den=[ ]
Procedure:
1) Obtain the state space model of the given system represented in the form of transfer function.
2) Verify the result with MATLAB.
Sample Program:
%Conversion of Transfer Function to State Space%
num=[ ]
den=[ ]
sys=tf(num,den)
[A B C D]=tf2ss(num,den)
Theoretical calculations:
Result:
Viva Questions:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Experiment - 11
SIMULATION OF INTEGRATOR & DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUITS USING PSPICE
Aim:
To simulate the OPAMP based integrator and differentiator circuits using PSPICE.
Apparatus:
S.No. Equipment Quantity
1 Personal Computer with PSPICE Software 01
Program:
Integrator Circuit with OP-AMP DC Model:
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. What is integrator?
2. What is a differentiator?
3. What are the effects of integrator?
4. What are the effects of differentiator?
5. Integrator resembles what type of Filter
6. Differentiator resembles what type of Filter
7. Integral differentiator resembles what type of Filter
8. What are the applications of Integral differentiator?
9. Integral differentiator is applicable for what range of frequency and why?
10. What are the characteristics Integral differentiator circuits?
Experiment - 12
DETERMINATION OF STEADYSTATE ERROR USING MATLAB
Aim : To obtain the steady state error for the given input.
Apparatus:
S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Personal Computer with MATLAB software --- 01
Procedure :
Program :
clear();
numg=[1 0]
deng=[1 2]
G=tf(numg,deng)
kp=dcgain(G);
ess=5\1+kp
numsg=conv([1 0],numg)
densg=deng
sg=tf(numsg,densg)
kv=dcgain(sg)
ess=5\kv
nums2g=conv([1 0],numsg)
dens2g=densg
s2g=tf(nums2g,dens2g)
kp=dcgain(s2g)
ess=3\ka
Theoretical calculations:
Result:
Viva Questions:
AIM:
1) To Simulate the DC Circuit for determining the Theremin’s equivalent circuit using PSPICE.
2) To Simulate the AC Circuit analysis by using PSPICE.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 PC 1NO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DC CIRCUIT:
AC CIRCUIT:
PROCEDURE:
1) 1. Open PSPICE A/D windows
2. Create a new circuit file
3. Enter the program representing the nodal interconnections of various components
PROGRAM
THEVENINS THEOREM:
VIN 1 0 dc 16V
R1 1 2 2
R2 2 3 10
R3 2 0 6
R4 3 0 4
.TF V (3, 0) VIN
.END
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. State Thevenin’s theorem?
4. Can you find maximum power transferred to the load by using Thevenins theorem?
1 PC 1NO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
PROGRAM
V1 1 0 DC 28V
V2 3 0 DC 7V
R1 1 2 4
R2 2 0 2
R3 2 3 1
.OP .OP
.print DC I(R1) I(R2) I(R3)
.end
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESITIONS:
1. What are internal resistance of an ideal voltage source and an ideal current source?