JETIR19022621

© 2019 JETIR February 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.jetir.
org (ISSN-2349-5162)
A CASE-STUDY ON WAVE EQUATION AND ITS

APPLICATION
1
Rajkalpana.M, 2Dhana Priya.N, 3Mythilee.M, 4Harshavardhini.D.R, 5Deepika.D
1
Assistant Professor, 2Scholar, 3 Scholar, 4 Scholar, 5 Scholar
1
Department of Mathematics
1
Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
ABSTRACT
The main aim of the paper is to use partial differential equation in real life to solve world problems. Under
partial differential equation, wave equation is used to calculate the displacement of one dimensional wave.
We can also use wave equation in certain waves as electromagnetic waves and so on.
INTRODUCTION
The wave equation is a hyperbolic partial differential equation. It typically concerns a time variable t, one or
more spatial variables x1, x2, …, xn, and a scalar function u = u (x1, x2, …, xn; t), whose values could model,
for example, the mechanical displacement of a wave. The wave equation for u is
𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑐 2 ∆2 𝑢
𝜕𝑡 2
where ∇2 is the (spatial) and c is a fixed constant.

The wave equation alone does not specify a physical solution; a unique solution is usually obtained by
setting a problem with further conditions, such as initial conditions, which prescribe the amplitude and
phase of the wave. Another important class of problems occurs in enclosed spaces specified by boundary
conditions, for which the solutions represent standing waves, or harmonics, analogous to the harmonics of
musical instruments.
ONE – DIMENSIONAL WAVE EQUATION
To derive the one dimensional wave equation we consider the forces acting on a small portion ∆𝑥 of the
string
By Newton’s second law of motion , the total force acting on this piece of string is equal to the mass of the
string multiplied by its acceleration ,
Force = mass × acceleration
JETIR1902262 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 451
© 2019 JETIR February 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
= ma
𝜕2 𝑦
= (m ∆𝑥 ) 𝜕𝑡 2 (1)
Here to find acceleration we take partial derivative of ‘y’, w.r.t ‘t’ because ‘y’ is a function of two variables.
We assume in this equation that the string is moving only in the xy- plane and that each particle in the string
moves only vertically.
Let Tx and 𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 be the tensions vectors at the end points of the given segment AB (=∆𝑥). These
forces are applied tangentially since the string offers no resistance to bending. Since there is no motion in
the x- direction , the x- components of the tension vectors must coincide.
But the horizontal components of Tx and 𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 are Tx cosα and 𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 cosβ respectively.
Therefore, Tx cosα = 𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 cosβ = T

Similarly, in vertical direction we have two forces, namely the vertical components - Tx cosα and
𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 sinβ of Tx and = 𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 ; here the minus sign appears because that component at A id directly
downward. By newton’s second law the resultant of these two forces is equal to the mass ‘m∆𝑥’ of the
𝜕2 𝑦
portion times the acceleration , evaluate at some point between x and 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 .
𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕2 𝑦
Hence 𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 sinβ - Txsin α = m ∆𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2 (3)
Dividing each term in (3) by the corresponding term in (2) we get,
𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 sinβ Tx sin α 𝑚 𝜕 2𝑦

− = ∆𝑥 2
𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 cosβ Tx cos α 𝑇 𝜕𝑡
𝑚 𝜕2 𝑦
tanβ – tan 𝛼 = ∆𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2 (4)
𝑇
𝜕𝑦
Here, tan α = slope at x = (𝜕𝑥 )
𝑥
Tan β = slope at 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 (5)

𝜕𝑦
= (𝜕𝑥 )
𝑥+∆𝑥
Substituing (5) in (4)

𝑙 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 m ∂2 y
[( ) − (𝜕𝑥 ) ] =
∆𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥+ ∆𝑥 𝑥 T ∂t2
Let ∆𝑥 → 0 , we obtain in the limit case the equation

∂2 y m ∂2 y
2
=
∂x T ∂t2
∂2 y ∂2 y
= 𝑎2
∂t2 ∂x2
𝑇 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Where 𝑎2 = =
𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
This equation is often called “One Dimensional Wave Equation”
PROBLEM
QUESTION
A string is stretched and fastened at two points x = 0 and x = l apart. Motion is started by displacing
the string into the form y = k(lx − x 2 ) from which it is released at timet = 0. Find the displacement of any
point on the string at a distance of x from one end at time t.
SOLUTION
∂2 y ∂2 y
Wave Equation is = a2 ∂x2
∂t2
From the given problem, we get the following boundary conditions
i. y(0, t) = 0 for all t > 0

ii. y(l, t) = 0 for all t > 0
∂y(x,0)
iii. = o [∵ initial velocity is zero]
∂x
iv. y(x, 0) = k(lx − x 2 )
Solution which satisfies our boundary conditions:
y(x, t) = (c1 cospx + c2 sinpx)(c3 cospat + c4 sinpat) (1)

Applying (i) in (1)
y(0, t) = c1 (c3 cospat + c4 sinpat) = 0

c1 = 0andc3 cospat + c4 sinpat ≠ 0
Put c1 = 0 in (1)
y(x, t) = c2 sinpx(c3 cospat + c4 sinpat) (2)

Applying (ii) in (2)
y(l, t) = c2 sinpl(c3 cospat + c4 sinpat) = 0
c3 cospat + c4 sinpat ≠ 0
Therefore either c2 = 0or sinpl = 0
Suppose if we take c2 = 0 and already we take c1 = 0 then we get a trivial solution.
Therefore we take sin pl = 0
pl = nπ
nπ
p=
l
nπ
Substitutingp = in (2)
l
nπx nπat nπat
y(x, t) = c2 sin (c3 cos + c4 sin ) (3)
l l l
Differentiating (3) partially w.r.t.‘t’
∂y(x, t) nπx nπa nπat nπa nπat

= c2 sin (−c3 sin + c4 cos )
∂t l l l l l
Applying condition (iii) we get
∂y(x, 0) nπx cπa
= c2 sin (c4 )=0
∂t l l
Here c2 = 0
nπx nπx
sin ≠ 0and ≠0
l l
Therefore c4 = 0
Substituting c4 = 0 in (3)
nπx nπat
y(x, t) = c2 c3 sin cos
l l
nπx nπat
y(x, t) = cn sin cos (4)
l l
wherecn = c2 c3
The most general solution of (4) is
nπx nπat
y(x, t) = ∑∞
n=1 cn sin cos (5)
l l
Applying boundary condition (iv) in (5)

nπx
y(x, 0) = ∑∞
n=1 cn sin = k(lx − x 2 ) (6)
l
To find cn expand k(lx − x 2 ) in a half – range Fourier sine series in the interval (0,l)
nπx
k(lx − x 2 ) = ∑∞
n=1 bn sin (7)
l
2 l nπx
where, bn = l ∫0 f(x) sin dx
l
From (6) and (7) we get bn = cn

l
2 nπx
cn = ∫ k(lx − x 2 ) sin dx
l l
0
l
nπx nπx nπx
2k − cos − sin cos
= [(lx − x 2 ) ( l ) − (l − 2x) ( l ) + (−2) ( 3 3l )]
l nπ 2
n π 2 n π
l l2 l3 0
l
nπx nπx nπx
2k cos sin cos
= [−(lx − x 2 ) ( nπ l ) + (l − 2x) ( 2 l2 ) − 2 ( 3 3l )]
l n π n π
l l2 l3 0
2k 2cosnπ 2
= [{0 + 0 − 3 3 } − {0 + 0 − 3 3 }]
l n π n π
l3 l3
2k 2cosnπ 2
= [− 3 3 + 3 3 ]
l n π n π
l3 l3
2k l3
= [−2 cos nπ + 2]
l n3 π3
4kl3
= [1 − cos nπ]
n3 π3
4kl3
cn = [1 − (−1)n ]
n3 π3
0 when′n′ is even
cn = { 8kl2
when ′n ′ is odd
n3 π3
Substituting cn in (5) we get
∞
8kl2 nπx nπat
y(x, t) = ∑ 3 3 sin cos
π n l l
n=1,3,5
∞
8kl2 1 nπx nπat
y(x, t) = 3 ∑ 3 sin cos
π n l l
n=1,3,5
PROBLEM 2
A tightly stretched string of length 2l is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the string is displaced
by a distance‘d’ transversely and the string is released from rest in this position. Find an expression for the
transverse displacement of the string at any time during the subsequent motion.
SOLUTION
Let 2l = L
First we find the equation of the string in its initial position ADB
The equation of the string (or line) AD is The equation of the string (or line) DB is
x−0 y−0 L
= [∵ CD = b] x−2 y−b
L
0−2 0−b L
=
b−0
x − x1 y − y1 − L
2
[Using = ] L L
x1 − x2 y1 − y2 b (x − ) = − (y − b)
L 2 2
−bx = − y bL − 2bx
2 y−b=
2bx L L
y= ,0 < 𝑥 < bL − 2bx
L 2 y= +b
L
2b
= (L − x)
L
Initial displacement of the string is in the form

2bx L
, 0<𝑥<
y(x, 0) = { L 2
2b L
(L − x), <𝑥<𝐿
L 2
The wave equation is
∂2 y ∂2 y
= a2 ∂x2 (1)
∂t2
The boundary conditions are
i. y(0, t) = 0 for all t > 0
ii. y(L, t) = 0 for all t > 0

∂y(x,0)
iii. = 0 [∵ initial velocity is zero]
∂x
2bx L
, 0<𝑥<2
L
iv. y(x, 0) = {2b L
(L − x), <𝑥<𝐿
L 2
The solution of the wave equation (1) satisfying the boundary conditions (i), (ii) and (iii) is
nπx nπat
y(x, t) = cn sin cos
L L
The most general solution is
nπx nπat
y(x, t) = ∑∞
n=1 cn sin cos (2)
L L
Applying condition (iv) in (2)

nπx
y(x, 0) = ∑∞
n=1 cn sin = f(x)(say) (3)
L
2bx L
, 0<𝑥<
f(x) = { L 2
2b L
(L − x), <𝑥<𝐿
L 2
To find ′cn ′ expand f(x) in a half – range Fourier sine series in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿.
nπx
f(x) = ∑∞
n=1 bn sin (4)
L
2 L nπx
wherebn = L ∫0 f(x) sin dx
L
From (3) and (4) we get cn = bn

L
2 nπx
cn = ∫ f(x) sin dx
L L
0
L
2 L
2 nπx nπx
= [∫ f(x) sin dx + ∫ f(x) sin dx]
L L L
0 L
2
L
2 L
2 2bx nπx 2b nπx
= [∫ sin dx + ∫ (L − x) sin dx]
L L L L L
0 L
2
L
L
nπx nπx 2 nπx nπx
4b − cos L − sin L − cos L − sin L
= 2 {x ( nπ )− 1( )} + {(L − x) ( nπ ) − (−1) ( )}
L n2 π2 n2 π2
L L2 L L2 L
[ 0
2]
L
L
nπx nπx 2 nπx nπx
4b cos sin cos sin
= 2 {−x ( nπ ) + 2 2 } + {−(L − x) ( nπ ) − ( 2 L2 )}
L L L
L n π n π
L L2 L L2 L
[ 0
2]
4b L2 nπ L2 nπ cos nπ sin nπ
= 2
[{ (− cos 2 2
sin ) − (0 − 0)} + {−(L − L) ( nπ ) − ( 2 2 )}
L 2nπ 2 n π 2 n π
L L2
nπ nπ
L cos sin
− {− (L − ) ( nπ2 ) − ( 2 22 ) } ]
2 n π
L L2
4b 2L2 nπ
= 2
[ 2 2 sin ]
L n π 2
8b nπ
= sin
n2 π2 2
8b nπ
∴ cn = sin (5)
n2 π 2 2
Substituting (5) in (2), we get

∞
8b nπ nπx nπat
y(x, t) = ∑ sin sin cos
n2 π2 2 L L
n=1
∞
8b 1 nπ nπx nπat
y(x, t) = 2 ∑ 2 sin sin cos [∵ L = 2l]
π n 2 2l 2l
n=1
PROBLEM 3
The points of intersection of a spring of length ‘l’ are pulled aside through a distance ‘h’ on opposite sides
from the position of equilibrium and the string is released from rest. Find the displacement of the string at
any time ‘t’. Show that the midpoint of the string remains at the rest.
Eq of OD Eq of DE Eq of EA
𝑌 − 𝑌1 𝑋 − 𝑋1 𝑌 − 𝑌1 𝑋 − 𝑋1 𝑌 − 𝑌1 𝑋 − 𝑋1
= = =
𝑌2 − 𝑌1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑌2 − 𝑌1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑌2 − 𝑌1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1
𝑌−0 𝑋−0 𝑌−ℎ 𝑋 − 𝑙/3 𝑌 − (−ℎ) 𝑋 − 2𝑙/3

= = =
ℎ−0 𝑙 −ℎ − ℎ 2𝑙 𝑙 0 − (−ℎ) 2𝑙
3−0 3 −3 𝑙− 3
3𝑋ℎ 𝑌−ℎ (3𝑋 − 𝑙)/3 𝑌+ℎ 3𝑋 − 2𝑙

𝑦= = =
𝑙 −2ℎ 𝑙 ℎ 𝑙
3
𝑙 𝑌−ℎ 3𝑋 − 𝑙 ℎ
0 ≤𝑋 ≤ = Y = (3𝑥 − 2𝑙) − ℎ
3 −2ℎ 𝑙 𝑙
3ℎ 3ℎ
𝑦= (𝑙 − 𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑙)
𝑙
𝑙
𝑙 2𝑙
≤𝑥≤ 2𝑙
3 3 ≤𝑥≤𝑙
3
3hx l
,0 ≤ x ≤ 3
l
3h l 2l
f(x) = (l − 2x), ≤ x ≤ (A)
l 3 3
3h 2l
{ (x − l), ≤x≤l
l 3
𝜕2 𝑦 2
2 𝜕 𝑦
The wave equation is = 𝑎 (1)
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
The boundary conditions are
Y (0,t) = 0, t > 0
Y (l,t) = 0, t > 0
𝜕𝑦(𝑥, 0)
=0
𝜕𝑡
y(x,0) = f(x)
The most general solution of (1) after applying conditions (i),(ii), (iii) ,
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
y(x,t) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑐𝑛 sin cos (2)
𝑙 𝑙
Applying condition (iv) in (2),

𝑛𝜋𝑥
Y(x,0) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑐𝑛 sin = f(x) (3)
𝑙
To find cn expand f(x) in a sine series of (0,l) ,

∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ (𝑏𝑛 sin ) (4)
𝑛=1 𝐿
From 3 & 4,
C n = bn
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
bn = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑙/3 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑙/3 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 𝑙 [∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙/3 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2𝑙/3 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑙/3 3ℎ𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑙/3 3ℎ 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 3ℎ 𝑛𝜋𝑥

= [∫ sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙/3 (𝑙 − 2𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2𝑙/3 (𝑥 − 𝑙) sin 𝑑𝑥]
𝑙 0 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 2𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
6ℎ − cos − sin cos − sin
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
= [ {𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (1) ( 𝑛2 𝜋2
) } + {(𝑙 − 2𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (−2) ( 𝑛2 𝜋2
)} +
𝑙2
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙
0
3
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙
cos − sin
𝑙 𝑙
{(𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (1) ( 𝑛2 𝜋2
)} ]
𝑙 𝑙2 2𝑙/3
6ℎ 𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 4𝑙 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 2 2𝑛𝜋
=𝑙2 [− 3 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + − 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 0 − 0 − 𝑛𝜋 (𝑙 − 3 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +
𝑛𝜋 3 3 3 𝑛2 𝜋 2 3
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋 2𝑙2 𝑛𝜋 cos
𝑙
− sin
𝑙
(𝑙 − 3 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − (𝑙 − 𝑙) 𝑛𝜋 +( 𝑛2 𝜋2
)]
𝑛𝜋 3 𝑛2 𝜋 2 3
𝑙 𝑙2
18ℎ 𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
3 3
18ℎ 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑛𝜋 − )]
3 3
18ℎ 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
3 3 3
18ℎ 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋)]
3
18ℎ 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [[1 + (−1)𝑛 ]𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
3
0 , 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
bn = { 36ℎ 𝑛𝜋 (B)
[𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] , 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑛2 𝜋 2 3
Substituting (B) in(2)
36ℎ 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑎𝑡

Y(x,t) = ∑∞
𝑛=2,4, 𝑛2 𝜋 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
3 𝑙 𝑙
Replacing n by 2n ,
9ℎ 1 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑎𝑡
= 𝜋 2 ∑∞
𝑛=1 [𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
3 𝑙 𝑙
The displacement at midpoint is got by substituting x=1/2 in (5) ,

𝑙 9ℎ 1 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋𝑎𝑡
Y(2 , t) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
𝜋2 𝑛2 3 𝑙
𝑙
Y(2 , t) = 0
𝑙
Hence there is no displacement at x=2 for all values of ‘t’.
Therefore, the midpoint of string is at rest.
CONCLUSION
From the above paper the aim to solve real world problems has been achieved by the wave equation.
Now we have found the displacement for one dimensional wave equation using partial differential equation
and Fourier’s series. This may help to solve other applications of real life problems.
REFERENCE
[1] Singaravelu, Transforms and Partial Differential Equations(Latest new revised edition), Meenakshi
Agency
[2] P.Kandasamy, K.Thilagavathy, K.Gunavathy, Transforms and Partial Differential Equations,S Chand
& Company
[3] Rao K.S, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, Prentice Hall India Learning Private Limited
[4] Ian N.Sneddon,Elements of Partial Differntial Equations, Bover Publication
[5] K.S.Bhamri, Partial Differntial Equation: An Introductory Treatment with Application, Phi Publication
[6] https://www.quora.com
[7] https://en.m.wikipedia.org
[8] https://www.researchgate.net
[9] https://amsi.org.aug
[10] http://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/wave_equation_formula/469/

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© 2019 JETIR February 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.jetir.

A CASE-STUDY ON WAVE EQUATION AND ITS

where ∇2 is the (spatial) and c is a fixed constant.

Force = mass × acceleration

Therefore, Tx cosα = 𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 cosβ = T

Dividing each term in (3) by the corresponding term in (2) we get,

𝑇𝑥+∆𝑥 sinβ Tx sin α 𝑚 𝜕 2𝑦

Tan β = slope at 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 (5)

Substituing (5) in (4)

Let ∆𝑥 → 0 , we obtain in the limit case the equation

This equation is often called “One Dimensional Wave Equation”

From the given problem, we get the following boundary conditions

i. y(0, t) = 0 for all t > 0

y(x, t) = (c1 cospx + c2 sinpx)(c3 cospat + c4 sinpat) (1)

y(0, t) = c1 (c3 cospat + c4 sinpat) = 0

y(x, t) = c2 sinpx(c3 cospat + c4 sinpat) (2)

y(l, t) = c2 sinpl(c3 cospat + c4 sinpat) = 0

Suppose if we take c2 = 0 and already we take c1 = 0 then we get a trivial solution.

Therefore we take sin pl = 0

Differentiating (3) partially w.r.t.‘t’

∂y(x, t) nπx nπa nπat nπa nπat

Applying boundary condition (iv) in (5)

From (6) and (7) we get bn = cn

Initial displacement of the string is in the form

The boundary conditions are

i. y(0, t) = 0 for all t > 0

ii. y(L, t) = 0 for all t > 0

Applying condition (iv) in (2)

From (3) and (4) we get cn = bn

Substituting (5) in (2), we get

𝑌−0 𝑋−0 𝑌−ℎ 𝑋 − 𝑙/3 𝑌 − (−ℎ) 𝑋 − 2𝑙/3

3𝑋ℎ 𝑌−ℎ (3𝑋 − 𝑙)/3 𝑌+ℎ 3𝑋 − 2𝑙

Applying condition (iv) in (2),

To find cn expand f(x) in a sine series of (0,l) ,

2 𝑙/3 3ℎ𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑙/3 3ℎ 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 3ℎ 𝑛𝜋𝑥

Substituting (B) in(2)

36ℎ 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑎𝑡

The displacement at midpoint is got by substituting x=1/2 in (5) ,

Therefore, the midpoint of string is at rest.

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