TODAY OUR TOPIC IS OPERATING SYSTEM

TOTAL 6 CHAPTER

1.INTRODUCTION

2.PROCESSES

3.DEADLOCK

4.MEMORY MANAGEMENT

5.FILE SYSTEM

6.INPUT/OUTPUT

CH. 1 INTRODUCTION

1.INTRODUCTION
2.DEFINATION AND MEANING OF OPERATING SYSTEM
3.HISTORY OF OS
4.FUNCTIONS OF OS
5.TYPES OF OS
6.OS SERVICES
7.SYSTEM CALLS AND SYSTEM PROGRAMS
8.OS STRUCTURE

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1.INTRODUCTION

COMPUTER CAN NEITHER THINK NOR MAKE ANY JUDGMENT ON ITS OWN.ALSO IT IS
IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANY COMPUTER TO INDEPENDENTLY ANALYZE A GIVEN DATA AND FOLLOW ITS
OWN METHOD OF SOLUTION.

IT NEEDS INSTRUCTIONS TO TELL IT WHAT TO DO.IN ORDER TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH

OTHER, HUMAN USE NATUARAL LANGUAGES LIKE HINDI,ENGLISH,GUJARATI, FRENCH,
GERMAN,RUSSIAN, ETC......... IN THE SAME WAY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ARE USED TO
COMMUNICATE INSTRUCTIONS AND COMMANDS TO A COMPUTER.

**WHAT IS PROGRAM / SOFTWARE?

A PROGRAM / SOFTWARE IS A SET OF LOGICALLY RELATED INSTRUCTIONS THAT ARE

ARRANGED IN A SEQUENCE THAT GUIDE THE COMPUTER TO SOLVE A PROBLEM.

SOFTWARE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS :

(1) APPLICATION SOFTWARE

(2)SYSTEM SOFTWARE

** APPLICATION SOFTWARE / PROGRAM IS A SET OF ONE OR MORE PROGRAMS,WHICH ARE

DESIGNED FOR SPECIFIC COMPUTER APPLIATIONS, SUCH AS NOTEPAD, INVENTORY CONTROL,
M.S.OFFICE
ETC.......

**SYSTEM SOFTWARE / PROGRAMS ARE DESIGNED TO MAKE THE COMPUTER EASIER TO USE.
A SYSTEM SOFTWARE PACKAGE IS A COLLECTION OF PROGRMAS DESIGNED TO OPERATE, CONTROL
AND EXTEND PROCESSING CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTERS.

AN EXAMPLE OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE IS AN OPERATING SYSTEMM WHICH CONTAINS MANY OTHER

PROGRAMS FOR CONTROLLING INPUT,OUTPUT DEVICES,MEMORY,PROCESSOR ETC...........TO
WRITE AN OS, THE PROGRAMMER NEEDS INTRUCTION TO CONTROL THE COMPUTER HARDWARE PART.

WITHOUT SYSTEM SOFTWARE, APPLICATION SOFTWARE CAN NOT EXECUTE.

**OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE NOW ALMOST ALWAYS WRITTEN IN A HIGHER-LEVEL LANGUAGE LIKE C
LANGUAGE.UNIX WAS THE FIRST OS DEVELOPED IN C LANGUAGE.

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2. DEFINATION AND MEANING OF OS

** WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

A COMPUTER SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO BASIC TYPES OF COMPONENTS.:

>HARDWARE COMPONENTS, WHICH ARE THE ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND ELECTROMECHANICAL

DEVICE, SUCH AS THE PROCESSORS, MEMORY MODULES,DISK UNITS,KEYBOARD,SCREEN AND OTHER
DIVECES.

> SOFTWARE COMPONENTS, SUCH AS THE APPLICATION PROGRAMS,OPERATING SYSTEM,

UTILITIES,AND OTHER PROGRAMS.

THE 1960'S DEFINATION OF AN OS IS THAT "THE OS IS SOFTWARE THAT CONTROLS THE

HARDWARE".

OS AS THE PROGRAMS THAT MAKE THE HARDWARE USEABLE.

OS IS A BROAD SOFTWARE PACKAGE THAT CONTROLS THE OPERATION OF A COMPUTER, INCLUDING

INPUT AND OUPUT DEVICES, USE OF MEMORY FOR SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS, ORGANIZING FILES
AND DIRECTORIES AND MANY OTHER IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS.

IT MEANS THAT IT IS A SOFTWARE PROGRAM, WHICH IS INTERFACE BETWEEN COMPUTER

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.

IN SHORT, AN OS IS THE SET OF PROGRAMS THAT CONTROLS A COMPUTER.

OS ARE RESOURCE MANAGERS.

THE MAIN RESOURCE IS COMPUTER HARDWARE LIKE PROCESSORS,STORAGE,INPUT/OUTPUT

DEVICES,COMMUNICATION DEVICES AND DATA.

SOME EXAMPLE OF OS ARE UNIX,LINUX MS-DOS, WINODWS ETC...............

THE MAIN PURPOSE OF AN OS IS TO ORGANIZE AND CONTROL HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE SO THAT
THE DEVICE IT LIVES IN WORKS IN A FLEXIBLE BUT EXPECTED WAY.

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** COMPONENTS / LAYERED STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER SYSTEM:

IN LAYERED STRUCTURED APPROACH, OS CONSISTS OS SEVERAL LAYERS. EACH LAYER BUILT ON
TOP OF LOWER LAYERS. THE BOTTOM LAYER IS HARDWARE AND TOP LAYER IS USER INTERFACE.

FROM THE DIAGRAM, IT IS CLEAR THAT OS DIRECTLY CONTORLS COMPUTER HARDWARE

RESOURCES.

other LAYERS RELAY ON SERVIES PROVIDED BY THE OS TO INCREASE THE ACCESS OF COMPUTER
RESOURCES..

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> HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEM

HISTORICALLY OS HAVE BEEN STROGLY RELATED TO THE COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, IT IS GOOD

IDEA TO STUDY THE HISTORY OF OS FROM THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE COMPUTERS ON WHICH
THEY RUN.

OS HAVE DEVELOPED THROUGH A NUMBER OF DIFFERRENT PHASES OR GENERATIONS.

1) FIRST GEN. (1945-1955) VACCUM TUBES AND PLUG BOARDS:

THE EARLIEST ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTERS HAD NO OS. MACHINES OF THE TIME WERE SO
PRIMITIVE THAT PROGRAMS WERE OFTEN ENTERED ONE BIT AT TIME ON ROWS OF MECHANICAL
SWITCHES(PLUG BOARDS). OPERATING SYSTEMS WERE UNIQUE.

2)THE SECOND GEN.(1955-65) TRANSISTORS AND BATCH SYSTEMS:

BY THE EARLY 1950'S, THE ROUTINE HAD IMPROVED SOMEWHAT WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF
PUNCH CARDS.

THE GENERAL MOTORS RESEARCH LABORATORIES IMPLEMENTED THE FOR OS IN EARLY 1950'S FOR
THEIR IBM701.

3) THIRD GEN. (1965-1980) ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING:

OS DESIGNERS DEVELOPED THE CONCEPT OF MULTIPROGRAMMING IN WHICH SEVERAL JOBS ARE IN

MAIN MEMORY AT ONCE, A PROCESSOR IS SWITCHED FROM JOB TO JOB AS NEEDED TO KEEP
SEVERAL JOBS ADVANCING WHILE KEEPING THE PERIPHERAL DEVICES IN USE.

FOR EXAMPLE, ON THE SYSTEM WITH NO MULTIPROGRAMMING, WHEN THE CURRENT JOB PAUSED TO
WAIT FOR OTHER I/O OPERATION TO COMPLETE, THE CPU SIMPLY SET IDEL UNTIL THE I/O
FINISHED. THE SOLUTION FOR THIS PROBLEM THAT ENVOLVED WAS TO PARTITION MEMORY INTO
SEVERAL PIECES, WITH A DIFFERENT JOB IN EACH PARTITION. WHILE ONE JOB WAITING FOR
I/O TO COMPLETE, ANOTHER JOB COULD BE USING THE CPU.

4) FOURTH GEN.(1980 - PRESENT ) PERSONAL COMPUTERS.

WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF LSI ( LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) CIRCUITS, CHIPS, OS ENTERED
IN THE SYSTEM ENTERED IN PC AND THE WORKSTATION AGE.

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