Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IPE 4 &8marks
IPE 4 &8marks
CHEMISTKY
LAQS
AE E -E =h»
()what ae the postulates o Boha's
E h Cgy ob highe osbit
model ot ydtog en atem? DiscusS
E =
8h eugy o Loweu 0Abit.
the imposttance ob this model to
5Th Qnulaoa m ementum ob an
e plain vauious seies ob lune spectgua
electlsn mo Vi hg 00Lound h hHcleus
ihhyd lo gen atom is quatiged
A PoStulates ob Boha's Hodel: Nh
Mevolve
um v =
electth i 0n otom
211
AOund the hucle ua h cesttaihn HNed
cm umagg ob an elettGn
incnla paths called bits (ou) shetls =
Velocity ob an electn
9 Lach o bit is ssocated Wh ieed Loadj la ob an oubi t
eheugy is called eegy level TKey =
p i neiple auahtum numbed
2,3 and also
h plant's cohstant
by k L, H
desigaated
XloeJlg.se c
=
6.625
3) As leng a8 n electsuon evolveg uha
ydlogen spectslm: When hydogen
pestmi ted obit it heithcu loose tos 948 is sujected to silett
90ueheagy
ehegy hehce thege oLbits 0so. electic dischaLge The electloh o
called
Stationaoy oubits hyd LDgCh atom 4ets eRtited to
when an electon jumps LOm aVasuos
spectual Gnes i VaLoe
Low oubit toa highe Obit,it egions is cahed hy dtogen spectu
b so bs en esgy whe an electlecn
jumps oIom ydaogen spectuLm contains 5
hig he oslbjt to
LoDeo oAbit it eumits Sesues ob nes
ene1gy he
,
) wa
9LObps They 09L IA IA
denoted by a lete "S
) ts valu aso +2 and - LoDP elements.
S - block elements
3)p-OLbital can Qccom modake six
Th
The elem ents ih which di besantiatig
electuons. so P-Block contai
p-BLock cshtaihe
e 669ou.
electuen enteug hto o uteuumosSt
gouss
They
hey aa TA, YA YA , VTA & VA
s -04bital aso called 9g -block
99ovp elements.
elemets
4 P- Blo ck elements a aLanged in
2 The ight side ob tha petielic table
geheal electt6nic t
Discussthe bacto9usthat
4) d- block elements 09Le a90Langed
eect IE 0 an elem eht
I E d
Atomic size
2) Nuceat chaLge
AS hucleasu ch0suge ihcsLas es , T.E
NLclea chatge
what is peLio di city 2 How does the bollo wing POpeocti es
Vasiea in 9OUP and peuod?
Atomic size I.E EN lect AOn gaith ethalpy
IOhisation hegy
4n a 9LOU om toP to botom senisation ehe1gy decoeae
0hisation eneOLg y hcALeageI
aa peiod Lom Lett to i ght
slectHGne gativity:
pusm top t0 b0ttem alectlo neg ati vty deccog
decmse e
an a
9&toUp
to Jight 8lectto heg ativit in ctoaLeI.
4h a Peiod uen e t
-
ElectHoh gain nth alpy
toP o botton 8lect4n gaih enthalpy
&LOV
deccages 8lectAoN gain enthaulpy
aPeLuod om leht to ught
4h
inc eas es
Netallic and non Hetallit hatu
Called 0zonoysis -
En+ H0
ChC t03 CH2 CH 2HCHD + HD
Ehyten -O
Ehyene ogonide.
250) h a r polymaisaion9
Pns: Simpla molecuea oto tgeHen to tdim oanqi moecules u Cod Fol
mea and the poce u Cauud poymnisakon
C-2-butena CH
Totans -2- butene
ot autiactHon beoeen pottially Coddtoae ovalent bond
postve hangid hydbuogen atom ( The aom which donates 8lec
atom
H-Fui H-F mMuN H-F, H2o, N I atomic numben 15
phospoas
electionic Confquna-
IoPa moleculon buduoR bondGround
state
)
The
The
nuydnoqen bond Pdimed wittio tion: is 2P 2s2 3P 3P 3P
the Same
molkcle a Knewn EncTted state 8lecHLontc CoDe
o n P a moleculan hyduogen
bond OH
3p3d
E t I n the fiust
2acTted state
( Salisaldet
Ae phesptou undergos spd hybr
otho funo pbenet
Rsation
aw fve sp°d huditd
Poumation of mere
e ) Eaplain the
ane Pimed
Foimed
Codidinate Covalent bond with Slbitals oeala-
otbftals
These pive hubrtd
to
one 8amp dib?tal of
Chustina
Pps th P
2S
T
2P T
2Py N
/ E
R \S
23 S
O molcule Mos
N2 molecule
Mos
didel ef Bond d e No O
8nequ levels dia No Of
ot
ibita molecula anti bondinq eeons
2
2 [oo]
T2)L ..Thne a tuwo unpained Eect
Bond öide 2 No Of bondina lech Ons, hence o2 u pcamagnetic
NO OP aoRbprdinq natwie.
eleohro
a0) What hydioqen bond?
Eplain the diEFHENE
typ Of
Thie ane no
unpaired elecrLong. hudogen bond wth 8amplu?
ens: Hudogen
Hudogen Bond:
6oo
nab *
*
CT Const)
* chailes (aw vdT
ACCodng to
3
Io the Second 8nctedStat
R Ccenst
Sulphwn undegoes spd hybodi-
saion
Theu ae st sp°d2 hybaid
3ibftals ae ¢dimd -
T
These Stx hybtd dibitals ova PN
lapps uith P abtta ot loh
fudine to ASinm sp°d-p bond.
tempeIatwie and
At Constant
dtffusion
PneuMe the rare o
popittonra
F ga R 1nuensly
oot of tts dens>ty
4o Squane
a Caud
d1 moles welgbr
law of drffuaton.
qranams
Mathematfcalu tt a Epused ) These Coulston a a Cald a -
SHC Celllston
) o G a s molecules has no ataciona
VD no iepulston Thay au BucPic
neutial
Thete n o qrauitattona etca
i)Tha pxemuu ct tte qes i due
dz vDPotional to t s a b s e u t e tempe
d v P aut
KE &T KE T
8wte the pestulates ot Finetic
nolcula thesy otgaes om Ktnutic
cduce30 aws
Ans: Eauakens
total Voluma
PV xmnuKE mou|
t) uhan Compa
o g a the voume et Single aa
molecule ù nugligabla.
PV x KE Ke = KT|
D The
gas nmolecule msu iandom PV KT.
t o diffeent dtsucons uith Deducton De chates lauo
hiah veloittes- Thay coutce wim
Each othe dS uith the waull
vT AtP Const
ORthe Containi - Accoiding to Rnete gas
Eauatom PV mnu
Reutng the eaucutt o n
PV xmau Ke mnu'
PV KE (ke KT >c7
P KT (P Conat A D AH
A AH
AH
V ConstaOt xT C AH V
vaT.
dereiminaion o
DeducRon grahams (ao Uses In tthe
otemidlate
heat E reactions of
oo At PT Const Meactions
u s KS|mo
M CotO CoAH2-UO
Total AH -3a3 S2
Constant theduy 2
Aclcl Poton donti a
P
acid
HF
E e l , HaSO4
State and &aplain Hes's Hc Hgo+c
law F Contant heat summation CBae) CAcid)
of a chemical
Asubstance undugobs cauttonc hydols's
hich (op) accept an euceton NH+Ho NHYOH +Ht
NHyOH HT
" y ti,O
C o s d i n a t e Cowalen
pain fotm o
Th pH L
bond & Colled Acid".
Aqueous Soluttom ot CHCoONk
H,o+t H
(Ad4)(Ac4) CHudontum baAic, 8aplatn
a on) CHCoDNa u
obalnad
buy
Ane:
ucaction eak actd CHcooH
Leuois eae
A Substanc di a
chemi cal specte and sPong baue In CHCooNa
donate a slactton pai CH2isD obtolned uom weak
which
anton
t fm a Co-otdtnate covauent
asid So t undegoes
ond is Callnd lens a s e
hyduous
NH t H NH4 CHaCodt Ho>CHoDH +OH
(Acid) Ammontum on)
(a Th pH >
(8ute about eupfn solufons 9 kechatetto
State &e &aplan
Soution uhich iesists cham
ns:A A the same c
when addittom poinapla & appy
n ts pH vaue
uocHon at
chemtea
ba
Stlong T a
K a
In he Poumakon e Ammonia -2
attm a ed.
the fsuwand eackon eavous
C-¬ffect Dtemperatu
decease n voume 4 uel>2v)
In the ötmatton of SD31he
Accedit lechatelt prinipla fouoand a c t i o n taiLs place Eno-
voum An
ydbiogen peDnide piepaad
I the famation of soie by the Eectuolsis Og 50/. aque-
Fouoand wactions takas placa dleca-| Solution Sulphuaic actd
eae n velume. Ha g a & tbenated at the
Accoding t techatelier
prickplacad Cathod and pedisulph
o) The Chtsine 8as Gbuated ot
ALcl eonod
caco A Red hot angde
Curube Finaly he amadgam a eack
21) rathode .
2Na. Hqt 2e
ChCHAa Ccl4 C (B
KOH NaHa3
Ane NaHt 2H,0 2aOH taHtH
A 2 CH2 CH Exptaän chain, Pestíonal Functitdl
uoup s o m e i s m and metanísm
2 dt boiomw
ehane ons: Choin isomenism: he Compounds hon-
Same molecuian f8mula but diffent
CHE C Acetyene
in tength Caled chain isomeis
Batena 2 Butene