5TH

HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The father of AI is John McCarthy. He is a computer scientist who coined the term
"artificial intelligence" in 1955. McCarthy is also credited with developing the first AI
programming language, Lisp.
Fifth generation computers are the latest advances in this field. This generation of
computers is the most advanced type of computer ever created. Artificial intelligence has
become an integral part of modern society, disrupting industries, improving everyday life and
pushing the limits of human intelligence. This article takes you on a fascinating journey through
the history of artificial intelligence, from its early philosophical origins to today's success and
future promise. Computer scientist John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence."
Formal research on intelligent machines began in the 1950s. In this important meeting,
McCarthy and his colleagues gathered to discuss how to create machines with "general
intelligence". You can learn and do human psychology. The 21st century saw the "revolution of
the self," with advances in natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, and
autonomous systems. Science fiction in the early 20th century introduced the world to the
concept of intelligent robots. According to Turing, humans use all information and reason to
solve problems and make decisions, so why can't machines do the same? Fifth generation
computers, also known as modern computers, are still in the development stage and are based
on intelligence. In 1982, the FGCS (Fifth Generation Computer System) was created in Japan.
This generation of computers is based on microprocessors with great computing power and
parallel processing power. Fifth generation computers are the latest and most advanced
computers. These programs use programming languages like Python, R, C#, Java, etc. This
software is very reliable and uses ULSI technology. (ULSI stands for Ultra Large Scale
Integration). These computers also use parallel processing and artificial intelligence. These
machines are used for scientific calculations and intelligent software development. Artificial
intelligence is a new field that investigates how computers can be more human. In the fifth
generation, VLSI technology was replaced by ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology,
which can produce microprocessor chips containing 10 million electronic components. This
generation is based on parallel processing hardware and artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial
intelligence is a new area of computer science that interprets the ways and means of making
computers more human. The history of artificial intelligence is a testament to human curiosity,
creativity and persistence.

TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence can be divided based on capabilities and functionalities:

Based on capabilities or Weak AI’s

⦁ Narrow AI
⦁ General AI
⦁ Super AI

What is Narrow AI?

Narrow AI, also called as Weak AI, focuses on one narrow task and cannot perform beyond its
limitations. It targets a single subset of cognitive abilities and advances in that spectrum. Narrow
AI applications are becoming increasingly common in our day-to-day lives as machine learning
and deep learning methods continue to develop.
⦁ Apple Siri is an example of a Narrow AI that operates with a limited pre-defined range of
functions. Siri often has problems with tasks outside its breadth of abilities.
⦁ IBM Watson supercomputer is another example of a Narrow AI. It applies cognitive
computing, machine learning, and natural language processing to process information and
answers your queries. IBM Watson once out-performed human contestant Ken Jennings to
become the champion on the popular game show, Jeopardy!.
⦁ Other examples of Narrow AI include google translate, image recognition software,
recommendation systems, spam filtering, and Google’s page-ranking algorithm.

What is General AI?

General AI, also known as strong AI, can understand and learn any intellectual task that a
human being can. It allows a machine to apply knowledge and skills in different contexts. AI
researchers have not been able to achieve strong AI so far. They would need to find a method
to make machines conscious, programming a full cognitive ability set. General AI has received a
$1 billion investment from Microsoft through OpenAI.
⦁ Fujitsu has built the K computer, which is one of the fastest supercomputers in the world.
It is one of the significant attempts at achieving strong AI. It took nearly 40 minutes to simulate a
single second of neural activity. Hence, it is difficult to determine whether strong AI will be
achieved shortly.
⦁ Tianhe-2 is a supercomputer that was developed by the China's National University of
Defense Technology. It holds the record for cps (calculations per second) at 33.86 petaflops
(quadrillions of cps). Although that sounds exciting, the human brain is estimated to be capable
of one exaflop, i.e., a billion cps.

What is a Super AI?

Super AI surpasses human intelligence and can perform any task better than a human. The
concept of artificial superintelligence sees AI evolved to be so akin to human sentiments and
experiences that it doesn't merely understand them; it also evokes emotions, needs, beliefs,
and desires of its own. Its existence is still hypothetical. Some of the critical characteristics of
super AI include thinking, solving puzzles, making judgments, and decisions on its own.

Based on functionalities or Strong AI’s

⦁ Reactive Machines
⦁ Limited Memory
⦁ Theory of Mind
⦁ Self-aware

Reactive Machines
These are the oldest forms of AI systems that have extremely limited capability. They
emulate the human mind’s ability to respond to different kinds of stimuli. These machines do not
have memory-based functionality. This means such machines cannot use previously gained
experiences to inform their present actions, i.e., these machines do not have the ability to
“learn.” These machines could only be used for automatically responding to a limited set or
combination of inputs. They cannot be used to rely on memory to improve their operations
based on the same. A popular example of a reactive AI machine is IBM’s Deep Blue, a machine
that beat chess Grandmaster Garry Kasparov in 1997.

Limited Memory
Limited memory machines are machines that, in addition to having the capabilities of
purely reactive machines, are also capable of learning from historical data to make decisions.
Nearly all existing applications that we know of come under this category of AI. All present-day
AI systems, such as those using deep learning, are trained by large volumes of training data
that they store in their memory to form a reference model for solving future problems.
For instance, an image recognition Al is trained using thousands of pictures and their labels to
teach it to name objects it scans. When an image is scanned by such an AI, it uses the training
images as references to understand the contents of the image presented to it, and based on its
"learning experience" it labels new images with increasing accuracy.
Almost all present-day AI applications, from chatbots and virtual assistants to self-driving
vehicles are all driven by limited memory AI.
Theory of Mind
Theory of mind AI is the next level of AI systems that researchers are currently engaged
in innovating. A theory of mind level AI will be able to better understand the entities it is
interacting with by discerning their needs, emotions, beliefs, and thought processes. While
artificial emotional intelligence is already a budding industry and an area of interest for leading
AI researchers, achieving Theory of mind level of AI will require development in other branches
of AI as well. This is because to truly understand human needs, AI machines will have to
perceive humans as individuals whose minds can be shaped by multiple factors, essentially
“understanding” humans.
One real-world example of the theory of mind AI is Kismet. Kismet is a robot head made
in the late 90s by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology researcher. Kismet can mimic human
emotions and recognize them. Both abilities are key advancements in theory of mind AI, but
Kismet can’t follow gazes or convey attention to humans.
Sophia from Hanson Robotics is another example where the theory of mind AI was
implemented. Cameras present in Sophia's eyes, combined with computer algorithms, allow her
to see. She can sustain eye contact, recognize individuals, and follow faces.

Self-aware
This is the final stage of AI development which currently exists only hypothetically.
Self-aware AI, which, self explanatorily, is an AI that has evolved to be so akin to the human
brain that it has developed self-awareness. Creating this type of Ai, which is decades, if not
centuries away from materializing, is and will always be the ultimate objective of all AI research.
This type of AI will not only be able to understand and evoke emotions in those it interacts with,
but also have emotions, needs, beliefs, and potentially desires of its own. And this is the type of
AI that doomsayers of the technology are wary of. Although the development of self-aware can
potentially boost our progress as a civilization by leaps and bounds, it can also potentially lead
to catastrophe.
This is because once self-aware, the AI would be capable of having ideas like self-
preservation which may directly or indirectly spell the end for humanity, as such an entity could
easily outmaneuver the intellect of any human being and plot elaborate schemes to take over
humanity.
MAIN PARTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
LEARNING
Just as is the case with human beings, the first step in the development process as it
pertains to artificial intelligence is the learning stage. Through this learning process, programs
that utilize artificial intelligence are able to keep notes of all actions or moves that led to positive
results, allowing the program to leverage this knowledge within its data should similar problems
arise in the future.
REASONING
 The second major component of cognitive science is reasoning. Furthermore, these
thoughts fall into two categories: positive thoughts and negative thoughts.
PROBLEM-SOLVING
The third major component that defines the development of artificial intelligence
applications and systems is problem solving. Alternatively, AI-based problem-solving techniques
in advanced applications may involve developing efficient algorithms, performing root cause
analysis to find desired solutions, and heuristics.
PERCEPTION
The fourth major component in the development of artificial intelligence programs and
systems is perception
LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING
To put it in simple words, language understanding in the context of the development of
artificial intelligence can be defined as a set of signals from diverse systems that use methods
to address different or different processes. Since most artificial intelligence programs and
systems today are developed in the English-speaking world, an important part of creating many
of these programs and systems is ensuring that the English language.

From artificial intelligence assistants like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa to partially
autonomous vehicles such as the one currently being developed by power and energy company
Tesla, all products, goods, and services that implement artificial intelligence are 5 It follows two
basic principle components:

IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence or AI has positive and negative impacts on our society and lives.

Positive Impacts of AI:

1. In the field of medical field
Artificial intelligence has created a phenomenal impact on the medical industry and, as a
result, is changing its face. Various machine learning algorithms and models have been
effective at predicting critical use cases, such as determining whether a patient has malignant or
benign cancer or tumor based on symptoms, health records, and history.
2. In the field of air transportation
In many aircraft, artificial intelligence is used to generate navigation maps, taxing routes,
and a quick check of the entire cockpit panel to ensure that every component is functioning
properly. This has produced very promising results and is thus being used frequently. The
ultimate goal of artificial intelligence in air transportation is to make human travel easier and
more comfortable.
3. In the field of banking and financial institutions
 Artificial intelligence has played an important role in financial transaction management
and a variety of other bank operations. These machine learning models make day-to-day tasks
for banks easier and more efficient, such as transactional and financial operations, stock market
money and management, and so on.
4. In the field of gaming and entertainment
From virtual reality games to modern games, this is the industry where artificial
intelligence has made the greatest progress. While in entertainment, the level of personal
details and graphics is also possible because of the introduction of artificial intelligence, which is
elevating this industry to new levels.
5. In the field of Education
For educators, AI allowing them to focus more on teaching. Which AI can handle tasks
such as grading assignments, generating personalized reports, and managing student records.
By automating these time-consuming administrative tasks, educators can dedicate more time to
interact with students.

Negative Impacts of IA:

1. Privacy and Security Concerns
Artificial Intelligence's massive data collection and processing skills present serious
privacy issues. Unauthorized access to sensitive data can lead to identity theft, data breaches,
and other cyber risks, putting people's security and privacy at risk. Automation increases the
difficulty of humans detecting malicious activities such as phishing, the introduction of viruses
into software, and personal AI system manipulation because of the way these systems see the
world.
2. Job Displacement
The primary concern that AI brings up is the possibility of it replacing human labor in the
workforce which leads to unemployment. When IA replaces specific job roles, a lot of people
can become unemployed, or they might need to learn new skills to compete in the job market.
For instance, computerized technologies may eventually replace human labor in supermarkets,
eliminating the need for store clerks altogether.
3. AI Dependence
As humans get more dependent on AI, we can become less capable of performing tasks
that were before thought to need a certain set of skills. This can lead to loss of self reliance and
independence. Depending on AI too much can also reduce critical thinking.

FUNCTIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AI. or Artificial Intelligence was created to make people's lives easier. It can perform the cognitive functions that
we associate with human minds, such as reasoning, interacting, problem-solving, etc. If you know Siri, Alexa, and
Bixby, then you’ve probably interacted with A.I. without you knowing. Even our social media platform uses A.I. in
some way function. It dictates what content should appear in our feeds or pages, it even suggests contents and
accounts we might like. It is widely associated with our daily living as it can help people in every other way,
especially when the pandemic forces people to stay inside their houses.

The development of AI is progressing so rapidly that few people can fully hold on to what AI can do in the future.
The goal is to enable machines to do what humans can do such as considering contextual and situational factors
when communicating with another human. But, this can’t be taught to a machine since it involves emotions that
only human has and if the machine fails to consider contextual factors, humans will realize that they are not
interacting with another human. So, the ultimate goal is achieved when a human communicates with a machine
without realizing it’s a machine. In simple terms, AI is built to act, think, and have emotions and feelings like
humans.

With this, AI was widely used in the business world as it can do what humans can do, freeing up the capacity for
tasks that require human skills and empathy. For many companies, it is beneficial that AI will optimize existing
processes and tasks and may even allow them to accomplish things they’re unable to currently do in a faster and
more efficient manner.